Initial Solution Concentration Research Articles

Novel Poly(N‐(1‐cyclohexylethyl)Acrylamide‐co‐Styrene‐co‐Ethyleneglycol Dimethacrylate) Synthesis for Efficient Methylene Blue Adsorption from Aqueous Solutions Synthesis

AbstractSynthesis and evaluation of a new polymeric adsorbent for adsorbing methylene blue (MB) from these economical aqueous solutions were investigated. In the first step of the study, N‐(1‐cyclohexylethyl)acrylamide (CEA) monomer was synthesized using S‐(+)‐1‐cyclohexylethylamine and acryloyl and the obtained CEA was analyzed by FTIR, 1H‐NMR, and 13C‐NMR. Then, a poly(CEA‐co‐Styrene‐co‐EGDMA) copolymer was obtained by cross‐linking CEA monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) and styrene monomers by subsequent radical polymerization episodes. FTIR, solid‐NMR, and elemental analysis methods were used for the characterization of this copolymer. In the last step of the study, the obtained poly(CEA‐co‐Styrene‐co‐EGDMA) copolymer was used as an adsorbent to adsorb MB from aqueous solutions. In the study, various factors such as adsorption properties, adsorbent dose, contact time, initial concentration, and solution pH were investigated. In the study, the most suitable adsorbent dose was determined as 0.1 g, initial solution concentration as 500 mg/L, contact time as 70 min, and pH as 7. Adsorption capacity was determined as 256.4 mg/g at 25 °C. As a result of the analysis of kinetic data, it was found that the model with the highest regression coefficient and the best fit with the experimental data was the pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model.

Tecoma stans intermediated green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles, its characterization, paracetamol degradation and biological activities

The main objective of the present research work is to green synthesize copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) and to study its potential against various enmities to safeguard our environment and health. Based on this approach, preparation of CuO NPs was accomplished using four different volumes (10, 25, 40, and 50 mL of leaves extract) of Tecoma stansleaves extract. Moreover, all the synthesized CuO NPs were characterized using XRD, UV–visible, FTIR, and SEM with EDS analysis. From the XRD pattern, the structures of all the synthesized CuO NPs were found to be monoclinic in phase. According to the UV–visible studies, the calculated band gap energy values for all the prepared CuO NPs were higher compared to bulk CuO, which was 1.2 eV. Further, the FTIR results showed the presence of CuO bond and SEM with EDS analysis revealed the surface morphology of CuO NPs andthe presence of elements showing the purity of synthesized CuO NPs, respectively. The optimized condition for the preparation of CuO NPs were 50 mL of leaves extract mixed with 50 mL of double distilled water (CuO4 NPs) showed a spheroidal morphology as evident from the HRTEM images. XPS analysis used to find the oxidation state of detected elements especially for copper and oxygen. The predicted BET and Langmuir surface area of CuO4 NPs were calculated to be 40.305 m2/g and 5074.12 m2/g respectively. Photocatalytic degradation of paracetamol (PCM) using CuO4 NPs was investigated, and the effect of parameters such as pH, initial concentration of PCM solution, and catalyst dosage were studied under UV light irradiation. The highest removal of 95.15 % had been achieved at 120 min under optimized reaction conditions. Additionally, CuO4 NPs also exhibited exemplary antibacterial activity against bacillus subtilis bacteria with a zone of inhibition of 26 mm. Further, in vitro cytotoxic behaviour of CuO4 NPs was estimated using A549 cancer cells by MTT assay. Thus, the green synthesis of CuO NPs using Tecoma stans leaves extract has the capacity to participate in photocatalytic and biological activities.

Elimination of torasemide from aqueous medium: influence of sorption and photocatalytic processes parameters supported by DFT analysis.

