Initial Item Research Articles

Assessing sport commitment: the development and preliminary validation of recreational sport commitment questionnaire

BackgroundPresently, where inactivity is an overarching problem globally, participation in recreational sports activities has become an important outlet for promoting healthy lifestyles. However, there is a lack of instruments to evaluate the commitment of recreational and leisure sports users. This study aimed to adapt, develop and provide preliminary validation of the Recreational Sport Commitment Questionnaire (RESQ).MethodsThe development and validation process in this study consisted of four stages: Stage One involved item pool generation, Stage Two focused on content and face validation, Stage Three encompassed data collection, and Stage Four included the assessment of the psychometric properties of the RESQ. This final stage was conducted through Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA; n = 275) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA; n = 313) to evaluate convergent validity, discriminant validity, and composite reliability.ResultsThe initial item pool generated 60 items, whereby 42 items were retained after the content validity evaluation process by the panel of experts. Next, EFA analysis suggested 31 items distributed across seven factors. Lastly, psychometric properties of RESQ with 26 items were established through CFA (GFI = 0.91, CFI = 0.97, RMSEA = 0.04, TLI = 0.96, X²/df = 1.52) and other psychometrics evidence.ConclusionBased on the collected psychometrics evidence, RESQ is a valid questionnaire to evaluate the commitment of recreational sports users. The newly developed questionnaire allows sports organizations to assess the factors influencing sport commitment among recreational sports users. Based on the results of RESQ, sport programmes can be tailored made to optimize sports engagement and promote continued commitment.

Exploring heterogeneity of perimenopause with application of multivariable analysis approaches

ObjectivesHeterogeneity of clinical appearance had made it a challenge to make individualized and comprehensive management of perimenopause. This study aimed to estimate the profiles over heterogenous appearances of perimenopause with application of latent variable analysis methods over an optimized multidimensional assessing framework.MethodsA two-phase clinical study was designed and advanced in the research center in Guangzhou, China. The assessing framework was developed over the initial item pool as integration of 4 scales including Insomnia severity index, Modified Kupperman index, Self-rating anxiety scale, and Self-rating depression scale. Validity and reliability of the instrument were evaluated and the psychometric properties of the items were estimated with multidimensional item response theory(MIRT). And then computer adaptive testing(CAT) was developed with the estimated model. We used latent profile analysis (LPA) to cluster patients into subgroups as patterns characterized by multidimensional latent trait scores. Finally, interpretability and efficiency were analyzed via comparison between the two assessing strategies.ResultThere were in total 336 patients diagnosed with perimenopause enrolled for the assessment. A conceptual framework was estimated consisting of 6 factors including sleep disturbance, mood swings, vasomotor symptoms, positive attitude towards life, multisystem abnormality, and fatigue. The construct validity was evaluated as optimized with CMIN/df = 1.814, GFI = 0.619, CFI = 0.721, TLI = 0.707 and RMSEA = 0.075. With scores in the simulated CAT, the 4 latent profiles model was estimated indicating the heterogeneity of perimenopause characterized by different severity of psychological and physical discomforts in the LPA.ConclusionThe quantitative paradigm raised in this study revealed the potential patterns presenting heterogeneity of perimenopause offering better interpretation for clinical assessment.

Development and validation of the Transgender Adolescent Stress Survey-Minority Stress (TASS-MS).

