Initial Data Collection Research Articles

Streamlining Telecommunications Center and Interfacility Patient Throughput to a Pediatric Emergency Department by Utilizing an Electronic Handoff: A Quality Improvement Initiative.

Effective handoffs are critical for patient safety and high-quality care. The pediatric emergency department serves as the initial reception for patients where optimal communication is crucial. The complexities of interfacility handoffs can result in information loss due to lack of standardization. The aim of our project was a 50% reduction in monthly calls routed through the communication center from 157 to 78, for interfacility transfers to the emergency department from outpatient sites within our organization over a 1-year period, through utilization of an electronic handoff activity. We designed a quality improvement project in a tertiary care pediatric hospital to improve the process of interfacility transfer. The initiative aimed to streamline the transfer of patients from ambulatory, urgent care, and nurse triage encounters to the pediatric emergency department by using the electronic health record. The primary outcome measure was number of monthly calls received by the telecommunications center for these transfers.Our process measure was tracked by measuring the utilization of the electronic handoff. In addition, the number of safety events reported because of information lost through using the electronic handoff served as a balancing measure. One year after the enterprise-wide rollout of the handoff, the telecommunications center was receiving an average of 29 calls per month versus 157 at time of study initiation, a decrease of 81.5%. Monthly usage increased from zero to an average of 544 during the same period. The project was continued after the initial 12-month data collection and demonstrated stability. Our initiative facilitated the safe and efficient transfer of patients and streamlined workflows without sacrificing quality of patient care. Our telecommunications center has been freed up for other tasks with fewer interruptions during patient throughput. Next steps will analyze the encounters of transferred patients to further optimize patient flow at our organization.

Monitoring autonomic responses in Parkinson’s disease individuals: non-linear and chaotic global metrics of heart rate variability

Aim To examine and compare the autonomic responses, as assessed through the non-linear and chaotic global metrics of heart rate variability in two groups: the Parkinson’s Disease Group (PDG) and the Control Group (CG), both at rest and during an active tilt test. Methods The study encompassed 46 participants (PDG: n = 23; 73.73 ± 7.28 years old; CG: n = 23; 70.17 ± 8.20 years old). Initial data collection involved the acquisition of participant’s characteristics. The autonomic modulation was estimated both at rest and during the active tilt test. For this assessment, we computed non-linear indices derived from five entropies (Approximate, Sample, Shannon, Renyi, Tsallis), Detrended Fluctuation Analysis and the seven chaotic global metrics (hsCFP1-hsCFP7). Results At rest, the PDG exhibited lower values of hsCFP3 (0.818 ± 0.116 vs. 0.904 ± 0.065; p < 0.05) and Sample Entropy (0.720 ± 0.149 vs. 0.799 ± 0.171; p < 0.05). During the test, the PDG demonstrated lower values of ApEn, while the CG presented lower values of SampEn, hsCFP1, hsCFP3, hsCFP7, and higher values of hsCFP5. An interaction was observed, indicating that hsCFP1 and hsCFP3 exhibit differential behavior for the CG and PDG in response to the test. Conclusion subjects with PD exhibited reduced complexity of the RR interval series at rest, and a diminished autonomic response to the active tilt test when compared with the CG. The test, together with non-linear indices, may serve for assessing the Autonomic Nervous System in individuals with PD in a clinical setting. The interpretation of these data should be approached with caution, given the possible influences of pharmacotherapies and the inclusion of diabetic participants.

Management of Donkeys in Assisted Interventions: A Snapshot.

People working in the field of Animal-Assisted Interventions (AAIs) often state that they perceive animal welfare as a matter of paramount importance; nevertheless, most scientific literature focuses on the effectiveness of interventions from the user's perspective. Before focusing on the animals' management and welfare during their interactions with users, it is important to ensure animal welfare during their "ordinary lives". This article reports information and considerations about the management of donkeys involved in AAIs in Northern Italy. Six facilities with several years of experience in Donkey-Assisted Interventions were visited for the purpose of an initial data collection regarding the management of donkeys involved in AAIs. Some knowledge gaps regarding the nutritional needs of the donkey and its preventive medicine have been identified; this study also highlighted a need for efforts to create a more stimulating and enriched environment for animals involved in AAIs. Some possible areas for improvement in the management of donkeys involved in AAIs have been highlighted. Further studies are necessary to provide a more comprehensive picture of the welfare of donkeys involved in this context.

