Initial Collapse Research Articles

Design optimization of foam-reinforced corrugated sandwich beams

A combined analytical and numerical study is carried out for the structural stiffness, collapse strength and minimum mass design of foam-filled corrugated sandwich beams under transverse three-point bending. Both close-celled aluminum foam and polymer foam as the filling material are considered. Based upon a micromechanics-based model, effective elastic constants of foam-filled corrugations are derived using the homogenization method. To analytically predict the initial collapse strength, six different failure modes are considered, with the effect of loading platen width accounted for. Finite element simulations are performed to validate the analytical predictions, with good agreement achieved. Minimum mass design is obtained as a function of structural strength, and the influence of foam material and loading platen width is quantified. The structural efficiency of foam filling to reinforce the sandwich is assessed on the basis of equal mass and the underlying mechanisms explored. It is shown that polymer foam-filled corrugations are more weight efficient than unfilled ones of equal mass.

Pore collapse in an energetic material from the micro-scale to the macro-scale

We examine a pore in an energetic material whose collapse following the passage of a strong genesis shock wave, the subsequent ignition of reactive gases within it produced by pyrolysis at the pore boundary, and the emission of shock waves as a consequence of this ignition, can lead to a detonation. The interest in such a problem arises from the interest in knowing the sensitivity and therefore the safe-handling protocol of energetic materials. We follow the initial pore collapse, before melting occurs, using rational analytical strategies, but to describe the later stages, with full coupling between the physics in the condensate and those in the pore cavity, we describe a numerical strategy. The results provide a description of the power deposition into the energetic material and lead to a power deposition model for the macro-scale, one that encompasses a number of pores. For suitable parameter choices, shock waves generated by the pores interact to form a detonation upstream of the genesis shock.

Numerical modeling of the Mount Meager landslide constrained by its force history derived from seismic data

AbstractWe focus on the 6 August 2010 Mount Meager landslide that occurred in Southwest British Columbia, Canada. This 48.5 Mm3 rockslide that rapidly changed into a debris flow was recorded by over 25 broadband seismic stations. We showed that the waveform inversion of the seismic signal making it possible to calculate the time history of the force applied by the landslide to the ground is very robust and stable, even when using only data from a single station. By comparing this force with the force calculated through numerical modeling of the landslide, we are able to support the interpretation of seismic data made using a simple block model. However, our study gives different values of the friction coefficients involved and more details about the volumes and orientation of the subevents and the flow trajectory and velocity. Our sensitivity analysis shows that the characteristics of the released mass and the friction coefficients all contribute to the amplitude and the phase of the force. Despite this complexity, our study makes it possible to discriminate the best values of all these parameters. Our results suggest that comparing simulated and inverted forces helps to identify appropriate rheological laws for natural flows. We also show that except for the initial collapse, peaks in the low‐frequency force related to bends and runup over topography changes are associated with high‐frequency generation, possibly due to an increased agitation of the granular material involved.

The mineralogy and fabric of ‘Brickearths’ in Kent, UK and their relationship to engineering behaviour