This study aimed to create and validate a novel measure of gender-related minority stress in transgender and non-binary adolescents (TNBA). TNBA face higher risks of varied behavioral health concerns compared to their cisgender peers, a disparity often attributed to the presence of minority stress due to discrimination. To date, no comprehensive measures of gender-related minority stress exist for use with TNBA. The present study recruited a U.S. national sample (N = 444, aged 12-17; 65.5% White, 9.5% Black, 9.5% Latine, 15.5% other ethnicity; 34.7% transmasculine, 17.3% transfeminine, 38.3% non-binary, 9.5% agender) of TNBA. An initial item pool was developed from life history calendars, a modified Delphi process, and cognitive interviews with TNBA. Analytic methods including principal components analysis, item response theory, measurement invariance testing, and reliability analyses were conducted to establish the final scale. Concurrent validity was established across behavioral outcomes (mental health, suicidal thoughts and behavior, substance use), and convergent and divergent validity compared the Transgender Adolescent Stress Survey-Minority Stress (TASS-MS) to existing measures of gender-related minority stress. The TASS-MS and its subscales (disaffirmation, visibility and internalized transnegativity, family) were significantly associated with anxiety and depressive symptoms, PTSD symptoms, suicidal behaviors, non-suicidal self-injury, marijuana, and prescription drug use. The TASS-MS was moderately and weakly correlated with convergent and divergent measures, respectively, indicating specificity to minority stress. The TASS-MS is a reliable and valid measure for future research with TNBA. It is inclusive and usable by all gender minority adolescents, uses a standard simple scoring system, and assesses adolescent-specific stressors.

Lifestyle Profile Scale for Gravida with Urinary Incontinence: scale development and psychometric testing in Chinese Mainland

ObjectivesA significant number of women may experience urinary incontinence (UI) during pregnancy. While lifestyle modifications are recommended as important measures for preventing and treating UI, little is known about the...

The Development and Validation of an Artificial Intelligence Chatbot Dependence Scale.

In recent years, a plethora of artificial intelligence (AI) chatbots have been developed and made available to the public. Consequently, an increasing number of individuals are integrating AI chatbots into their daily lives for various purposes. This trend has also raised concerns regarding AI chatbot dependence. However, a valid and reliable scale to assess AI chatbot dependence is yet to be developed. Therefore, this study was designed to develop and validate an AI chatbot dependence scale. We obtained initial items from previous publications and in-depth interviews. Subsequently, item analysis, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), reliability, and validity analyses were performed to validate the AI chatbot dependence scale. Seventeen items underwent item analysis and EFA, resulting in a single-factor model with eight items explaining 58.42% of the total variance. The CFA indicated that our AI chatbot dependence scale had acceptable model fitting indices, with standardized loadings ranging between 0.50 and 0.76. In addition, this scale exhibited good reliability and validity. Thus, the current AI chatbot dependence scale can effectively evaluate individuals' dependence on AI chatbots in their daily lives.

Epidemiology of dwelling fires in England 2010–2023

Despite the number of dwelling fires having decreased around 4 % over the past decade, this incident type is still the leading source of fire-related fatality and casualty in the UK. This study reviews the prevalence of a range of risk factors in dwelling fires, their individual effects on casualties and fatalities, and explores the associations between different risk factors in incidents with at least one fire-related fatality or casualty from dwelling fires in England. MethodThis is a retrospective cohort secondary analysis of all dwelling fires in England attended by any of the 44 English Fire Rescue Services recorded on the Home Office Incident Record System between April 1, 2010 and March 31, 2023. Bivariate analysis and multivariable logistic regression analysis were used to explore the relationship between risk factors recorded and the incidence of at least one fire-related fatality or casualty in dwelling fires. FindingsFatalities or casualties were most likely to occur in dwelling fires at night (OR: 1.78, p < 0.001; adjusted OR: 1.80, p < 0.001), in properties with single occupancy (OR: 1.60, p < 0.001; adjusted OR: 1.25, p < 0.001) and occupant(s) of pensionable age (OR: 1.57, p < 0.001; adjusted OR: 1.54, p < 0.001) and when the extent of fire spread beyond the initial item ignited on arrival (OR: 2.34, p < 0.001; adjusted OR: 2.53, p < 0.001). The human behaviour associated with the highest relative risks of involving a fatality or casualty was identified as lack of attention when handling hot objects or naked fire (OR: 5.12, p < 0.001; adjusted OR 4.40, p < 0.001). ConclusionThis study provides valuable insight on the epidemiology of dwelling fire in England and will support fire prevention efforts of FRS including development a targeted approach for home fire safety visits. These findings will enable targeting of households at elevated risk of experiencing a dwelling fire and particularly those at increased risk of fatality or casualty due to dwelling fire. It will also support the refinement of fire prevention messages to raise awareness of the highest risk factors of injuries and fatalities in dwelling fires.