Dancing the Crisis and Its Transformative Potential: A Cooperative and Performative Research With an Italian Disability Service System During the Coronavirus Pandemic

This study draws on research that investigated transformative learning with reference to complexity theories. It describes the use of dance-informed performative autoethnography employed to analyze and interpret participants’ experience of crisis in research conducted within a disability service system in Italy during COVID-19 pandemic. Firstly, the use of this method of inquiry after the initial data collection was useful in deepening the crisis experience. Secondly, the representation of the data through dance performance fostered new interpretations of the crisis situation that further validated the presentation of the data and had the secondary advantage of reinterpreting the entire experience.

Stress Due to Inflation: Changes over Time, Correlates, and Coping Strategies among Working-Age Adults in the United States.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the annual US inflation rate increased from 1.2% in July 2020 to 8% in July 2022. It has since declined to 3.4% (December 2023). This study examined the prevalence of stress due to inflation during a period when it declined from 8.2% in September 2022 to 3% in June 2023 and its association with demographic and social determinants of health (SDOH). We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of the online Household Pulse Survey (HPS), which surveils the experiences of US households. Beginning September 2022, HPS initiated data collection on "stress due to inflation" through a question on how stressful the increase in prices in the last 2 months has been. Participants could respond: very, moderately, a little, or not stressful. We analyzed data on working-age adults (18-64 years) who responded to the above question of stress due to inflation during 14-26 September 2022 (N = 32,579) and 7-19 June 2023 (N = 36,229). We used replicate weights in chi-squared tests and ordinal logistic regression analyses controlling for gender, age, race and ethnicity, COVID-19, COVID-19 vaccination, health insurance, and SDOH, including education, lost employment income, poverty status, marital status, food affordability, and region. The prevalence of stress due to inflation (price increases being very or moderately stressful) significantly increased from 76.9% in September 2022 to 78.9% in June 2023. The odds of stress due to inflation were higher for individuals with the following characteristics: female, transgender, having income below 400% of the federal poverty line, having lost employment income, not being able to afford food, had long or acute COVID-19, and did not have a COVID-19 vaccine. More than three quarters of working-age adults in the US experienced stress due to inflation. Despite a declining national inflation rate in recent months, stress due to inflation has significantly increased among working-age adults. Inflation-related stress warrants further research and policy attention.

LITERACY OF GUINEAN STUDENTS IN RELATION TO OPINION WRITING BEFORE STARTING UNILAB

This work investigates the experience of five Guinean students about opinion writing before starting the University of International Integration of Afro-Brazilian Lusofonia (UNILAB), this type of writing is requested in admission exam for the selection process for foreign students at UNILAB. Methodologically, the research is a case study with qualitative analysis. Two instruments were used for the initial data collection procedure: the interview and the writing of an opinion article. However, for this text, only the interview part was explored, the answer to two interview questions about the target audience’s knowledge and mastery of writing opinion articles before their arrival at UNILAB. The form of analysis was based on the thematic analysis founded by Minayo (2007). As a result, it is concluded that students have little mastery of producing opinionated genres, before arriving in Brazil, because writing practice is not recurrent during their secondary education in Guinea-Bissau.

KARAKTERISTIK FISIK RUMAH TINGGI SUWAWA DAN RUMAH BELE LI TAUDA’A DI PROVINSI GORONTALO

The purpose of this research is to identify the physical characteristics of the Suwawa High House and the Bele Li Tauda'a House. The research method uses descriptive qualitative with locations in Kab. Bone Bolango and Gorontalo District. Field surveys were carried out in April – May 2023, starting with initial data collection followed by semi-structured interviews, field observations then data structuring, as well as confirmation of data with realities on the ground and the views of traditional leaders. The results showed that the physical characteristics of both were the same on the roof, the top part was triangular in shape with a second layer in the middle of the roof of the building.