Mineralogical and petrographical investigation of two loessic brickearth profiles from Ospringe and Pegwell Bay in north Kent, UK have differentiated two types of brickearth fabric that can be correlated with different engineering behaviour. Both sequences comprise metastable (collapsing) calcareous brickearth, overlain by non-collapsing ‘non-calcareous’ brickearth. This study has demonstrated that the two types of brickearth are discretely different sedimentary units, with different primary sedimentary characteristics and an erosional junction between the two units. A palaeosol is developed on the calcareous brickearth, and is associated with the formation of rhizolithic calcrete indicating an arid or semi-arid environment. No evidence has been found for decalcification being responsible for the fabric of the upper ‘non-calcareous’ brickearth. Optically-stimulated dates lend further support for the calcareous and ‘non-calcareous’ brickearth horizons being of different age or origins. The calcareous brickearth is metastable in that it undergoes rapid collapse settlement when wetted under applied stresses. It is characterised by an open-packed arrangement of clay-coated, silt-sized quartz particles and pelletised aggregate grains (peds) of compacted silt and clay, supported by an inter-ped matrix of loosely packed, silt/fine-grained sand, in which the grains are held in place by a skeletal framework of illuviated clay. The illuviated clay forms bridges and pillars separating and binding the dispersed component silt/sand grains. There is little direct grain-to-grain contact and the resultant fabric has a very high voids ratio. Any applied load is largely supported by these delicate clay bridge and pillar microfabrics. Collapse of this brickearth fabric can be explained by a sequence of processes involving: (1) dispersion and disruption of the grain-bridging clay on saturation, leading to initial rapid collapse of the loose-packed inter-ped silt/sand; (2) rearrangement and closer stacking of the compact aggregate silt/clay peds; (3) with increasing stress further consolidation may result from deformation and break up of the peds as they collapse into the inter-ped regions. Smectite is a significant component of the clay assemblage and will swell on wetting, further encouraging disruption and breaking of the clay bonds. In contrast, the ‘non-calcareous’ brickearth already possesses a close-packed and interlocking arrangement of silt/sand grains with only limited scope for further consolidation under load. Minor authigenic calcite and dolomite may also form meniscus cements between silt grains. These have either acted as “scaffolds” on which illuviated clay has subsequently been deposited or have encrusted earlier-formed grain-bridging clay. In either case, the carbonate cements may help to reinforce the clay bridge fabrics. However, these carbonate features are a relatively minor feature and not an essential component of the collapsible brickearth fabric. Cryoturbation and micromorphological features indicate that the calcareous brickearth fabric has probably been developed through periglacial freeze–thaw processes. Freezing could have produced the compact silt/clay aggregates and an open porous soil framework containing significant inter-ped void space. Silt and clay were remobilised and translocated deeper into the soil profile by water percolating through the active layer of the sediment profile during thawing cycles, to form the loosed-packed inter-ped silt matrix and grain-bridging meniscus clay fabrics. In contrast, the upper ‘non-calcareous’ brickearth may represent a head or solifluction deposit. Mass movement during solifluction will have destroyed any delicate grain-bridging clay microfabrics that may have been present in this material.

Cave development within a paleosol breccia in the dolomitized Seroe Domi Formation, Aruba, Lesser Antilles

Payoff Cave, found within dolomitized sections of the Seroe Domi Formation on Aruba, provides a set of diagenetic observations unique to island karst. Paleosol breccia found as wall and ceiling rock and as bedrock pillars within Payoff Cave was determined to be low-Mg calcite in mineralogy with clasts of dolomitized host limestone. Payoff Cave is interpreted to be a flank margin (FM) cave based on morphologic features. The relevant diagenetic history of this section of the Seroe Domi is: (1) dolomitization and initial cave formation, (2) collapse and paleosol breccia formation within the initial cave, (3) reoccupation of the mixing zone to form a new FM cave within the more soluble calcitic paleosol breccia, and (4) cliff retreat and exposure of Payoff Cave as found today. Dolomitization, karstification, and the presence of a paleosol breccia combine in a complex diagenetic history on Aruba.

Formation of a CH-π contact in the core of native barstar during folding.

An important part of the protein folding process is the consolidation of the protein core through the formation of specific, directional contacts after the initial hydrophobic collapse. Here, we simultaneously monitor formation of core contacts and assembly of secondary structure through salt-induced folding by using resonance Raman spectroscopy. Unfolded barstar at pH 12 was refolded by gradual addition of sodium sulfate salt. Altered spectral characteristics of the Trp53 residue suggest that the core of the protein attains a CH-π interaction at a low concentration of the salt, with an increase in the packing density. Further increase in salt concentration produces a reduction in the solvent accessibility of the core. These data provide evidence that the core of the protein becomes rigid upon the addition of 0.6 M sodium sulfate. This is the first time that the formation of a CH-π interaction has been directly monitored during the folding of a protein.