Noneconomic public value creation by private ventures: scale development and empirical validation in the academic entrepreneurship context

AbstractPublic value as such and contributions to public value by entrepreneurial universities have been of increasing interest to scholars over the past two decades. However, due to the lack of an adequate measurement scale, scholars have yet to link these research streams properly. While public value research acknowledges the multidimensionality of the construct, academic entrepreneurship research has rather approximated it using different unidimensional economic proxies. As a consequence, there is limited scholarly consensus about public value creation through spin-offs and other academic start-ups. To mitigate this issue and complement existing proxies, our study develops and validates a measure of noneconomic public value creation in the academic entrepreneurship context, capturing the subdimensions of social value creation, customer value creation, and efficient value creation. We employ a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. The initial item pool incorporates relevant prior literature and insights from multiple pretests. Using two comprehensive surveys of academic entrepreneurs from Germany and Austria, we quantitatively confirm the reliability and validity of the final three-dimensional 11-item scale and its applicability to the intended context. Furthermore, we pave the way for future research by examining how the university entrepreneurial climate relates to public value creation.

Reliability and validity of the Interpersonal Relationship Rating Scale in a Chinese population

Interpersonal relationships are of great significance to individuals, as positive relationships contribute to enhanced life satisfaction and mental health. To develop an effective scale for assessing interpersonal relationships, the Interpersonal Relationship Rating Scale was developed, and its reliability and validity were examined in a Chinese population. The initial items for the scale were formed through a literature search, clinical investigation, and expert interviews. A total of 461 valid responses were collected through the Questionnaire Star platform for exploratory factor analysis, leading to the extraction and naming of common factors. In addition, an offline questionnaire survey was conducted at a secondary vocational school in Nanjing, yielding 882 valid responses. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed using Mplus 8.0 to assess the model fit. The comprehensive evaluation of the scale confirmed its reliability and validity. The Interpersonal Relationship Rating Scale was ultimately divided into four dimensions. Validated factor analyses indicated a well-fitted model (&amp;chi;&amp;sup2;/df = 7.59, Comparative Fit Index = 0.860, Tucker&amp;ndash;Lewis Index = 0.838, and root mean square error of approximation = 0.086). The scale demonstrated good internal consistency reliability, with an alpha coefficient of 0.903 and dimension-specific coefficients ranging from 0.674 to 0.909. Test&amp;ndash;retest reliability for the total scale was 0.401, and for the dimensions, it ranged from 0.269 to 0.381 (P &lt; 0.01). The scale also exhibited strong construct validity, criterion-related validity, and discriminant validity (P &lt; 0.01). Overall, the Interpersonal Relationship Rating Scale is a reliable and valid tool for assessing interpersonal relationships in the Chinese population.

Evaluating cancer patients' experiences with doctor-patient communication in Taiwan: development and validation of a new assessment instrument.

