Values Of Initial Energy Research Articles

Nonexistence of global solutions for damped abstract wave equations with memory

We consider a class of abstract nonlinear wave equations with memory and linear dissipation. We give sufficient conditions in terms of the nitial data to prove the nonexistence of global solutions. We improve recent results that have studied this problem for viscoelastic wave, Kirchhoff and Petrovsky equations with positive initial energy values.

Ro–vibrational analysis of the first hexad of hydrogen sulfide: Line position and strength analysis of the 4ν2 band of H232S and H234S for HITRAN applications

The high resolution infrared spectrum of hydrogen sulfide H232S was recorded with a Bruker IFS 125HR Fourier transform infrared spectrometer and analyzed in the region of 4400–5400 cm−1 where ro–vibrational bands of the so–called first hexad of hydrogen sulfide are located. The present study is focused on the weak 4ν2 band. The 505 transitions with maximum values of the quantum numbers Jmax=17 and Kamax=8 (Jmax = 9 and Kamax=7 in the preceding studies) were assigned in the experimental spectrum. On this basis, 132 upper ro–vibrational energies (which is 2.5 times as high as in the preceding studies) were obtained. These data were used in the weighted fit of the Watson Hamiltonian parameters. The 28 varied parameters reproduce the 132 initial energy values with the root mean square deviation drms=3.5×10−4 cm−1. Strength analysis of the 287 strongest experimentally recorded transitions was made by the fit of their line shapes with the Hartmann-Tran profile. The eight effective dipole moment parameters of the 4ν2 band were obtained from the weighted fit which reproduce the initial experimental line strengths with the drms=3.1%. A comparison of the obtained results with the results of variational calculations and HITRAN data is presented. For the first time, transitions of the 4ν2 band of H234S were assigned in the experimental spectrum.

Extended high resolution analysis of the second triad of D[formula omitted]S, D[formula omitted]S and D[formula omitted

The high resolution infrared spectra of deuterated hydrogen sulfide D232S were recorded with a Bruker IFS 125HR Fourier transform infrared spectrometer and analyzed in the region of 2400–2900 cm−1 where three ν1+ν2,ν2+ν3 and 3ν2 interacting bands are located. 4227 transitions with maximum values of the quantum numbers Jmax = 28/28/20 and Kamax = 18/19/11 were assigned in the experimental spectra to the ν1+ν2,ν2+ν3 and 3ν2 bands. On this basis, 399/439/216 upper ro–vibrational energies were obtained for the upper vibrational states (110), (011) and (030) (about 43% more for the number of ro–vibrational energy values and about 63% more for the number of assigned transitions compared to preceding studies). These data were used in the weighted fit of the Watson Hamiltonian parameters. The 97 parameters obtained from the fit reproduce the 1054 initial energy values of three vibrational states used in the fit with the root mean square deviation drms=1.97×10−4 cm−1. The 1215 and 56 transitions belonging to the ν1+ν2 and ν2+ν3 bands of the D234S and D233S species (410 and 30 upper energy values, respectively) were recorded and analysed for the first time. The ground vibrational state parameters of D233S are determined from experimental combination differences.

INTEGRATION OF THE HYDROGENATE STABILIZATION UNIT HEAT EXCHANGE SYSTEM AT THE INSTALLATION OF LIGHT HYDROCRACKING

The work is devoted to the research of the heat exchanger system of the hydrogenation stabilizer unit at the installation of light hydrocracking in order to determine the degree of efficiency of heat exchange and the magnitude of the available energy saving potential, as well as to build a modernized network of heat exchangers of the technological process. Pinch analysis was used as the basic calculation and design method. The process composite curves and the grid diagram are constructed, pinch localization and the minimum temperature difference ∆Tmin are determined for the existing scheme. For the new value of ∆Tmin, the possible recovery and magnitudes of cold and hot utilities were calculated, a grid diagram and composite curves of the process heat transfer system were constructed. The achieved primary energy savings are estimated at 2.1 MW, which is about 51.5% of the initial energy value of the process's external coolants.