Future research recommendations for transforming higher education with generative AI

Higher education is crucial for producing ethical citizens and professionals globally. The introduction of generative AI (GenAI), such as ChatGPT, has posed opportunities and challenges to the traditional model of education. However, the current conversations primarily focus on policy development and assessment, with limited research on the future of higher education. GenAI's impact on learning outcomes, pedagogy, and assessment is crucial for reforming and advancing the workforce. This qualitative study aims to investigate student perspectives on GenAI's impact on higher education. The study uses an initial conceptual framework driven by a systematic literature review to investigate the opportunities and challenges of AI in education. This framework serves as an initial data collection and analysis framework. A sample of 51 students from three research-intensive universities was selected for this study. Thematic analysis identified three themes and 10 subthemes. The findings suggest that future higher education should be transformed to train students to be future-ready for employment in a society powered by GenAI. They suggest new learning outcomes—skills in learning and teaching with GenAI, AI literacy—and emphasize the significance of interdisciplinarity and maker learning, with assessment focusing on in-class and hands-on activities. They recommend six future research directions – competence for future workforce and its self-assessment measures, AI literacy or competency measures, new literacies and their relationships, interdisciplinary teaching, Innovative pedagogies and their evaluation, new assessment and its acceptance.

CHALLENGES IN DEVELOPING ANNUAL AND SUSTAINABILITY REPORTS: IS DATA MANAGEMENT MATTER?

This study examines the multifaceted approval process in the preparation of Company X's annual and sustainability report, a subsidiary of a State-Owned Enterprise (SOE). The report's crafting involves various stages, from initial data collection fraught with reliability issues to final consensus-driven approval before release. The process is marked by intense scrutiny and a necessity for alignment with the company's strategic vision and the rigorous standards set by its leadership. Despite the application of best practices and lessons from previous research, the team encountered significant challenges, such as data inconsistency, excessive irrelevant information, and a lack of coordination between different reporting segments. These issues necessitated iterative revisions, meticulous translation accuracy, and careful management of stakeholder feedback. The study delineates the complexities of each phase of report preparation, highlighting the critical importance of the approval phase as a crucial gateway that ensures the report's quality, accuracy, and resonance with the company's strategic and brand considerations.

Quality of Reporting Randomized Controlled Trials Published in Three of the Most Citable Periodontal Journals from 2018 to 2022.

This study aimed to evaluate the reporting quality of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) in periodontology. Three leading periodontology journals, the Journal of Periodontology (JOP), the Journal of Clinical Periodontology (JOCP), and the Journal of Periodontal Research (JOPR), were selected for this investigation. The RCTs were identified by manually searching for human trial articles published in these three journals. Two authors independently conducted the literature search, and a pre-piloted extraction sheet was used to screen the potential RCTs. The CONSORT checklist guidelines were employed to calculate the score value. Intra-examiner reliability was assessed by scoring a random sample of 10% of the papers in a second round conducted by the first examiner three months after the initial data collection. A search of abstracts published over a five-year period yielded 176 articles that reported RCTs, accounting for 11.7% of all articles published in the three journals. The highest number of RCTs was published in 2020, and more than half of the included RCTs (51%) originated from Europe. Many of the analyzed RCTs inadequately reported almost half of the items on the CONSORT checklist. Furthermore, univariate analysis revealed significant associations between certain factors and the overall CONSORT score, such as publication in JOP (p = 0.048), publication year of 2019 (p = 0.041) and 2021 (p = 0.042), first author from North America (p = 0.016), and RCTs with more than six authors (p = 0.042). Clinical trial research in periodontics has made significant progress in the past five years. However, there is room for improvement in adhering to the CONSORT guidelines.

Identifying Barriers and Facilitators to Veterans Affairs Whole Health Integration Using the Updated Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research.

Veterans Affairs (VA) implemented the Veteran-centered Whole Health System initiative across VA sites with approaches to implementation varying by site. Using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR), we aimed to synthesize systemic barriers and facilitators to Veteran use with the initiative. Relevance to healthcare quality, systematic comparison of implementation procedures across a national healthcare system provides a comprehensive portrait of strengths and opportunities for improvement. Advanced fellows from 11 VA Quality Scholars sites performed the initial data collection, and the final report includes CFIR-organized results from six sites. Key innovation findings included cost, complexity, offerings, and accessibility. Inner setting barriers and facilitators included relational connections and communication, compatibility, structure and resources, learning centeredness, and information and knowledge access. Finally, results regarding individuals included innovation deliverers, implementation leaders and team, and individual capability, opportunity, and motivation to implement and deliver whole health care. Examination of barriers and facilitators suggest that Whole Health coaches are key components of implementation and help to facilitate communication, relationship building, and knowledge access for Veterans and VA employees. Continuous evaluation and improvement of implementation procedures at each site is also recommended.