Coherent control of multipartite entanglement

Quantum entanglement between an arbitrary number of remote qubits is examined analytically. We show that there is a non-probabilistic way to address in one context the management of entanglement of an arbitrary number of mixed-state qubits by engaging quantitative measures of entanglement and a specific external control mechanism. Both all-party entanglement and weak inseparability are considered. We show that for $N\ge4$, the death of all-party entanglement is permanent after an initial collapse. In contrast, weak inseparability can be deterministically managed for an arbitrarily large number of qubits almost indefinitely. Our result suggests a picture of the path that the system traverses in the Hilbert space.

Insight into landslide kinematics from a broadband seismic network

The kinematic features of the 2009 Hsiaolin landslide were analyzed using a broadband seismic network in Taiwan. Both the final impact velocity and acceleration of the landslide were calculated based on the traveling distance and time of the landslide. A distance of approximately 2,500 m was observed on the surface, and the time from the initial collapse to the final impact was of 60.38 s according to broadband seismic data recorded nearby. The initial collapse time was determined using very-long-period seismic signals (20 to 50 s) created by the elastic rebound of the shallow crust as the overlying landslide initially moved downhill. The final impact time was determined by detecting the largest amplitudes of high-frequency seismic signals (1 to 10 Hz). The final impact velocity of approximately 298 km/h exhibited by this landslide had never before been recorded and thus might mark a world record; these speeds can be attributed mainly to a low friction coefficient (approximately 0.12) and a long run-out (approximately 2,500 m) along a gentle dip-slope surface (approximately 15°).

Arctic ground squirrel population collapse in the boreal forests of the Southern Yukon

Context The arctic ground squirrel (Urocitellus parryii) comprised 17% of the biomass of herbivores in the Yukon boreal forest during the summer months from 1987 to 1996 and was responsible for 23% of the energy flow at the herbivore level. By 2000, ground squirrel populations in this region collapsed to nearly zero and have remained there. Aims We summarise the population monitoring (since 1975) and recent experimental work that has been done on this key herbivore in the Kluane area of the southern Yukon to test one mechanistic hypothesis as the possible explanation for this population collapse and subsequent lack of recovery: predation. Methods Ground squirrels are the preferred summer prey of bird and mammal predators when snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus) populations are declining. We used translocations into formerly occupied habitat and radiotelemetry to determine movements and causes of death from 2009 to 2014. We surveyed 158 sites between 2008 and 2013 to measure the disappearance of colonies in alpine and forest habitats over 25 000 km2. Key results Ground squirrels from 2000 to 2013 comprised a small fraction of the herbivore biomass in the boreal forest zone, down from 17% earlier. Most forest populations (~95%) are currently extinct, whereas just over half (65%) of low-elevation meadow populations are locally extinct. One hypothesis is that ground squirrels in the forest have been driven into a predator pit from which they cannot recover. They remain abundant in alpine tundra (93% occupancy rate) and around airport runways and human habitations (97% occupancy), but there is no apparent dispersal from alpine areas down into the boreal forest. Conclusion The predator pit hypothesis is a likely explanation for the initial collapse and sustained decline in population size from 2000 to 2013. Recent attenuation of the hare cycle and milder winter climate have allowed shrubs to expand throughout the forest, thereby reducing visibility and increasing predation risk. This conclusion will be tested in further research using reintroductions to formerly occupied sites. Implication If the loss of this herbivore from the boreal forest is not reversed, predator pressure on the other major herbivores of the montane forest zone is likely to change significantly.

Energy landscapes, folding mechanisms, and kinetics of RNA tetraloop hairpins.