The sorption and photocatalytic activity of pharmaceutical torasemide using an immobilized TiO2 photocatalyst were investigate. The experimental design included optimization of reaction conditions such as pH and initial pharmaceutical concentration in aqueous solution using the response surface modeling approach, scavenger tests to gain insight into the photocatalysis mechanism, and application of the process to more complex water matrices. TiO2 in the role of sorbent showed a low capacity for torasemide (12.23-29.83μg/g within 24h of contact), making this type of removal inefficient on its own. Investigating the sorption process influenced by different process parameters such as pH, temperature, ionic strength, and dosage of TiO2 applied, the low tendency to this kind of material was affirmed by low Kd values (0.70 to 6.78mL/g) obtained by linear isotherms. Photocatalysis proved to be the better choice for the removal of torasemide from water, with the best kinetics at pH 4 and concentration of 5mg/L with half-time for degradation of 34.83min. Computational DFT analysis identified the zwitterionic torasemide structure as predominant under neutral and acidic conditions. It also showed that negatively charged areas around nitrogen-containing fragments probably have the highest potential to promote the TiO2 sorption at low pH conditions, where it is highest, through electrostatic attractions and N-H∙∙∙∙∙OTiO2 hydrogen-bonding contacts.

Exploring non-thermal plasma technology for microalgae removal

The global population and economic development surge has substantially increased water demand, resulting in heightened sewage and pollutant generation, posing environmental hazards. Addressing this challenge necessitates the implementation of efficient and cost-effective water reclamation methods. Non-thermal plasma technology (NTP) has emerged as a promising solution, garnering attention for its superior efficiency compared to alternatives. While existing studies have predominantly focused on energy efficiency and pollutant removal, limited research has delved into the biological removal aspect, particularly concerning algae. This study utilized a dielectric barrier plasma diffuser to eliminate Spirulina microalgae (Spirulina platensis) from wastewater solutions, demonstrating higher algae removal and superior mass transfer compared to alternative plasma methods. The effect of sample volume, input voltage and power, flow rate, and initial solution concentration on the algae removal was investigated. Investigation of operational parameters revealed the best condition resulting in a 98 % removal rate and 20 g/kWh energy efficiency. The best conditions for the removal of Spirulina microalgae were considered in a sample volume of 50 mL, a voltage of 7.6 kV, a flow rate of 700 mL/min, and an initial solution concentration of 1280 mg/liter. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images illustrated the impact of active species on cell structure, leading to the destruction of spiral form and loss of reproductive ability. The study underscores the potential of NTP for efficient algae removal and identifies key active species involved in the process. The removal of Spirulina microalgae was attributed to a combination of singlet oxygen (1O2), hydroxyl radicals, and ozone.

Synthesis of magnetic chitosan-composite biochar and its removal of copper ions (Cu2+) and methylene blue (MB) dye from aqueous solutions.

This study presents the synthesis and evaluation of a magnetic chitosan-modified biochar (M-BC-CS) composite, developed from waste maize straw, for the efficient removal of copper ions (Cu2+) and methylene blue (MB) dye from aqueous solutions. The composite was characterized using advanced techniques such as SEM, BET, FTIR, XPS, and XRD, confirming its enhanced surface area, porosity, and magnetic properties. The study is aimed at investigating the optimal conditions for adsorption of Cu2+ and MB by M-BC-CS through analysis of the influence of diverse adsorbent dosages, pH levels, reaction times, and initial solution concentrations. The findings demonstrated that the equilibrium duration for the adsorption of Cu2+ and MB by M-BC-CS was 60min, resulting in corresponding equilibrium adsorption quantities of 54.42mg/g and 67.23mg/g, respectively. To elucidate the adsorption mechanism, the present investigation applied the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir isotherm. The outcomes suggested that the adsorption process is attributable to single molecular layer chemisorption. XPS and FTIR analysis determined that ion exchange and electrostatic interactions are the predominant mechanisms responsible for the simultaneous adsorption of Cu2+ and MB, and a competitive relationship exists between these mechanisms. In addition, M-BC-CS exhibited exceptional magnetic separation performance, enabling effortless and effective separation when exposed to an external magnetic field. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that M-BC-CS has good reusability and high adsorption capacity also in real wastewater, thus emphasizing its potential as a promising adsorbent for the elimination of Cu2+ and MB from aqueous solutions.