Effective communication between doctors and patients is crucial for the well-being of individuals diagnosed with cancer. This study aimed to develop and validate a cancer-specific Doctor-Patient Communication Satisfaction Scale (DPCSS-Cancer) from the patients' perspective. Initial items were generated through literature review. Content validity was assessed via feedback from five experts, while face validity was determined through cognitive interviews with 13 patients. The revised DPCSS-Cancer was subsequently tested in a sample of 200 cancer patients to assess test-retest stability, internal consistency, factor structure, and criterion-related validity. The development process resulted in a 15-item DPCSS-Cancer across two dimensions, using a 4-point rating scale (1 = strongly disagree to 4 = strongly agree). The item-level Content Validity Index (I-CVI) ranged from 0.8 to 1.0, with a scale-level CVI of 0.96. Following expert and patient feedback, no items were eliminated, but modifications were made to item wording. In formal testing, the overall Cronbach's alpha was 0.96, with 0.89 for the first dimension and 0.95 for the second. Test-retest reliability was established at 0.82. The two-dimensional structure was partially confirmed. Criterion-related validity was supported through a significant positive correlation with a measure of trust in the physician (r = 0.86). Factors contributing to higher DPCSS-Cancer scores were identified. The DPCSS-Cancer shows satisfactory reliability and validity, making it a viable patient-reported outcome measure for assessing cancer patients' satisfaction with doctor-patient communication.

The OPAD-perception framework: measuring perceptions of online personalized advertising

PurposeThe paper aims to develop and validate an instrument to measure users’ perceptions of online personalized advertising.Design/methodology/approachFirst, we identified 12 different aspects of online personalized advertisement and formulated candidate items through a literature review. A card sorting study and expert review were conducted to generate the initial scale items. We then conducted one survey (n = 308) to create a reliable measurement instrument and another (n = 296) to validate the instrument. Finally, we tested how the dimensions of the OPAD-Perception Framework can be used to differentiate between different levels of ad sensitivity, control/no control over the ad personalization process, and different levels of granularity of ad explanation.FindingsThe resulting OPAD-Perception Framework contains 49 Likert-formatted questions measuring ten distinct dimensions of online personalized advertising: reliability, usefulness, transparency, interactivity, targeting accuracy, accountability, creepiness, willingness to rely on, self-actualization, and persuasion.Originality/valueThe OPAD-Perception Framework can serve as a powerful tool to measure users’ attitudes toward online personalized advertising. This will enable advertisers and social media platforms to better support users’ privacy expectations and provide user-friendly interfaces for controlling the ad personalization process.

A large-scale evaluation of therapeutic alliance and symptom trajectories of depression and anxiety in blended care therapy.

This study sought to conduct a large-scale examination (N = 14,951) into the associations between therapeutic alliance and anxiety and depression symptom trajectories within a blended care therapy (BCT) program. Clients receiving blended care services completed weekly outcome measures for anxiety and depression and therapeutic alliance ratings every other therapy session. Using a retrospective, pragmatic study design, latent change score (LCS) analysis captured individual differences in initial therapeutic alliance scores and change in alliance. The LCS variables were specified as predictors of a latent growth curve model describing changes in depression and anxiety symptoms over the course of treatment. Therapeutic alliance scores in the BCT program were generally strong (initial item average = 4.10) and improved over time. Higher initial therapeutic alliance scores and greater initial increases in alliance were associated with steeper declines in anxiety and depressive symptoms at the beginning of therapy. Higher therapeutic alliance (both initial scores and initial increases) was also associated with a deeper symptom trajectory over time, indicating lower anxiety and depressive symptoms overall, as well as sustained decreases in symptoms over time. These results highlight the clinical impact of the working relationship between the provider and the client.

Social Aspects of Problematic Smartphone Use: Development and Validation of the PSSNUS and Mental Health Implications for Spanish Youth.

