Initial COD Values Research Articles

Pengolahan Limbah Cair Kantin FST Universitas Jambi dengan Memanfaatkan Zeolit dan Eceng Gondok (Eichhornia Crassipes)

Liquid waste from the student canteen of FST Jambi University can cause pollution. This study aimed to determine the concentration of COD and oil and fat before and after treatment, and to analyze the effectiveness of zeolite and water hyacinth. The experimental method involved a physical process using zeolite and a biological process using water hyacinth. The initial COD value of the canteen liquid waste was 22,357.28 mg/L, and the oil content was 5,576.12 mg/L. After treatment with zeolite, COD decreased to 2,831.325 mg/L, and oil and fat to 17.92 mg/L. Using a combination of zeolite and water hyacinth for 5, 10, and 15 days, the COD values were 792.25 mg/L, 307.9 mg/L, and 666.67 mg/L, and the oil and fat values were 3.22 mg/L, 6.76 mg/L, and 13.61 mg/L. The effectiveness of zeolite alone resulted in a COD reduction of 87.34% and oil and fat reduction of 99.68%. The combined treatment for 5, 10, and 15 days resulted in COD reductions of 96.46%, 98.62%, and 97.02%, and oil and fat reductions of 99.94%, 99.88%, and 99.76%.

Biodegradation of olive mill wastewater by two bacterial strains

Wastewater from olive mill is a by-product of olive oil production, that is a serious environmental problem in many Mediterranean countries. The production of large quantities of waste in a short period of time together with the high organic load and high toxicity of the waste make it difficult to deal with the problem. Phenolic compounds are one of the main factors responsible for the toxicity of olive mill wastewater (OMW). In the present work, two selectively anaerobic bacteria, Sporolactobacillus spp. and Rhodopseudomonas spp. isolated from compost tea were used. These two strains were tested for their ability to reduce the BOD5 and COD levels and to degrade polyphenols responsible for the toxicity of OMW. The two strains were able to grow on a dilution of a natural OMW and largely degrade the polyphenols. The dilution depended on the initial COD value of the waste. After 90 days of treatment reduction over 70% was observed in all three parameters which were measured while in an additional sampling that carried out in the 150th day, the reduction of BOD5, COD and total phenols concentration, reached to 96.1%, 81.8% and 75.1% respectively. Additionally, an increase in the pH was observed, moving from acidic to slightly alkaline. All these features make the two strains attractive candidates for the development of a biotechnological process for the biodegradation of OMW.

Assess the wastewater treatment efficiency of the rice paper craft village with activated sludge supplemented with probiotics

This study was carried out to assess the wastewater treatment efficiency of rice paper craft villages with activated sludge supplemented with probiotics. With probiotic BHT preparation (including strains: Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp., Saccharomyces cerevisiae), the density of microorganisms of 108 CFU/g, selecting the appropriate retention time of 9 days for the highest treatment efficiency, in which COD treatment reached 81%, BOD5 treatment reached 82%, TSS treatment reached 55.7% and met QCVN 40:2011/BTNMT (column B). When adding BHT and Bio-EM probiotics to activated sludge to treat rice paper processing wastewater with a retention time of 16 hours, the initial COD value of 500 mg/l, COD treatment efficiency of rice paper processing wastewater by activated sludge, activated sludge supplemented with BHT, and activated sludge supplemented Bio-EM was 93.3, 93.5, and 94.4%, respectively and suitable for rice paper processing influent with COD less than 500 mg/l and the frequency of probiotics addition was once every 15 days with a microorganism density of 108 CFU/g.

Seeding and Acclimatization for Aerobic Processing of Restaurant Wastewater with Sequencing Batch Reactor

Restaurant wastewater has a relatively high organic matter content, so it needs to be treated to meet the specified quality standard. One of the technologies that can be used in restaurant wastewater treatment is Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) technology. The purpose of this study is to set up an aerobic SBR system with seeding and acclimatization treatments to reduce the amount of organic matter in restaurant wastewater when a shock load occurs. The research was done using wastewater from a restaurant in Bandung and activated sludge from the food industry in Bogor as seeds for microorganisms. In this study, the seeding process was carried out by introducing 25% activated sludge and 75% nutrients into the reactor, and the acclimatization process was carried out by introducing a specific ratio of nutrients and wastewater into the reactor gradually until the waste concentration reached 100%. The parameters tested were COD, MLVSS, DO, pH, and temperature. During the seeding procedure, the initial COD value of 3,200 mg/L declined. It began to stabilize on the seventh day, with a COD value of 1,080 mg/L. The COD removal reached a relatively stable condition in the acclimatization process starting on day 2, where COD decreased from the original 1,280 mg/L to 480 mg/L.