ADSORPTION OF TEXTILE DYE ACID GREEN 42 (AG42) ON ACTIVATED CARBON FROM CHICKEN EGGSHELLS (CAC30)

The present work is a contribution to the valorization of chicken eggshells, an abundant waste product in Cote dIvoire, as a credible alternative to commercial activated carbon.Chemicalactivation of the precursorwascarriedoutwith30%phosphoricacidfor24h of contactin a ratio of 200 g of material to 100 mL of acid, and calcined at 600°C for 1h. The surface of the activated carbon obtained was studied using the BET (Brunauer-Emmett and Teller) method, which consists in establishing the adsorption isotherm for nitrogen N2. The results reveal a specific surface area of 5.42 m2.g-1, 65.68% of micropores and a pHzc of 7.40. Chemical characteristics determined by Boehms method indicate the basic nature of the surface. The elemental composition is dominated by oxygen(50.53%),calcium(30.78%)andcarbon(11.33%).The experiments demonstrated that the removalof AG42by adsorption on CAC30 is influenced by contact time, activated carbon mass, solution pH, and initial concentration and temperature of the dye aqueous solution. Adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order model and the isotherm is described by the Langmuir model. The thermodynamic study revealed the spontaneous (ΔG < 0) and exothermic (ΔH < 0) nature of dye adsorption, with a well-organized distribution of dye molecules at the adsorption sites (∆S°< 0).

Efficiency of heat-treated sepiolite in the adsorption of Cd, Zn, and Co from aqueous solutions: A low-cost approach for wastewater treatment

This study investigated the adsorption of Cd, Co, and Zn ions onto unmodified and heat-treated sepiolite, focusing on the effect of contact time, initial pH, and heat pretreatments. Kinetic experiments were conducted in triplicate, and equilibrium experiments indicated that Co2+ had the highest adsorption preference, followed by Zn2+ and Cd2+. The adsorption efficiency for Co2+ significantly increased with higher initial pH, whereas Zn2+ and Cd2+ showed optimal adsorption at lower pH levels. Heat-treated sepiolite at 250 ℃ exhibited a higher surface area and adsorption capacity in comparison with unmodified and 150 ℃-treated sepiolite, which indicated the importance of heat pretreatment. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model better described the adsorption process, and it was confirmed chemisorption as the rate-limiting step. By increasing the contact time, adsorption rates enhanced, with equilibrium achieved within 480 min for all systems. Higher initial solute concentrations led to an increase in adsorption processes, with Co ions consistently showing higher adsorption efficiency in competitive multi-ionic solutions. Adsorption percentages varied with pH and thermal treatment, indicating the importance of these parameters in optimizing sepiolite’s adsorption capacity for heavy metal removal.

Adsorption Desulfurization of Simulated Diesel Fuel Using Graphene Oxide

Graphene oxide (GO) was synthesized from graphite powder by the improved Hammers method and used for the adsorption of organosulfur compound (dibenzothiophene, DBT) from model diesel fuel. FT-IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, SEM, EDX, and BET were used to characterize the GO. Several factors, such as solution pH, initial DBT concentration, adsorption contact time, adsorption temperature, and adsorbent dosage were used to test the DBT removal efficiency. The results show that the maximum removal was 96.4% at pH = 5, initial solution concentration of 200 ppm, adsorption time of 45 min, temperature of 45C and adsorbent dosage of 0.4 g/25 mL.

Synergistic Degradation of Methylene Blue by Hydrodynamic Cavitation Combined with Hydrogen Peroxide/Vitamin C System.

In this study, a new combined process of hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) and a hydrogen peroxide/vitamin C (H2O2/Vc) system was proposed for the degradation of methylene blue (MB) in wastewater. An impact-jet hydraulic cavitator was used as the cavitation generation equipment, and H2O2/Vc was selected as a homogeneous oxidation system. The degradation characteristics of MB were investigated. The results showed that the degradation effect of HC in combination with the H2O2/Vc system was more effective than that of the individual HC or H2O2/Vc system. A maximum degradation rate of 87.8% was achieved under the following conditions: H2O2 concentration of 0.03 mol/L, Vc concentration of 0.021 mol/L, inlet pressure of 0.3 MPa, initial solution concentration of 4 μmol/L, solution volume of 150 mL, and reaction time of 10 min. The synergy index was 1.615, indicating a synergistic effect between the HC and H2O2/Vc system. The data of the hydroxyl radical (·OH) yield under the conditions of HC, the H2O2/Vc system, and the HC + H2O2/Vc system were fitted and analyzed. A correlation equation for ·OH yield was established, further revealing the synergistic mechanism of the HC and H2O2/Vc system. The intermediate products of MB degradation were detected based on LC-MS, and three possible degradation pathways of MB degradation were proposed. The combined process of HC and H2O2/Vc systems exhibited relatively low energy efficiency and operating cost, indicating that it was in line with the development direction of wastewater treatment.