Effectiveness of local biopesticides in the control of Diamondback Moth (Plutella xylostella L.) in cabbage production in Zanzibar, Tanzania

This experiment was conducted to determine the effectiveness of different types of local biopesticides to control diamondback moth (DBM) in cabbage production in Zanzibar. The experiment was conducted in horticulture farms at Zanzibar Agricultural Research Institute. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design, with 6 treatments and a control, each of which was replicated 3 times. The following plants were used as biopesticide which are garlic (T1), hot pepper (chilli) (T2), clove (T3), mixture of garlic and pepper (T4), mixture of garlic and clove (T5), synthetic insecticide (T6) and a control (T0). The parameters were evaluated by conducting initial data collection (before treatment) and final data collection (after treatment). The average number of leaves affected by DBM and yield in terms of average mass (kg) of cabbage were recorded. Results showed that T6 was significantly associated with a lowest average number of affected leaves and higher yield followed by T4 and T5. Overall, garlic-treated plots had recorded higher yield compared to the non-garlic treated plots. Therefore, garlic extract as local biopesticide can effectively repel DBM. This study recommends that garlic can be used as an alternative to using synthetic chemicals to control DBM in cabbage crop.

The effect of transurethral resection of the prostate on sexual life quality in patient spouses

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine the effect of transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) surgery on quality of sexual life in patients' spouses. A pre/post‐operative test, quasi‐experimental design with no control group was employed. The research was conducted in the urology clinics of two hospitals in the west of Turkey between 30 June and 30 September 2022. It was completed with 172 patient spouses recruited using non‐probability sampling. The study data were collected using an individual information form and the Sexual Quality of Life‐Female questionnaire. The preoperative test applied prior to surgery was administered by the face‐to‐face interview method, while the postoperative test was completed by telephone interviews 8 weeks after the initial data collection. The mean age of the individuals undergoing TURP surgery in this study was 62.69 ± 7.98 years (min 40, max 77), and the mean age of the spouses was 57.91 ± 7.46 (min 39, max 73). Sexual Quality of Life‐Female scores after surgery were significantly higher than the pre‐surgical values (p &lt; 0.001). A significant difference in sex life quality was determined in terms of age, education, employment status, presence of chronic disease, number of children, and ‘love marriages’ (p &lt; 0.05). The sexual life quality of the spouses of patients exposed to TURP surgery increased significantly 8 weeks after the procedure. The quality of sex life was higher among individuals with higher education levels, working individuals, and those who ‘married for love’, but decreased in line with age and number of children.

Factors Affecting Medical Records Management in Karakah Health Center Padang

Medical records are an administration system that starts from recording while the patient is receiving medical services, followed by handling medical record files which includes organizing storage and removing files from storage to serve requests/borrowing from patients or for other purposes. All health service facilities are required to maintain medical records, including community health centers (Puskesmas). Based on initial data collection observations, it was found that medical record management was still carried out manually, for the information system the government still used the BPJS system. The health center is still relatively new, so several problems are still found regarding the administration of medical records, one of which is numbering medical records, storage that is not yet ideal, unclear policies regarding standard operational procedures and a shortage of medical record officers. Currently the puskesmas only has one medical records officer who holds a D3 RM degree, the rest are assisted by officers who have high school/equivalent qualifications. This research was carried out from March to May 2023. The results of the research state that the storage of medical record files at the Parak Karakah Health Center is still not optimal and needs to be improved. Judging from the human resource elements which are still insufficient, the management of medical records has not been carried out well. The large number of files found that do not have folders is also a concern for the future. Storage carried out using a decentralized method is considered not optimal in community health centers because it creates separate medical record files. Ideally, storage in community health centers is carried out using a centralized system because it only accepts outpatients. Keywords: Medical record, Management, Health Center, Factors

The maximization of shared energy in RECs in disadvantaged areas in terms of population density: the case study of Osidda in Sardinia