Addressing the complex pattern of digital behaviors and interactions among youth, this research introduces a novel comprehensive scale, the Problematic Smartphone and Social Network Use Scale (PSSNUS), meticulously developed and validated across five studies. Using a mixed-methods approach across five stages, including focus groups (Study 1; n = 31), cognitive interviews (Study 2; n = 16), exploratory factor analysis (Study 3; n = 316), and expert panel (Study 4; n = 4), this procedure reduced 58 initial items to an 18-item scale. Subsequently, a confirmatory factor analysis and further analyses (Study 5; n = 355) examined the factorial structure's replicability, reliability, and validity of the scale. The PSSNUS manifested as a reliable (ω ranging 0.70-0.89) instrument, comprising a structure with five key factors (x2 = 173.994, df = 125, p = 0.002, CFI = 0.994, CFI = 0.993, SRMR = 0.039, and RMSEA = 0.027) that capture both individual and social aspects of this construct: Psychological dependence (PD), Online interaction preference (OIP), Digital recognition desire (DRD), Social networks control seeking (SNCS), and Productivity loss (PL). Minor gender differences in both the DRD factor and in the overall score were found, with females scoring higher. The PSSNUS showed convergent and divergent validity through significant but modest correlations with daily smartphone usage hours, procrastination, emotional intelligence and mental health symptomatology (anxiety, depression and stress). This measure further exhibited incremental validity, controlling for other possible predictors, regarding anxiety, depression, and stress (6.5, 11.5 and 7.5% of additional variance explained), highlighting the DRD dimension's unique predictive power. Emerging as a solid instrument, the PSSNUS broadens the concept of problematic smartphone use among young Spaniards to include social functioning aspects, serving as an interesting tool for those aiming to explore further the adverse influence of digital media on youth.

사전 정보를 활용한 컴퓨터 적응 검사의 측정 정확성 및 효율성 향상 방안

Objectives This study investigates the accuracy and efficiency of Computerized Adaptive Testing (CAT) by utilizing prior information to predict students' basic academic levels. Methods To achieve this, a simulation study was conducted with varied conditions, including initial item, partic-ipant groups, and test stopping rule. Results Results indicate that selecting initial items based on predictors of basic academic levels significantly im-proved the accuracy and efficiency of CAT measurements, with the most substantial improvements observed in low-achieving groups. Conclusions The findings suggest the need for further exploration of the applicability of basic academic level pre-dictors across different educational contexts to identify strategies for improving the precision and efficiency of CAT systems.

일상 속 마이크로어그레션 척도 개발 및 타당화 연구: 다문화가정 성인자녀를 중심으로

Objectives The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a scale to measure the everyday microaggressions perceived by emerging adult from multicultural families. Methods For this purpose, in-depth interviews and surveys were conducted with emerging adult from multicultural families, specifically those born to a foreign-born mother (or father) and a Korean father (or mother), who grew up and currently live in Korea. Initial items were created based on key statements from the in-depth interviews with 14 participants and a review of the literature. . A preliminary survey was then conducted with 144 participants, and based on the preliminary survey with 144 participants, item analysis and exploratory factor analysis were conducted to finalize the items. Based on this, a final survey was conducted with 253 participants, and confirmatory factor analysis and validity analysis were performed. Results The results showed that the scale of he everyday microaggressions developed in this study appropriately explained the data for emerging adult from multicultural families. The scale consisted of three sub-factors: ‘Subtle Negative Prejudices,’ ‘Subtle Discriminatory Treatment,’ and ‘Subtle Exclusion.’ Additionally, the scale showed appropriate correlations with measures of perceived everyday discrimination, general sense of belonging, and life satisfaction, confirming its convergent validity. Conclusions The everyday microaggression scale developed in this study was found to have appropriate validity. It is hoped that this scale will be used in future research to explore the impact of everyday microaggressions on adult children from multicultural families in Korea. Suggestions for future research and limitations of the study were also discussed.

The development of the Negative Mental Imagery Questionnaire (MIQ-N).

Mental imagery plays a key role in the onset and maintenance of psychological disorders, and has become the target of psychological interventions for the treatment of several anxiety-related conditions. However, there are currently no transdiagnostic measures designed to assess the varied dimensions of mental imagery relevant to psychopathology. To develop and validate a new measure assessing the experiences and appraisals of negative mental imagery. The initial item pool was generated through a comprehensive literature review and interviews with subject-matter experts. An online community sample provided data for the exploratory (n=345) and confirmatory (n=325) factor analyses. The new 16-item Negative Mental Imagery Questionnaire demonstrated four subscales (Intrusiveness, Controllability, Beliefs about Mental Imagery, and Realness). Reliability and validity were good to excellent for both the full- and sub-scales. Appraisals of mental imagery captured by the new measure are consistent with previous research on mental imagery and psychopathology.