Folic acid allergy and the role of the basophil activation test

Background: Despite the large use of folic acid supplements, there are very few cases of reported allergy. Clinical case: A 38-year-old woman, experienced palmoplantar pruritus, generalized urticaria, angioedema and conjunctival hyperemia, 30 minutes after the intake of a 5mg folic acid tablet. She was taken to the Emergency Department and on discharge was referred to the Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department, where the patient underwent a diagnostic workup. The Skin Prick Test (SPT) was positive for the 5mg/mL concentration and the Basophil Activation Test (BAT) was considered positive for both dilutions, from an initial solution concentration of 5mg/ml: 1/100 dil (CD63=9.03%; SI=10.1) and 1/160 dil (CD63=7.46%; SI=8.4). Discussion/ Conclusion: We report a patient with an immediate reaction to folic acid with positive SPT and BAT, which favors an IgE-mediated allergy. To our knowledge, this is the first case describing the use of a BAT in the diagnostic workup of folic acid allergy.

Deriving Flow Velocity and Initial Concentration From Liesegang‐Like Patterns

AbstractZebra rocks, characterized by their striking reddish‐brown stripes, rods, and spots of hematite (Fe‐oxide), showcase complex self‐organized patterns formed under far‐from‐equilibrium conditions. Despite their ease of recognition, the underlying mechanisms of pattern‐forming processes remain elusive. We introduce a novel advection‐dominated phase‐field model that effectively replicates the Liesegang‐like patterns observed in Zebra rocks. This numerical model leverages the concept of phase separation, a well‐established principle governing Liesegang phenomena in a two‐dimensional setting. Our findings reveal that initial solute concentration and fluid flow velocity are critical determinants in pattern morphologies. We quantitatively explain the spacing and width of a specific Liesegang‐like pattern category. Furthermore, the model demonstrates that vanishingly low initial concentrations promote the formation of oblique patterns, with inclination angles influenced by rock heterogeneity. Additionally, we establish a quantitative relationship between band thickness and geological parameters for orthogonal bands. This enables the characterization of critical geological parameters based solely on static patterns observed in Zebra rocks, providing valuable insights into their formation environments. The diverse patterns in Zebra rocks share similarities with morphologies observed on early Earth and Mars, such as banded iron formations and hematite spherules. Our model, therefore, offers a plausible explanation for the formation mechanisms of these patterns and presents a powerful tool for deciphering the geochemical environments of their origin.

Mixed ligand iso-reticular MOFs as integrated photo-catalytic adsorbents for the removal of bromo-phenol blue: Kinetics, thermodynamics and mechanistic study

The designing of mixed linker MOFs with identical framework structures and different chemical components provides opportunities for enhancing their inborn adsorption and photo-degradation performances. Herein, we synthesized zinc, copper, manganese, and cobalt-based iso-reticular MOFs via the solvothermal method using 2,5-furan dicarboxylic acid and 1,2-bis(4-pridyl) ethylene as green ligands. The synthesized MOFs were applied for the adsorption-assisted photo-catalytic decontamination of bromophenol blue (BPB) from wastewater without using any co-catalyst under visible light irradiation. Note-worthily, Cu-MOF (BUT-206-Cu) exhibits high adsorption capacity (299 mg/g) and removal efficiency (97 %), mainly owing to the high surface area (280 m2/g), opened porous structure, additional defective sites, efficient energy transfer, and excellent stability in aqueous, and acidic environments resulting from the strong co-ordination environment of the copper cations. The impact of key factors, including initial pH and concentration of the dye solution, on the adsorption and degradation efficiency of BUT-206-Cu was investigated. Moreover, trapping experiments and EPR results revealed that OH• and h+ were the main active species in the photocatalytic degradation of BPB. Adsorption and degradation kinetics of BPB were observed to obey pseudo-second-order and pseudo-first order models, respectively. The thermodynamics study revealed that the adsorption of BPB fitted the Langmuir model, and values of the ΔGads, ΔHads, and ΔSads revealed that the adsorption process is spontaneous, physical, and exothermic and leads to increased randomness in the system. BUT-206-Cu exhibited excellent reusability for up to five cycles, indicating its potential as an environmentally friendly integrated photocatalytic adsorbent for removing BPB from wastewater.