RNA hairpins play a pivotal role in a diverse range of cellular functions, and are integral components of ribozymes, mRNA, and riboswitches. However, the mechanistic and kinetic details of RNA hairpin folding, which are key determinants of most of its biological functions, are poorly understood. In this work, we use the discrete path sampling (DPS) approach to explore the energy landscapes of two RNA tetraloop hairpins, and provide insights into their folding mechanisms and kinetics in atomistic detail. Our results show that the potential energy landscapes have a distinct funnel-like bias toward the folded hairpin state, consistent with efficient structure-seeking properties. Mechanistic and kinetic information is analyzed in terms of kinetic transition networks. We find microsecond folding times, consistent with temperature jump experiments, for hairpin folding initiated from relatively compact unfolded states. This process is essentially driven by an initial collapse, followed by rapid zippering of the helix stem in the final phase. Much lower folding rates are predicted when the folding is initiated from extended chains, which undergo longer excursions on the energy landscape before nucleation events can occur. Our work therefore explains recent experiments and coarse-grained simulations, where the folding kinetics exhibit precisely this dependency on the initial conditions.

Elastocapillary flows in flexible tubes

Interactions between capillary and elastic effects are relevant to a variety of applications from micro- and nano-scale manufacturing to biological systems. In this work, we investigate capillary flows in flexible, millimeter-scale cylindrical elastic tubes. We demonstrate that surface tension can cause sufficiently flexible tubes to collapse and coalesce spontaneously through non-axisymmetric buckling, and develop criteria for the initial deformation and complete collapse of a circular tube. Experimental results for capillary rise and evaporation of a liquid in a flexible tube are presented, and several regimes are seen for the equilibrium state of a flexible tube deforming under capillary pressure. Deformations of the tube walls are measured in different regimes and compared with a shell theory model. Analysis and experimental results show that despite the complex and non-axisymmetric deformed shapes of cylindrical structures, the elastocapillary length used in previous literature for flat plates and sheets can be used to predict the behavior of flexible tubes.

Estimation of the underwater implosion pulse from cylindrical metal shells

Underwater implosion, the rapid and catastrophic collapse of a structure caused by hydrostatic pressure, generates a short-duration, high-pressure pulse in the surrounding water that is potentially damaging to adjacent structures or personnel. This paper presents a method to estimate the energy in the pressure pulse as the difference between the known total potential energy and energy lost by plastic deformation. The implosion pulse energy is proportional to the maximum system kinetic energy developed during collapse. The pulse was approximated by considering only the first phase of collapse (up to the instant of first contact), because the maximum kinetic energy occurs very near that instant. The plastic energy dissipated by the structure during the initial phase of implosion was evaluated analytically, using the principle of virtual velocities. The solution for energy dissipation agreed with numerical simulation within 1% at the end of the initial collapse phase. It was found that for a representative aluminum cylinder, the implosion pulse represents only 15% of the total available energy.

Universal Postquench Prethermalization at a Quantum Critical Point.

We consider an open system near a quantum critical point that is suddenly moved towards the critical point. The bath-dominated diffusive nonequilibrium dynamics after the quench is shown to follow scaling behavior, governed by a critical exponent that emerges in addition to the known equilibrium critical exponents. We determine this exponent and show that it describes universal prethermalized coarsening dynamics of the order parameter in an intermediate time regime. Implications of this quantum critical prethermalization are: (i) a power law rise of order and correlations after an initial collapse of the equilibrium state and (ii) a crossover to thermalization that occurs arbitrarily late for sufficiently shallow quenches.

Size effects on the in-plane mechanical behavior of hexagonal honeycombs

Abstract In-plane uniaxial compression tests were experimented on seven kinds of honeycomb specimens with different sizes (cell numbers) under the loading rate of 10 mm/min, in order to investigate the size effects on four important mechanical parameters (the curve modulus, initial collapse stress, densification strain, and plateau stress) of the honeycomb structure. The results show that the curve modulus of honeycombs decreases with decrease in specimen size, indicating that the curve modulus in in-plane direction is sensitive to size. In addition, the initial collapse stress in x 2-direction as well as energy absorption efficiency in x 1-direction is slightly sensitive to the specimen size. However, the other mechanical parameters of honeycomb show significant size independence. The weak boundary cells are used to explain size effects on the in-plane mechanical behavior of honeycomb. Consequently, the minimum specimen size of hexagonal honeycomb specimens for measuring the effective in-plane mechanical properties of a bulk honeycomb is determined according to these results.