Even if the first examples of free associations of citizens for the exploitation of local energy resources date back to the end of the nineteenth century, it is with the EU Directive 2018/2001 RED II that the concept of Renewable Energy Community is introduced for the first time. It is an association of ordinary citizens, commercial activities, public administrations, small and medium-sized enterprises, aimed at the production and maximization of the use of energy produced on site. Alongside the social (greater energy independence, awareness of environmental issues) and environmental (promotion of renewable energy and reduction of CO2 emissions) aspects, the economic one is equally relevant in order to contribute to the dissemination of RES, maximizing its self-consumed share in the production site and therefore reducing the loads of overproduction on the transmission network.In this paper, the authors analyze in detail the regulatory aspects and the technological solutions that are contributing to the diffusion of these communities at national level, also in the light of the recent ARERA Resolution for widespread self-consumption. The critical issues associated with their implementation in disadvantaged area in terms of population density will be discussed. The case study of the Municipality of Osidda in Sardinia will be presented, where the provision of social services and the achievement of energy independence represent the tools to combat the rapid depopulation suffered in recent years. The model developed by the authors starts from an initial careful collection of data, aimed at overcoming the problems of measuring and estimating the energy consumption of very different users (residential and public), identifying the possible solutions able to maximize the shared energy produced by RES, inside the RECs and consequently the economic return connected to national economic incentives.

Online Combustion Status Recognition of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Process Using DFC Based on Convolutional Multi-Layer Feature Fusion

The prevailing method for handling municipal solid waste (MSW) is incineration, a critical process that demands safe, stable, and eco-conscious operation. While grate-typed furnaces offer operational flexibility, they often generate pollution during unstable operating conditions. Moreover, fluctuations in the physical and chemical characteristics of MSW contribute to variable combustion statuses, accelerating internal furnace wear and ash accumulation. Tackling the challenges of pollution, wear, and efficiency in the MSW incineration (MSWI) process necessitates the automatic online recognition of combustion status. This article introduces a novel online recognition method using deep forest classification (DFC) based on convolutional multi-layer feature fusion. The method entails several key steps: initial collection and analysis of flame image modeling data and construction of an offline model utilizing LeNet-5 and DFC. Here, LeNet-5 trains to extract deep features from flame images, while an adaptive selection fusion method on multi-layer features selects the most effective fused deep features. Subsequently, these fused deep features feed into DFC, constructing an offline recognition model for identifying combustion status. Finally, embedding this recognition system into an existing MSWI process data monitoring system enables online flame video recognition. Experimental results show remarkable accuracies: 93.80% and 95.08% for left and right grate furnace offline samples, respectively. When implemented in an online flame video recognition platform, it aptly meets recognition demands.

776. Clinical Practice Gap Analysis of Physicians’ Understanding of Cytomegalovirus

Abstract Background Understanding clinical practice related to awareness and clinical understanding of cytomegalovirus (CMV) and can inform development of tools to improve physician practices and patient screening, diagnosis and management. Methods A survey instrument of 25 multiple choice, knowledge- and case-based questions allowed participants to assess their clinical knowledge with regard to CMV. These questions are designed to assess clinicians’ baseline knowledge, competence, and current practice. Immediate peer-response data solidify support for correct responses. The survey was available online to physicians without monetary compensation or charge. Respondent confidentiality was maintained and responses were de-identified and aggregated prior to analyses. Initial data collection occurred from July 27, 2022 to October 18, 2022. Results In total, 107 OB/GYNs and 77 pediatricians completed the full assessment within the data collection period. Physicians demonstrated gaps in the following areas: Conclusion This educational research on assessment of physicians’ clinical practices yielded important insights into clinical gaps related to CMV among OB/GYNs and pediatricians. While the gaps were similar in most areas, OB/GYNs showed larger gaps in identifying source of transmission, and management of possible congenital CMV compared with pediatricians, whereas pediatricians showed larger gaps in identifying seropositivity rates and diagnosing CMV. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

Small Stochastic Data Compactification Concept Justified in the Entropy Basis.