Adsorption Studies of Pb<sup>2+</sup>, Cu<sup>2+</sup> and Cr<sup>3+</sup> from Aqueous Solution Using <i>Azadirachta Indica </i>(Neem) Seed Husk and <i>Adansonia Digitata </i>(Baobab) Seeds

The adsorption of Pb<sup>2+</sup>, Cu<sup>2+</sup> and Cr<sup>3+</sup> from aqueous solution using Neem seed husk (NSH) and baobab seed (BS) were studied through the use of batch adsorption system. The adsorbents were prepared by drying at 120°C for 24hours and were characterized using FT-IR, XRD, and SEM analysis. The FTIR spectroscopy revealed the presence of O-H, N-H, C-H, C=C, C=O, and C-O stretching; XRD revealed the particle sizes as 44.51nm for NSH and 42.61nm while the morphology of the NSH and BS were revealed by SEM to be porous for NSH and BS. Various parameters such as, initial metal ion concentration, adsorbent dosage, contact time, Temperature and pH of metal ion solution were investigated in a batch-adsorption System. The adsorption uptake was found to increase with increase in adsorbent dose, contact time and temperature but decreases with the initial concentration. The uptake of the metal ions increases and reaches optimum at pH of 4-6. The maximum adsorption capacity was found to be Pb-NSH (15.267mg/g) and Cu-NSH (19.46mg/g). Adsorption of Cu<sup>2+</sup>onto NSH fitted Langmuir isotherm model with (R<sup>2</sup> > 0.93) while Adsorption of Pb-NSH Fitted Freundlich isotherm Model with (R<sup>2</sup>> 0.99). Kinetic data fitted pseudo-second-order model (R<sup>2</sup> > 0.98) which was more suitable in explaining the adsorption rate. Thermodynamic data showed that Gibb’s free energy (ΔG°) values for all metal ions were negative indicating feasibility and favorability of adsorption. Positive enthalpy change (ΔH°) and Entropy change (ΔS°) values indicate endothermic processes and increase in randomness.

Determination of interdiffusion coefficients in single crystal superalloys based on solute distribution at the dendritic scale using the Gaussian solution model

Since the initial solute concentration distribution of the sinusoidal solution model shows a significant deviation from the actual concentration distribution of nickel-based single crystal (SX) superalloy dendrites, it is limited to calculate the diffusion coefficient of SX in the homogenization treatment. Therefore, this work proposes a new Gaussian solution model to calculate the diffusion coefficients and the diffusion activation energy of alloying elements in SX superalloy at high temperatures. The diffusion activation energies of W, Ta, and Ti elements in the studied alloy are consistent with the results from other works. This model could more accurately determine the diffusion coefficient of elements during the dendrite homogenization process of SX superalloys since it reflects actual physical processes. Moreover, it has the potential to use in various alloy systems and contributes to the formulation of effective homogenization treatments.

Innovative process for sulphur recovery from waste incineration flue gases: production of marketable sodium bisulphite solution

ABSTRACT This study presents an innovative process for recovering sulphur from hazardous waste incineration flue gases, designed to produce a marketable sodium bisulphite solution while ensuring complete SO2 removal. This new process is characterized by a double absorption strategy at two different pH levels. The first step, at an acidic pH, generates the desired bisulphite solution, while the second step, at a basic pH, produces the sulphite solution for recycling into the first step and ensures total SO2 removal. The process’s performance and feasibility were evaluated on a laboratory scale using a batch reactor with synthetic gas. The parametric study focused on the initial sulphite concentration in the absorption solution and the reactor temperature. A removal efficiency exceeding 95% was achieved across all initial sulphite concentrations and temperature ranges, when the pH was maintained above 6. At pH 5, where bisulphites are the predominant sulphur species, the removal efficiency remained substantial at approximately 70%. The oxidation of sulphites/bisulphites by oxygen in the flue gases was minimal, with less than 5% conversion to sulphate. Additionally, pH-controlled experiments were conducted to optimize plant start-up procedures. For the basic reactor, starting with water and adjusting the pH to 8 during SO2 absorption effectively minimized sodium hydroxide consumption. In contrast, for the acidic reactor at pH 5, initiating the process with a concentrated sulphite solution resulted in more stable absorption rates. These findings underscore the process's potential for efficient sulphur recovery and highlight the importance of pH management in optimizing operational stability and chemical consumption.