Features of mass transfer by N-crowdions in fcc Ni3Al lattice

Crowdions being interstitial atoms located in closely packed atomic rows, play an important role in relaxation processes occurring in metals and alloys under severe external impacts effectively transferring mass and energy. Dynamics of crowdions motion is well studied for pure metals, while for intermetallic alloys this issue has not previously been addressed. It was earlier shown that the so-called N crowdion that involves more than one atom in its 1D motion is much more effective in frames of propagation path and excitation energy that 1-crowdion. In the present study, the motion of 1- and 2-crowdions in the Ni3Al intermetallic alloy, was studied by means of the molecular dynamics method. N-crowdion was excited by providing the same value of initial energy to N neighbouring atoms along the close-packed atomic row. It was shown that the studied crowdions can propagate along the biatomic close-packed row, but show strong instability when moving in monatomic close-packed directions. It has been established that 2-crowdions have a mean free path 2-2.5 times longer than 1-crowdions with the same initial velocity. It was also revealed that the mean free path of the nickel atom initiated crowdion than that initiated on the aluminium atom. The results suggest a higher efficiency of 2-crowdions in mass transfer in the Ni3Al intermetallic alloy. In further works, it is proposed to study the possibility of launching 2-crowdions by bombarding the crystal surface with biatomic molecules.

Extended FTIR high resolution analysis of hydrogen sulfide in the region of the second hexad: Line positions and ro–vibrational energies of H[formula omitted]S ([formula omitted

The high resolution infrared spectra of hydrogen sulfide H232S were recorded with a Bruker IFS 125HR Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (Zürich prototype ZP2001) and analyzed in the region of 5650–6660 cm−1 where six interacting bands (2ν1+ν2,ν1+ν2+ν3,ν1+3ν2,3ν2+ν3, 5ν2 and ν2+2ν3) of the second hexade are located. 2452 transitions with maximum values of the quantum numbers Jmax = 18/19/13/14/14/11 and Kamax = 10/11/8/11/7/5 were assigned in the experimental spectra to the 2ν1+ν2,ν1+ν2+ν3,ν1+3ν2,3ν2+ν3, 5ν2 and ν2+2ν3 bands. On this basis, 194/216/108/104/90/9 upper ro–vibrational energies (more than 1.4 times higher number of both transitions and upper energy values compared to the preceding studies) were obtained for the upper vibrational states (210), (111), (130), (031), (050) and (012). These data were used in the weighted fit of the Watson Hamiltonian parameters. The 172 parameters obtained from the fit reproduce the 721 initial energy values of six vibrational states (2452 transitions) with the root mean square deviation drms=7.1×10−4 cm−1. The 534 transitions belonging to the 2ν1+ν2 and ν1+ν2+ν3 bands of H234S (197 upper energy values; about 1.5 times higher number for the ν1+ν2+ν3 band and more than two times higher number for the 2ν1+ν2 band) were recorded and analysed. For the first time, 177 transitions (70 upper energy values) were assigned to the ν1+ν2+ν3 band of H233S.

Energy-saving routing metric for aggregate low-rate wireless sensor networks

Low-rate wireless sensor networks based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard are widely used for gathering information from wireless sensors. Such data aggregation requires the deployment of route tree structure for “many-to-one” routing scheme. In this article, we propose energy-saving routing metric, which takes into account both link quality and node initial energy values. For more detailed research, experimental measurements of relationships between packet delivery ratio and link quality have been performed. The results of these experiments were used in simulation and performance analysis of proposed metric. Developed model of WSN allows to simulate network operation at presence of message retransmissions, which can be needed at low quality links. The performance comparison with a number of existing routing metrics (HopCount, ZigBee, ETX, LE-RPL metrics) has been provided. Results of the comparison shows that proposed metric significantly improves network lifetime and average node lifetime in the case of wide dispersed initial energy of sensor nodes.

First high-resolution analysis of the [formula omitted] band of the cis-C2H2D2 isotopologue of ethylene

The high–resolution infrared spectrum of C2H2D2-cis was recorded for the first time and analyzed in the region of 2400–2700 cm−1, where the ν2+ν6 band is located. 1987 transitions were assigned to the ν2+ν6 band and 623 ro–vibrational energies of the (v2=v6=1) vibrational state were determined from the assigned transitions. Parameters of the effective Hamiltonian were determined from the weighted fit, which takes into account the studied (v2=v6=1) vibrational state and six other closely located (but experimentally here not visible) vibrational states of C2H2D2-cis. The obtained “experimental” energy values were used as initial information in the fit. Determined from the fit, a set of 95 parameters reproduces 623 initial energy values of the (v2=v6=1) vibrational state, representing 1987 line positions of the ν2+ν6 band with the drms=3.98×10−3 cm−1.