Validity and reliability of the scale for determining nursing students' perceptions of stigmatization

IntroductionStigmatization can negatively affect the relationship between the patient and health professional. AimsThe aim of this study was to develop the Scale for Determining Nursing Students' Perceptions of Stigmatization. MethodsThe population of the study consisted of 403 nursing students. A literature review and qualitative interviews with 24 students were conducted to generate the initial items. Confirmatory factor analysis and exploratory factor analysis were applied to examine the construct validity of the scale. The reliability of the scale was evaluated with Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient and item-total score correlation coefficients. ResultsAfter confirmatory factor analysis, the Scale for Determining Nursing Students' Perceptions of Stigmatization was finalized with 19 items and five sub-dimensions. In the confirmatory factor analysis, the goodness of fit values of the scale was determined as χ2/sd: 2.957; GFI: 0.902; AGFI: 0.869; IFI: 0.906; TLI: 0.937; CFI: 0.905; RMSEA: 0.070; SRMR: 0.063. The reliability of the scale over time was evaluated with the test-retest method, and it was found that the agreement between the responses was very good (ICC: 0.980; p < 0.001). The Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient of the scale was 0.824. ConclusionsIt was determined that the Scale for Determining Nursing Students' Perceptions of Stigmatization is a short, easy-to-understand, and psychometrically sound measurement tool that can be safely applied to nursing students. Nursing students' perceptions of stigmatization can be determined using this scale. The nursing education curriculum can be restructured in line with the findings obtained.

Development, validity and reliability of the “Multiple sclerosis stigma scale”

BackgroundStigma in multiple sclerosis (MS) refers to the negative attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors that patients may encounter as a result of their diagnosis. Patients who hold stigmatizing beliefs are more prone to experiencing anxiety and depression, social isolation, and poor treatment adherence. To mitigate the adverse effects of stigma, it is crucial to assess stigmatizing beliefs; however, there is currently no specific stigma scale available for MS. ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to develop and validate “Multiple Sclerosis Stigma Scale (MSSS)”. MethodsThis methodological study was conducted in three phases. In the first phase, the concept of stigma in MS was defined. In the second phase, an item pool was generated based on the findings from the first phase. In the third phase, psychometric properties of the scale were evaluated, including face and content validity, construct validity, convergent validity and reliability. ResultsAfter evaluating the validity (face, content, and construct validity) and reliability, the initial item pool of 276 items was reduced to 12 items. Factor analysis revealed two factors: discrimination and disclosure. The developed questionnaire had excellent reliability, with an internal consistency coefficient of 0.88 and a stability coefficient of 0.87. ConclusionThe 12-item MSSS is valid and reliable for assessing the level of stigma in Turkish people with MS.

Measuring fidelity to manualised peer support for people with severe mental health conditions: development and psychometric evaluation of the UPSIDES fidelity scale