Modification of Ti3C2Tx nanostructure with KH2PO4 and chitosan for effective removal of strontium from nuclear waste.

Nanostructure titanium carbide MXene (Ti3C2Tx) was modified with KH2PO4 and chitosan to effectively remove strontium from nuclear wastewater. Nuclear waste includes radionuclides of uranium, thorium, strontium, and cesium, which are classified depending on the concentration of radionuclides. Nuclear waste with a high strontium concentration is the production waste of radiopharmaceutical production centers. Ti3C2Tx was synthesized from Ti3AlC2 using HF40% and HF in situ (MILD-Ti3C2Tx) in 24h at 313.15 and 333.15K. Morphology, structure, and functional groups were investigated using the XRD, SEM, EDS, FTIR, and BET analyses. The Sr(II)'s adsorption capacity on Ti3C2Tx-HF and Ti3C2Tx-HF in situ was obtained as 61.9 and 253.5mgg-1, respectively (temperature, 298.15K; pH, 7.00; contact time, 180min; and Sr(II) concentration, 150mgl-1). Ti3C2Tx-HF in situ showed fourfold adsorption due to more hydroxyl functional groups and larger interlayer spacing. Ti3C2Tx was modified with KH2PO4 and chitosan to investigate the mechanism of change of Sr(II)'s adsorption capacity, which increased to 370 and 284mgg-1, respectively. The structural results of modified Ti3C2Tx showed that the surface functional groups increased when modified with chitosan. In addition, modification with KH2PO4, through encapsulating large amounts of KH2PO4 between Ti3C2Tx layers, increased the possibility of Sr(II) diffusion between layers and electrochemical interactions with hydroxyl groups, and thus, increased its adsorption. Some experiments were designed to investigate the effect of parameters like initial concentration of Sr(II), contact time, temperature, and pH solution, as well as modified- and unmodified-Ti3C2Tx on adsorbent. The results revealed that the adsorption process of Sr(II) with pristine and modified-Ti3C2Tx follows pseudo-second-order kinetics and Freundlich heterogeneous isotherm model. Freundlich model isotherm indicates the presence of various functional groups on the surface and between the pristine and modified Ti3C2Tx layers. Electrostatic reactions and intra-sphere complexation were the two dominant mechanisms of the adsorption process.

Development of an asymmetric cellulose acetate-ionic liquid P6,6,6,14[PHOS] gel membrane for the perstraction of succinic acid from a model fermentation solution of yarrovia lipolytica

This study introduces a novel approach to separate succinic acid (SA) from fermentation mixtures using an asymmetric membrane based on the gelation of the ionic liquid [P6,6,6,14][PHOS] coated with two layers of cellulose acetate. The membrane was designed to explore the synergistic effect of polymer-ionic liquid interfaces according to the solution-diffusion theory. The gelation of the ionic liquid was achieved using 12-hydroxystearic acid at a concentration of 1.5%, allowing the use of ionic liquid gels as new materials for the generation of membranes. The perstraction performance of the membrane was evaluated over 5 h at two different temperatures (25°C and 37°C), with an initial feed solution concentration of 50 kg m−3 for SA and glycerol and pure water as a receiving phase., Several flow rates and phase-volume ratios were studied anda mass transfer model based on the resistance-in-series theory was assessed to understand the behavior of each mass transfer stage considering the distribution in each interphase. Interestingly, optimal perstraction results were obtained at 37°C, with an average transmembrane flux of 0.22 kg m-2h−1 for SA, an extraction percentage of 43.1% for SA and 0.7% for glycerol, and a SA/glycerol selectivity of 54.98. Besides presenting a novel composite membrane, this study reports pioneering perstraction outcomes, highlighting its potential as an innovative SA separation strategy and structured new materials for selective extractions.