Extended analysis of FTIR high resolution spectra of HD32S and HD34S in the region of the ν2 band: Positions and strengths of individual lines

The high resolution infrared spectra of deuterated hydrogen sulfide HDS were recorded with a Bruker IFS 125HR Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (Zurich prototype ZP2001) and analyzed in the ν2 fundamental band region, 690–1510 cm−1. 2684 transitions with maximum values of the quantum numbers Jmax = 25 and Kamax = 17 were assigned in the experimental spectra to the ν2 band (compared to Jmax = 22 and Kamax = 10 in the preceding analogous studies) of HD32S. On this basis, 415 upper ro–vibrational energies were obtained, which were used then in the weighted fit of the Watson Hamiltonian parameters. 33 parameters obtained from the fit reproduce the 415 initial energy values with a root mean square deviation drms=1.1×10−4 cm−1. An analysis of 418 experimental ro–vibrational line intensities of the ν2 band of HD32S was made using the Hartmann–Tran profile of individual lines, and results were applied in the fit of parameters of the effective dipole moment operator. Isotopic relations for the dipole moment parameters were derived and used for the fit procedure. The obtained “model” parameters reproduce the initial line strengths with the drms=4.7%. A list of 2684 experimental transitions of HDS is generated together with the presentation of their individual line strengths predicted on the basis of the obtained effective dipole moment parameters. An analogous analysis was fulfilled for the ν2 band of the HD34S isotopologue.

A NOVEL APPROACH OF CLUSTERING FOR ENHANCED LIFETIME IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK

Wireless sensor network has revolutionized the way computing and software services are delivered to the clients on demand. Our research work proposed a new method for cluster head selection having less computational complexity. It was also found that the modified approach has improved performance to that of the other clustering approaches. The cluster head election mechanism will include various parameters like maximum residual energy of a node, minimum separation distance and minimum distance to the mobile node. Each CH will create a TDMA schedule for the member nodes to transmit the data. Nodes will have various level of power for signal amplification. The three levels of power are used for amplifying the signal. As the member node will send only its own data to the cluster head, the power level of the member node is set to low. The cluster head will send the data of the whole cluster to the mobile node, therefore the power level of the cluster head is set to medium. High power level is used for mobile node which will send the data of the complete sector to the base station. Using low energy level for intra cluster transmissions (within the cluster) with respect to cluster head to mobile node transmission leads in saving much amount of energy. Moreover, multi-power levels also reduce the packet drop ratio, collisions and/ or interference for other signals. It was found that the proposed algorithm gives a much improved network lifetime as compared to existing work. Based on our model, multiple experiments have been conducted using different values of initial energy.

The Henon–Heiles system defined on Lie-algebraically deformed Galilei spacetime

In this paper, we provide the Henon–Heiles system defined on Lie-algebraically deformed non-relativistic spacetime with the commutator of two spatial directions proportional to time. Particularly, we demonstrate that in such a model the total energy is not conserved and for this reason the role of control parameter is taken by the initial energy value [Formula: see text]. Besides, we show that in contrast with the commutative case, for chosen values of deformation parameter [Formula: see text], there appears chaos in the system for initial total energies [Formula: see text] below the threshold [Formula: see text].

Energy consumption pattern and scalability of routing protocols for heterogeneous MANETs

Routing proposals in MANETs have been implemented and tested considering homogeneous environment where nodes have equal capabilities and responsibilities to perform. These assumptions are not helpful to realise the actual performance of the routing protocols. Therefore, existing routing protocols should be tested and benchmarked for heterogeneous MANETs H-MANETs. In this paper, an analysis of AODV, DSR, AOMDV and CBRP protocols is done. The efficacy of these protocols has been judged for varying network size and varying traffic for H-MANETs. Heterogeneity has been introduced in terms of different random initial energy values given to each node. The performance analysis has been done using network simulator NS-2 for various important performance parameters. Results show that CBRP as compare to other protocols performs better and as a second choice, especially for large traffic, AOMDV is the best protocol. This work is useful for the judicious and sensible selection of the base routing protocol.