KEMAMPUAN Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 DALAM SERAPAN LOGAM BESI (Fe) PADA LIMBAH LINDI DI TPA GAMPONG JAWA KOTA BANDA ACEH

Leachate is a liquid containing hazardous materials such as metal Iron (Fe). One method that can be used to reduce Fe levels in leachate is using the bioremediation method. This study aimed to determine the absorption ability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria in remediating Fe as well as the physical and chemical characteristics of leachate such as COD, TSS, and pH before and after using P. aeruginosa. This study used an experimental method of four treatments and three replications. The concentration of bacteria used was 108 CFU/ml with ex-situ contact times of 0, 10, 20, and 30 hours. The results showed that the highest decrease in Fe, COD, TSS, and pH occurred at 30 hours. The Fe value can be reduced to 4.45 mg/L with an absorption effectiveness of 38.19%; the initial COD value of 1.432 mg/L decreased to 1.301 mg/L. In addition, the TSS value decreased to 213 mg/L from the initial level of 223 mg/L and the highest pH decreased, namely 9.6 to 8.1. The uptake of P. aeruginosa bacteria is good in reducing acceptable levels of Fe and pH.

Optimization of the Biotreatment of GTL Process Water Using Pseudomonas aeruginosa Immobilized in PVA Hydrogel

The COD reduction in gas to liquid (GTL) process water was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). The biodegradation process was carried out in a spouted bed bioreactor (SBBR) using Pseudomonas aeruginosa immobilized in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) gel. Different factors affecting the biological treatment of GTL process water (PW) were investigated. Three variables including PVA volume fraction, initial COD, and pH were investigated in the batch experiments. The biodegradation experiments were carried out by varying the initial COD values from 1000 to 3000 mg/L, pH from 5 to 8, and PVA v% from 20 to 30%. The maximum COD reduction was estimated to occur at an initial COD of 2595 mg/L, PVA v% of 27%, and pH of 7.3. At optimum conditions, the bioreactor system was able to achieve a maximum COD reduction of 89%, which is quite close to the RSM prediction value of 90%. The optimum operating conditions were used to carry out continuous biodegradation, and the results indicated that the COD reduction increased from 60% to 62% with an increase in the air flow rate from 2 to 3.3 La/Lr.min. However, by increasing the liquid flow rate from 2.1 to 4.2 mL/min and back to 2.1 mL/min, the COD reduction decreased from 66% to 39%. The system responded quickly to the change in liquid flow rate and returned to the initial COD level. This indicates that the system is highly stable and can easily recover.

Efficient and fast removal of total and fecal coliform, BOD, COD and ammonia from raw water by microwave heating technique

Water born pathogen and diseases represent a major concern with respect to water quality. In recent years, high interests have been focused on controlling water born pathogen especially fecal, and total coliform in water resources. The disadvantage of water treatment by chlorine is related to the disinfection by-products (DBPs). Therefore, the study presented here is devoted to explore and testify the suitability and validity of microwave heating system as a promising disinfection and treatment process to remove total and fecal coliform as well as BOD, COD and ammonia from raw drinking water. Raw water samples were collected from two different inlet locations, Khandak El Sharqi Damanhour canal and, Mahmoudia Fisha canal, El-Beheira Governorate, Egypt and subjected to treatment by microwave heating for a period from 10 to 150 s. The collected results confirmed that total coliform and fecal coliform were efficiently removed (100%) upon microwave heating for 150 s. Similarly, the BOD values in raw water samples were 92–94% removed. Inhibition of COD parameter (48–49%) of the initial COD values in raw water samples were confirmed by the influence of also 150 s microwave heating. Finally, the effectiveness of microwave heating for ammonia from water was also established on the basis of excellent percentage removal (100%) of low concentration ammonia levels and (98%) of high concentration levels of ammonia nitrogen at adjusted raw water samples to pH 10–11. The proposed water treatment method may be regarded as a promising approach for removal of these pollutants from various water sources.