Acoustic field characterization of the Waterlase2: Acoustic characterization and high speed photomicrography of a clinical laser generated shock wave therapy device for the treatment of periodontal biofilms in orthodontics and periodontics

Recent applications in endodontics and periodontics use erbium solid state lasers with fiber delivery in order to effectively kill bacteria and biofilms. In this paper, the acoustic field together with the bubble dynamics of a clinical portable Er,Cr:YSGG laser-generating device (Waterlase 2) was characterized. Field mapping with a calibrated PVDF hydrophone together with high speed imaging were performed in water for two different tip geometries (flat or tapered), three different tip diameters (200, 300, or 400µm), and two different laser pulse durations (60 or 700µs) at several laser pulse energy settings (5 mJ–400 mJ) for individual pulses and at different pulse repetition frequencies (5, 20, and 100 Hz). Peak positive pressures 5–50 mm away from the tip ranged from 0.1 to 2MPa, while peak negative pressures ranged from 0.1 to 1.2 MPa. There was a strong correlation between the acoustic emissions generated by the bubble and the high speed imaging dynamics of the bubble. An initial thermoelastic response, initial bubble collapse and further rebounds where analyzed individually and compared across different test parameters. For the initial thermoelastic pulse (laser generated), pulse rise times ranged from 40 to 200 ns. Differences between flat and tapered tips will be discussed.

SiO emission from low- and high-velocity shocks in Cygnus-X massive dense clumps

We used PdBI observations of SiO (2-1) to investigate the morphology and profile of the SiO emission within several massive dense clumps (MDCs) in Cygnus-X. We find that most molecular outflows are detected in both SiO and CO, although there are some cases of CO outflows with no SiO counterpart. We find a significant amount of narrow line SiO emission that appears to be unrelated to outflows. The fraction of the total SiO luminosity that is not associated with outflows is highly variable in the different MDCs (from 10% to 90%); this might be a problem when extrapolating outflow properties from SiO luminosities without resolving individual outflows. The extent of the narrow SiO emission varies from rather compact (~ 0.03 pc) to widespread (~0.2 pc), and its kinematics often differs from those found by other high-density tracers such as H13CO+. We find that the least centrally concentrated clumps with the least massive protostellar cores have the most widespread narrow SiO emission. In line with previous evidence of SiO emission associated with low-velocity shocks, we propose an evolutionary picture to explain the existence and distribution of narrow SiO line profiles. In this scenario, the least centrally condensed MDCs are at an early stage where the SiO emission traces shocks from the large-scale collapse of material onto the MDC (e.g. CygX-N40). As the MDC collapses, the SiO emission becomes more confined to the close surroundings of cores, tracing the post-shock material from the infalling MDC against the dense cores (e.g. CygX-N3, N12, and N48). At later stages, when single massive protostars are formed, the SiO luminosity is largely dominated by powerful outflows, and the weaker narrow component shows perhaps the last remnants of the initial collapse (e.g. CygX-N53 and N63).

Extreme events in resonant radiation from three-dimensional light bullets

We report measurements that show extreme events in the statistics of resonant radiation emitted from spatiotemporal light bullets. We trace the origin of these extreme events back to instabilities leading to steep gradients in the temporal profile of the intense light bullet that occur during the initial collapse dynamics. Numerical simulations reproduce the extreme valued statistics of the resonant radiation which are found to be intrinsically linked to the simultaneous occurrence of both temporal and spatial self-focusing dynamics. Small fluctuations in both the input energy and in the spatial phase curvature explain the observed extreme behavior.