Energy consumption pattern and scalability of routing protocols for heterogeneous MANETs

Routing proposals in MANETs have been implemented and tested considering homogeneous environment where nodes have equal capabilities and responsibilities to perform. These assumptions are not helpful to realise the actual performance of the routing protocols. Therefore, existing routing protocols should be tested and benchmarked for heterogeneous MANETs (H-MANETs). In this paper, an analysis of AODV, DSR, AOMDV and CBRP protocols is done. The efficacy of these protocols has been judged for varying network size and varying traffic for H-MANETs. Heterogeneity has been introduced in terms of different random initial energy values given to each node. The performance analysis has been done using network simulator (NS-2) for various important performance parameters. Results show that CBRP as compare to other protocols performs better and as a second choice, especially for large traffic, AOMDV is the best protocol. This work is useful for the judicious and sensible selection of the base routing protocol.

Graphite//LiNi0.5 Mn1.5 O4 Cells Based on Environmentally Friendly Made-in-Water Electrodes.

The performance of graphite//LiNi0.5 Mn1.5 O4 (LNMO) cells, both electrodes of which are made using water-soluble sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) binder, is reported for the first time. The full cell performed outstandingly over 400 cycles in the conventional electrolyte ethylene carbonate/dimethyl carbonate-1 m LiPF6 , and the delivered specific energy at the 100th, 200th, 300th, and 400th cycle corresponded to 82, 78, 73, and 66 %, respectively, of the initial energy value of 259 Wh kg-1 (referring to the sum of the two electrode-composite weights). The good stability of high-voltage, LNMO-CMC-based electrodes upon long-term cycling is discussed and the results are compared to those of LNMO-composite electrodes with polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF). LNMO-CMC electrodes outperformed those with PVdF binder, displaying a capacity retention of 83 % compared to 62 % for the PVdF-based electrodes after 400 cycles at 1 C. CMC promotes a more compact and stable electrode surface than PVdF; undesired interfacial reactions at high operating voltages are mitigated, and the thickness of the passivation layer on the LNMO surface is reduced, thereby enhancing its cycling stability.

Data gathering in delay tolerant wireless sensor networks using a ferry.

In delay tolerant WSNs mobile ferries can be used for collecting data from sensor nodes, especially in large-scale networks. Unlike data collection via multi-hop forwarding among the nodes, ferries travel across the sensing field and collect data from sensors. The advantage of using a ferry-based approach is that, it eliminates the need for multi-hop forwarding of data, and as a result energy consumption at the nodes is significantly reduced. However, this increases data delivery latency and as such might not be suitable for all applications. In this paper an efficient data collection algorithm using a ferry node is proposed while considering the overall ferry roundtrip travel time and the overall consumed energy in the network. To minimize the overall roundtrip travel time, we divided the sensing field area into virtual grids based on the assumed sensing range and assigned a checkpoint in each one. A Genetic Algorithm with weight metrics to solve the Travel Sales Man Problem (TSP) and decide on an optimum path for the ferry to collect data is then used. We utilized our previously published node ranking clustering algorithm (NRCA) in each virtual grid and in choosing the location for placing the ferry’s checkpoints. In NRCA the decision of selecting cluster heads is based on their residual energy and their distance from their associated checkpoint which acts as a temporary sink. We simulated the proposed algorithm in MATLAB and showed its performance in terms of the network lifetime, total energy consumption and the total travel time. Moreover, we showed through simulation that nonlinear trajectory achieves a better optimization in term of network lifetime, overall energy consumed and the roundtrip travel time of the ferry compared to linear predetermined trajectory. In additional to that, we compared the performance of your algorithm to other recent algorithms in terms of the network lifetime using same and different initial energy values.

An energy-efficient relay node selection scheme for underwater acoustic sensor networks

Underwater acoustic sensor networks (UWSNs) have many important applications, such as natural resource development, geological oceanography and environmental monitoring. Information collected by sensor nodes must be transmitted to sink node(s) directly or through intermediate nodes. Energy efficiency is a challenging issue for UWSNs because their batteries cannot be removed and are difficult to recharge. Thus, selecting energy-efficient paths from source nodes to sink node(s) is crucial in routing for UWSNs. In this paper, we propose a scheme of relay node selection in UWSNs with a square grid topology for long-term marine monitoring applications. First, we formulate the relay node selection problem as a linear programming problem, where the objective is to maximise the network lifetime. Then, we propose a routing metric that reflects both the transmitting power level and the residual energy of the two-end nodes of each acoustic link. Finally, we evaluate the performance of the proposed relay node selection scheme for different network sizes and different initial battery energy assignments. The simulation results show that the proposed relay node selection scheme can prolong the network lifetime of different network sizes. Compared to a routing algorithm solely based on minimum hop, the performance of the proposed scheme is closer to the optimal value obtained by solving the linear programming problem. Moreover, the network lifetime is further increased if we allow nodes to have different initial energy values based on their work loads.