BackgroundPeer support workers provide support for people experiencing mental health conditions based on their own lived experience of mental health problems. Assessing fidelity to core ingredients of peer support is vital for successful implementation and intervention delivery. Modifications to its implementation are needed when scaling up to different socio-economic settings, raising further uncertainty about fidelity. As part of a large multi-centre study on peer support called Using Peer Support In Developing Empowering Mental Health Services (UPSIDES), we developed and evaluated the psychometric properties of the UPSIDES Fidelity Scale.MethodsWe constructed the fidelity scale based on an initial item pool developed through international expert consultation and iterative feedback. Scale refinement involved site-level expert consultation and translation, resulting in a service user-rated 28-item version and a peer support worker-rated 21-item version assessing receipt, engagement, enactment, competence, communication and peer support-specific components. Both versions are available in six languages: English, German, Luganda, Kiswahili, Hebrew and Gujarati. The scale was then evaluated at six study sites across five countries, with peer support workers and their clients completing their respective ratings four and eight months after initial peer support worker contact. Psychometric evaluation included analysis of internal consistency, construct validity and criterion validity.ResultsFor the 315 participants, item statistics showed a skewed distribution of fidelity values but no restriction of range. Internal consistency was adequate (range α = 0.675 to 0.969) for total scores and all subscales in both versions. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated acceptable fit of the proposed factor structure for the service user version (χ2/df = 2.746; RMSEA = 0.084) and moderate fit for the peer support worker version (χ2/df = 3.087; RMSEA = 0.093). Both versions showed significant correlations with external criteria: number of peer support sessions; perceived recovery orientation of the intervention; and severity of illness.ConclusionsThe scale demonstrates good reliability, construct and criterion validity, making it a pragmatic and psychometrically acceptable measure for assessing fidelity to a manualised peer support worker intervention. Recommendations for use, along with research and practical implications, are addressed. As validated, multi-lingual tool that adapts to diverse settings this scale is uniquely positioned for global application.Trial registrationISRCTN, ISRCTN26008944. Registered on 30 October 2019.

CONSENSUS CLASSROOM CLIMATE INVENTORY: SCALE DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION

Science education is a key area of research, largely due to its inherent complexity and challenges. Various teaching methods have been developed to address these difficulties, which include the consensus classroom climate. However, no standardized tool has been created to evaluate the consensus within a classroom. This study aimed to develop and validate the Consensus Classroom Climate Inventory (CCCI), an instrument designed to measure the consensus climate of a classroom. The research was conducted in two phases: (1) initial item pool development based on an extensive literature review and (2) expert panel review for content validation. The resulting 29-item scale was pilot-tested with 120 freshmen students from a state university. Exploratory factor analysis using SMART-PLS yielded four distinct factors: Student Agency, Collaborative Learning Environment, Inclusive and Flexible Learning, and Student Autonomy. The final scale consisted of 23 items. Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated strong factor loadings (&gt;0.8) for all items, indicating good construct validity. Model fit indices suggested a generally good fit, though some indices indicated room for improvement. Reliability analysis revealed high internal consistency across all factors. The CCCI shows promise as a reliable and valid tool for assessing consensus classroom climate, though further refinement is recommended to enhance model fit. This instrument can assist educators in evaluating the consensus climate of Science classrooms and help educators enhance teaching to improve students’ Science learning. Keywords: consensus classroom climate, factor analysis, scale development, reliability test, validity test

Development of an Emergency Department Safety Checklist through a global consensus process.

Emergency departments (EDs) are at high risk for medical errors. Checklist implementation programs have been associated with improved patient outcomes in other high-risk clinical settings and when used to address specific aspects of ED care. The aim of this study was to develop an ED Safety Checklist with broad applicability across different international ED settings. Athree-round modified Delphi consensus processwasconductedwith a multidisciplinary and multinational panel of experts in emergency medicine and patient safety. Initial checklist items were identified through a systematic review of the literature. Each item was evaluated for inclusion in the final checklist during two rounds of web-based surveys and an online consensus meeting. Agreement for inclusion was defined a priori with a threshold of 80% combined agreement. Eighty panel members from 34 countries across all seven world regions participated in the study, with comparable representation from low- and middle-income and high-income countries. The final checklist contains 86 items divided into: (1) a general ED Safety Checklist focused on diagnostic evaluation, patient reassessment, and disposition and (2) five domain-specific ED Safety Checklists focused on handoff, invasive procedures, triage, treatment prescription, and treatment administration. The checklist includes key clinical tasks to prevent medical errors, as well as items to improve communication among ED team members and with patients and their families. This novel ED Safety Checklist defines the essential elements of high-quality ED care and has the potential to ensure their consistent implementation worldwide.