Multifrequency radiation hydrodynamics simulations of H2 line emission in primordial, star-forming clouds

We investigate the collapse of primordial gas in a minihalo with three-dimensional radiation hydrodynamics simulations that accurately model the transfer of H2 line emission. For this purpose, we have implemented a multiline, multifrequency ray-tracing scheme in the moving-mesh code Arepo that is capable of adaptively refining rays based on the Healpix algorithm, as well as a hybrid equilibrium/non-equilibrium primordial chemistry solver. We find that a multifrequency treatment of the individual H2 lines is essential, since for high optical depths the smaller cross-section in the wings of the lines greatly increases the amount of energy that can escape. The influence of Doppler shifts due to bulk velocities is comparatively small, since systematic velocity differences in the cloud are typically smaller than the sound speed. During the initial collapse phase, the radially averaged escape fraction agrees relatively well with the fit of Ripamonti & Abel. However, in general it is not advisable to use a simple density-dependent fitting function, since the escape fraction depends on many factors and does not capture the suppression of density perturbations due to the diffusion of radiation. The Sobolev method overestimates the escape fraction by more than an order of magnitude, since the properties of the gas change on scales smaller than the Sobolev length.

Textural features as indicators of debris avalanche transport and emplacement, Taranaki volcano

The Pungarehu debris avalanche deposit was emplaced by the largest known collapse of the proto–Taranaki volcano, ca. 25,000 calibrated (cal.) years ago. This debris avalanche deposit displays a highly contrasting sedimentary character between its proximal and distal reaches. Examination of the deposit granulometry, sedimentary structures, and microscopic particle attributes provides new insights into debris avalanche transport and internal evolution processes. Initial collapse of the proto–Taranaki volcano during this event occurred near the Last Glacial Maximum, with snow and ice cover and substantial groundwater present. The collapsing, sliding large blocks of edifice material, “megaclasts,” were highly fractured by the landslide generation and the depressurization event, forming pervasive jigsaw textures. As the megaclasts moved, shear was focused in softer domains between the hardest, lava-dominated lithologies. These crush and shear zones developed a complex pattern of relative motion between horizontal and vertical parts of the landslide, rather than a simple basal shear zone that supported an upper pluglike mass. The sheared zones, concentrated in soft, pyroclastic lithologies, were areas of intense synflow fragmentation, producing a proto-interclast matrix between large blocks of coherent (albeit jigsaw fractured) lavas. Down flow, the interclast matrix component increased to become pervasive by ~23–25 km from the source, enveloping and preserving large megaclasts out to at least 30 km. The most distal exposures, limited by coastal erosion to ~25–27 km, show that the matrix was not completely water saturated, with only superficial penetration of the sand-dominated material into the margins of fractured lava domains, which still contained central void space. Evidence of multiple generations of particle fracturing is seen under scanning electron microscopy of sand-grade clasts, with initial decompression fractures crosscut by later cracks, pits, and scratches produced by collisional and frictional processes during transport. The findings from this study help to explain the formation of the highly irregular topography of debris avalanche deposits, with chaotically distributed (and probably temporary) zones of shear developing where softer lithologies occur in a collapsing mass, thus leading to differential velocity profiles of portions of the flowing mass in vertical and horizontal planes.

The SLUGGS survey: exploring the metallicity gradients of nearby early-type galaxies to large radii

Stellar metallicity gradients in the outer regions of galaxies are a critical tool for disentangling the contributions of in-situ and ex-situ formed stars. In the two-phase galaxy formation scenario, the initial gas collapse creates steep metallicity gradients, while the accretion of stars formed in satellites tends to flatten these gradients in the outskirts, particularly for massive galaxies. This work presents the first compilation of extended metallicity profiles over a wide range of galaxy mass. We use the DEIMOS spectrograph on the Keck telescope in multi-slit mode to obtain radial stellar metallicity profiles for 22 nearby early-type galaxies. From the calcium triplet lines in the near-infrared we measure the metallicity of the starlight up to 3 effective radii. We find a relation between the outer metallicity gradient and galaxy mass, in the sense that lower mass systems show steeper metallicity gradients than more massive galaxies. This result is consistent with a picture in which the ratio of ex-situ to in-situ formed stars is lower in less massive galaxies as a consequence of the smaller contribution by accretion. In addition, we infer a correlation between the strength of the calcium triplet feature in the near-infrared and the stellar initial mass function slope that is consistent with recent models in the literature.