Pengaruh Fitoremediasi dengan Kombinasi Tanaman pada Kadar BOD dan COD Limbah Sasirangan

Most of sasirangan craftsmen in South Kalimantan have not carried out an optimal liquid waste treatment effort. In order to improve the quality of the waste, a combination of filtration and phytoremediation using the symbiosis of water hyacinth and calamus plants were applied. This study aimed to analyse the effectiveness of the filtration and phytoremediation processes using a combination of the two aquatic plants. The method used in this study was an experimental method with the treatment of a comparison of water hyacinth and calamus, namely 25%:75%, 50%:50%, and 75%:25%. The research stages are the acclimatization of the two aquatic plants for ten days, filtration with sand, gravel, and coconut fibers, and phytoremediation. The parameters tested in this study were BOD and COD. The results showed that the filtration and phytoremediation treatment with a combination of water hyacinth and jeringau could reduce the BOD and COD values on the 7th day with the highest level of effectiveness in reducing BOD obtained in treatment A2 with BOD levels of 15.21 mg/L or decreased by 80, 65% and the largest COD decrease was in the A3 treatment with a COD value of 797.5 mg/l or decreased by 14.99% from the initial COD value.

Construction of Novel Electro-Fenton Systems by Magnetically Decorating Zero-Valent Iron onto RuO2-IrO2/Ti Electrode for Highly Efficient Pharmaceutical Wastewater Treatment

The Electro-Fenton (E-Fenton) technique has shown great potential in wastewater treatment, while the sustainable and continuing supply of Fe2+ remains challenging. Herein, we demonstrate the construction of a novel E-Fenton system by magnetically decorating zero-valent iron (ZVI) onto a RuO2-IrO2/Ti (ZVI-RuO2-IrO2/Ti) electrode for high-efficient treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater, which is considerably refractory and harmful to conventional biological processes. By using ZVI as a durable source of Fe(II) irons, 78.69% of COD and 76.40% of TOC may be rapidly removed by the developed ZVI-RuO2-IrO2/Ti electrode, while the ZVI-RuO2-IrO2/Ti electrode using ZVI only reduces 35.64% of COD under optimized conditions at initial COD and TOC values of 5500 mg/L and 4300 mg/L, respectively. Moreover, the increase in BOD5/COD from 0.21 to 0.52 highlights the enhanced biodegradability of the treated effluent. The analysis of a simultaneously formed precipitation on electrodes suggests that the coagulation process dominated by Fe3+/Fe2+ also plays a non-negligible role in pharmaceutical wastewater treatment. In addition, the monitoring of the evolution of nitrogen elements and the formation of by-products in the E-Fenton process verifies its great capacity toward those organic pollutants found in pharmaceutical wastewater. Our study offers a practical solution for enhancing the performance of E-Fenton systems, and effectively treating refractory pharmaceutical wastewater.

Sheep Dung Ash as a Low-Cost Adsorbent for the Reduction of COD of Highly Polluted Oilfield-Produced Water

Herein, we introduce a low-cost, available, renewable, and effective solid adsorbent used for oilfield-produced-water treatment using a straightforward treatment process. In the present study, sheep dung ash was prepared using the same way this waste is produced in rural areas when sheep dung is used as a source of energy for cooking and heating: by burning sheep dung with a direct flame. The prepared ash was characterized using FTIR, EDX, and SEM analysis techniques. The feasibility of the ash as a low-cost, available, renewable, and effective adsorbent for reducing the COD of oilfield-produced water with the initial COD of 21,600 mg/L was investigated. The effect of adsorbent dose, contact time (in hours and days), initial pH value, and initial COD value on the efficiency of sheep dung ash in COD adsorption was examined at room temperature. With shaking, the maximum capacity of sheep dung ash for COD reduction was found to be 71.8% at an adsorbent dosage of 30 g/L, an initial pH of 7, and a contact time of 1 h. Without shaking, a maximum capacity of 75% for COD reduction was obtained at an adsorbent dosage of 30 g/L, an initial pH of 7, and a contact time of 4 days. By applying the experimental results on Langmuir and Freundlich models of adsorption, it was found that the adsorption process of COD causing molecules follows both Langmuir and Freundlich models.