Influence of Initial Energy Selection in Leach Protocol based Wireless Sensor Networks

The paper investigates the change of initial energy in leach protocol to prolong the network lifetime in order to achieve network reliability and scalability. The values of initial energy taken are 0.5, 1, 2, 3 joule. For the case, simulation results show that nodes start decaying after 5100 rounds. Thus nodes are surviving longer for higher energy cases taken. The work recommends adequate energy use to increase network lifetime of Wireless Sensor Networks. Key words-Wireless Sensor Network, Leach Protocol, Clustering, Network Lifetime

Modelling of energy attenuation due to powder flow-laser beam interaction during laser cladding process

Laser cladding is becoming an emergent process with high interest for industries dedicated to high added value parts production. Laser cladding introduces new manufacturing concepts such as direct manufacturing of parts, avoiding in this way the excessive waste of material in the form of chips, inherent to traditional machining processes. This process is based on the use of a source of high energy density, such as laser beams, to generate a melt pool on a substrate where a filler material is injected. Thus, when studying the process it is necessary to know the effective energy that reaches the base material. This energy does not correspond to the one provided by the laser beam, considering that the laser beam has to go through a cloud of injected powder before it reaches the substrate. In this region there is an interaction between the laser beam and the filler material in which a significant amount of energy is absorbed by the powder. As a result, attenuation values can reach up to high percentages of the initial energy value. This paper presents a model based on the shadow created by powder particles on the substrate, with capabilities of estimating the attenuation suffered by the beam and characterizing the density of energy that reaches the surface of the substrate. The model starts from the initial energy density of the laser and the powder concentrations obtained from a CFD model, which has been experimentally validated. In addition, three different approaches have been introduced for the model solution. Initially a constant powder particle size and a perfectly cylindrical laser beam are considered. Subsequently, an experimentally measured particle size distribution and the divergence of the beam are introduced in order to accurately adjust the model and the real process. The attenuation model has been experimentally adjusted and validated. The error average is below 10% of measured values.

STUDIES OF HYDROGEN MOLECULAR FLUX ENCAGING INTO CARBON NANOTUBE USING COMPUTER SIMULATION

The encaging of H 2 or D 2 molecules flux by carbon closed nanotube is considered. The investigation is based on the computer simulation of the process. Several equations of particle motion were solved numerically by the use of high-speed computer. The nanotube was represented by carbon closed tube consisting of 1572 atoms. The interatomic forces were supposed to be defined from combined potential. The interaction of all participating atoms with each others was taken into account. The energy of incident molecules varied from 25 to 175 eV/atom. The direction of molecular beam was chosen to be orthogonal to the tube axis. The statistical validity was provided by 1000 modeled trajectories of incident molecules for each value of initial energy. The variety of final situations were considered. The encaging events were registered at the low energies. They consisted about 15% at energy values up to 80 eV for H and up to 60 eV for D. At higher energies the encaging probability diminished monotonically. The adsorption probability falls from 80% at the 25-to-90-eV energy interval to 10% at 150 eV for H and at 120 eV for D and then monotonically to zero. The penetration of H atoms through two walls of carbon nanotube grows from zero to 10% at 80 eV, then reaches 50% at 110 eV. At 140 eV it is close to 90%. The corresponding values of energy for D atoms are less by factor 1.2 or so. The molecule dissociation probability was not more than 10% for the total energy interval under investigation. The investigation allows to conclude that the carbon closed nanotube is able to serve as the light atom trap at the incident molecule energies up to about 100 eV/atom.

Fine structure of collision cascades of energetic thorium ions in monocrystalline MgO

Collision cascades of thorium ions at 50, 100 and 150 eV in monocrystalline MgO have been investigated with the program MARLOWE which constructs the trajectory of the moving particle as a series of isolated binary collisions. Parametric study on the binding parameters has been performed to show their effect on the particle trajectories. Some computed events showed a focusing in the direction . These events are characterized by an initial energy value, energy loss in each stage of the chain and a definite number of collisions. These quantities, as calculated by MARLOWE (BCA), have been compared with the results of the hard-sphere collision approximation (HSCA).