Preparation and potential of chitosan-based/Al2O3 green hydrogel composites for the removal of methyl red dye from simulated solution.

Different dyes are discharged into water streams, causing significant pollution to the entire ecosystem. The present work deals with the removal of acid red 2 dye (methyl red-as an anionic dye) by green sorbents based on chitosan derivatization. In this regard, two classes of chitosan derivatives-a total of six-were prepared by gamma irradiation at 30kGy. The first group (group A) constitutes a crosslinked chitosan/polyacrylamide/aluminum oxide with different feed ratios, while the second group, identified as group B, is composed of crosslinked carboxymethyl chitosan/polyacrylamide/aluminum oxide with different ratios. Glycerol was added to soften the resultant hydrogels. The products were characterized by different tools, including FTIR for confirming the chemical modification, TGA for investigating their thermal properties, and XRD for verifying their crystalline structure. The morphology of the prepared derivatives was studied through SEM, while their topography before and after dye adsorption was monitored via the AFM. The removal efficiencies of the prepared sorbents were verified at different operation conditions, such as pH, temperature, adsorbent dose, initial concentration of dye solutions, and contact time. The data revealed that the optimum conditions for maximum dye uptake were as follows: pH 4, contact time 120min, 0.1-g sorbent dose, and 50-ppm dye concentration. Additionally, the prepared sorbents demonstrated potent adsorption capacity and removal efficiency. It was found that the elements of the second group displayed higher performance than their counterparts. The data showed also that the adsorption process best fits with the Freundlich model and obeyed pseudo-first-order kinetic isotherm. In addition, the synthesized composites showed observable antibacterial potency toward E. coli as a Gram-negative bacterium and S. aureus as a Gram-positive bacterium.

Experimental study on dynamic adsorption properties of methylene blue onto coal-based activated carbon using a hydrocyclone

To address the issues of low adsorption efficiency of activated carbon in dyeing wastewater treatment, a dynamic adsorption process using activated carbon for wastewater treatment was proposed. A hydrocyclone was used as the carrier, and the adsorbent separation process was integrated into the same single device. Methylene blue (MB) was used to simulate printing and dyeing wastewater. The effects of initial concentration of MB solution, ratio of activated carbon quality to wastewater flow, and adsorption temperature on the adsorption efficiency were investigated. The results showed that the optimal adsorption efficiency of MB by activated carbon was 95.2 % when the initial concentration of MB solution was 12 mg/L, the ratio of activated carbon quality to wastewater flow was 0.5 mg/mL, and the adsorption temperature of MB solution was 44.5 °C. In addition, compared with the water bath oscillation method, the removal efficiency of MB was increased by 731 % under the same adsorption conditions. The research shows that it is feasible to treat printing and dyeing wastewater by using a hydrocyclone to enhance activated carbon adsorption. The research aims to provide a practical basis for future optimization of the structure and operation parameters of hydrocyclone and to reveal their wide application prospects.

Dynamic Trio: CuWO4@C3N5/Polypyrrole nanocomposites Combat Chlorpyrifos and Rhodamine B in waste water

In this study, we investigate the photocatalytic degradation of chlorpyrifos pesticide (CPy) and Rh B dye using nanoparticles of C3N5 and CuWO4 dispersed within a PPy matrix. Using a variety of techniques, a composite called PPy@C3N5/CuWO4 was synthesised and thoroughly characterised. These techniques included XRD, SEM/EDS, TEM, BET, DRS, PL, and TOC. The combination displayed remarkable photoactivity and photostability in the degradation of CPy and RhB in aqueous solutions when exposed to visible light. The band gap values of C3N5, CuWO4, and C3N5@CuWO4 are (2.2, 2.0, and 1.9 eV), improved. Several factors were meticulously optimised and adjusted in order to investigate the process of photocatalytic degradation. These factors included pH levels, initial solution concentration, irradiation time, and the amount of photocatalyst used. An optimal photodegradation efficiency of approximately 92.5 % was attained by utilising a CPy and Rh B concentration of 5 mg/L, maintaining a pH of 3.5, and employing a photocatalyst dosage of 0.5 g/L. The photocatalyst was also tested for its ability to regenerate and be recycled four times, which showed that it was relatively stable.