Measurement is a typical way of gathering information about an investigated object, generalized by a finite set of characteristic parameters. The result of each iteration of the measurement is an instance of the class of the investigated object in the form of a set of values of characteristic parameters. An ordered set of instances forms a collection whose dimensionality for a real object is a factor that cannot be ignored. Managing the dimensionality of data collections, as well as classification, regression, and clustering, are fundamental problems for machine learning. Compactification is the approximation of the original data collection by an equivalent collection (with a reduced dimension of characteristic parameters) with the control of accompanying information capacity losses. Related to compactification is the data completeness verifying procedure, which is characteristic of the data reliability assessment. If there are stochastic parameters among the initial data collection characteristic parameters, the compactification procedure becomes more complicated. To take this into account, this study proposes a model of a structured collection of stochastic data defined in terms of relative entropy. The compactification of such a data model is formalized by an iterative procedure aimed at maximizing the relative entropy of sequential implementation of direct and reverse projections of data collections, taking into account the estimates of the probability distribution densities of their attributes. The procedure for approximating the relative entropy function of compactification to reduce the computational complexity of the latter is proposed. To qualitatively assess compactification this study undertakes a formal analysis that uses data collection information capacity and the absolute and relative share of information losses due to compaction as its metrics. Taking into account the semantic connection of compactification and completeness, the proposed metric is also relevant for the task of assessing data reliability. Testing the proposed compactification procedure proved both its stability and efficiency in comparison with previously used analogues, such as the principal component analysis method and the random projection method.

Factors involved in the one‐year changes in the tracheal diameter of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis undergoing tracheostomy positive pressure ventilation

AbstractBackgroundTracheostomy positive pressure ventilation (TPPV) is associated with complications in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), particularly tracheostomy tube‐related problems.AimTo determine the frequency of patients with ALS who received TPPV that have tracheal enlargement and factors associated with changes in tracheal diameter.MethodsWe included 43 patients with ALS undergoing TPPV who were admitted at Sayama Neurological Hospital in October 2019. The tracheal diameter at the height of the tracheostomy tube cuff was measured radiographically at specific time points. Tidal volume, inspiratory maximum pressure (PIP), dynamic lung compliance (Cdyn), tracheostomy tube cuff data, and patient demographic information and data were also collected.ResultsThe frequency of tracheomegaly was 60.5% at the initial data collection. The differences in tracheal diameter between the first measurement, after 12 months, and between 3 and 12 months were significant. ΔTracheal diameter correlated with TPPV duration, PIP, Cdyn, ΔPIP, ΔCdyn, and tracheal diameter. Multiple regression analysis, with Δtracheal diameter as the objective variable and TPPV duration, Cdyn, and tracheal diameter as explanatory variables, revealed an adjusted R‐square value of 0.36.ConclusionTracheomegaly and more enlarged tracheal diameters over time were more frequently observed in patients with ALS receiving TPPV. Furthermore, the trachea dilates over time and the tracheal diameter was related to baseline TPPV time, Cdyn, and tracheal diameter. Patients with shorter baseline TPPV duration, higher baseline Cdyn, and smaller baseline tracheal diameter were more likely to have larger tracheal diameters. Therefore, early prevention is important.

Using a Blended versus Online Course Design for Teaching Intermediate Accounting - an Empirical Study of the Teaching/Learning Environments

The increasing importance of technology use in instructional design and delivery suggests significant implications for accounting educators and administrators. This study examines the effect of delivering an Intermediate Accounting course in a fully online format as compared with the effect of delivering the same course in a blended, face-to-face format over two semesters. The quasi- experimental design tests whether use of common course materials and instruction offered concurrently in both formats results in comparable learning and performance outcomes. Initial data collection took place in fall quarter 2012. Preliminary analysis suggests the importance of student computer skills and grade point average to performance. No difference in student performance between the two delivery approaches is noted, probably due to small sample size. To build upon fall quarter 2012 findings, the study was extended to provide for additional observations in the same settings in the spring quarter 2013 just completed. Analysis of spring 2013 data shows students in online mode obtained more accounting knowledge than the blended mode. Students aged younger than 29 perceive the technology application more favorably enhanced their learning than others. Students enrolled in the blended setting indicate they are more willing to use the technology than the online setting. Students with different learning styles perform differently and perceive differently about the amount of computer skills enhanced by taking the blended vs. online courses. The findings in this paper show promise of relevance to administrators for future planning and implementation of technology-based instructional design and delivery, for faculty in their development planning, and for educators who seek to develop a better awareness of student performance and learning preferences in each setting.