Indigenous Lipase Producing Bacteria for Lipid-rich Wastewater Treatment

This study was undertaken to evaluate the removal of lipid-rich organic matter from wastewater by lipase producing bacteria. Ten potential lipase producing bacteria were isolated from lipid-rich environments in and around Dhaka Metropolitan city. Three of them produced lipase higher than 10 U/ml. These three isolates and their consortium were used for synthetic wastewater treatment in the laboratory. The initial COD value of synthetic wastewater was 1,200 mg/l. COD removal efficiencies in the synthetic wastewater were 74.75, 73.33 and 66.67% by the Stenotrophomonas maltophilia e-a22, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 12 and Bacillus subtilis 20B, respectively. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia showed better COD removal performance (74.75%) in case of monoculture. But consortium showed better COD removal (83.33%) than that of monoculture. Therefore, it could be concluded that consortium of three isolates will be more useful for wastewater treatment as seed cultures in the wastewater treatment plant associated with the lipid-rich wastewater. Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 31(2): 135-142, 2021 (December)

Technical and Economic Feasibility of Generating Renewable Energy from Wastewater Treatment Using Microbial Fuel Cells: The West Bank as Case Study

The technical and economic feasibility of microbial fuel cell use in wastewater treatment for energy and resource recovery was investigated. A double chambered-MFC model (DS-MFC) operated by primary effluent wastewater as substrate was used. Four different COD-MFCs groups were constructed in three duplicates (input COD from 342 to 1733 mg/l). Initial COD value, electrode type, and salt bridge size and its concentration were set and fixed for each MFC group. After 15 days-startup period the MFCs were operated for 30 days. COD was measured for the twelve MFCs every two days and output voltage was measured every 24 hours. Results revealed that the COD of the substrate used in MFC at any time is related proportionally to output voltage from that MFC, and a logarithmic model was found that can be used to predict COD for a wastewater sample by measuring output voltage of MFC operated by that sample. Maximum COD removal percentage achieved in this study was 87.1 % which agrees with published research. A maximum output power achieved was 0.585 W/m3 treated. It was found that COD removal behavior for the first group (typical wastewater composition) was second order while the other three groups with higher concentrations was first order. The payback period of the system under consideration was estimated at 8.3 years (infeasible). If we include the environmental and energy challenge benefits of the system to its economic feasibility, the system feasibility could be considered appropriate.

Experimental Study on The Oxidative Degradation of RO Concentrated Water by Ti/IrO2-RuO2 Electrode

Advanced treatment and reuse of wastewater is an effective way to solve the shortage of water resources in China. The advantages of RO Technology, such as better water quality and lower operating cost, have become the mainstream desalination technology for wastewater reuse. However, RO technology will produce a certain amount of concentrated water, which contains a large number of inorganic salts and soluble refractory organics. The efficient removal of refractory organics in this high salinity system has become the main bottleneck and problem faced by RO technology. In view of the difficulty of further biochemical treatment of the concentrated water in the RO unit of a sewage treatment plant, the electrochemical method is used to treat the concentrated water. The effects of electrode spacing, current density and reaction time on the treatment of RO concentrated water were discussed. The optimal operation parameters for the treatment of 300ml of the wastewater are as follows: plate spacing 1.5cm, current density 300A/m2, reaction time 20min. Under the above conditions, the COD removal rate can reach 95%, and the lower the initial COD value, the higher the degradation efficiency.

Ozonation and ozone / UV process for industrial wastewater treatment: comparison between two types of wastewater

This study investigated the degradation of organic and inorganic matters of wastewater by conventional ozonation and ozone/UV AOPs. The experiments performed with two types of wastewater (synthetic and industrial) having the same chemical oxygen demand COD, varying solution pH and employing UV clearly showed that oxidation during ozonation process was dominated by OH reactions. Conventional ozonation with 2 g/hr maximum ozone dose led to 56% COD removal efficiency in synthetic wastewater, while 52% was estimated from industrial wastewater, both having the same initial COD value of almost 50 ppm and contact time of 80 min. In meanwhile, using UV improved the utilization efficiency of oxidation by reducing the OH scavenging contribution of oxidants, 62% and 70% were the efficiencies of industrial and synthetic respectively in ozone/UV applications. Therefore, combined ozone/AOPs shows better removal efficiency of toxic contaminants than using ozone alone.

Treatment of olive mill effluent by adsorption on titanium oxide nanoparticles

Olive mills wastewater (OMW) causes a serious environmental problem in the olive oil producing countries. This is due to its high organic matter content (COD), acidic pH values, suspended solids and high content of phytotoxic and antibacterial phenolic compounds. In this study, titanium dioxide (TiO2) as an adsorbent to reduce the COD value of the olive mill wastewater was investigated. Several variables were studied including the removal efficiency, effect of the initial COD value, amount of TiO2, temperature and pH value. The results revealed that the adsorption reached equilibrium within <120 min. Isotherm studies showed that the adsorption equilibrium data is in agreement with Freundlich isotherm. In addition, the results showed that the adsorption process was spontaneous and exothermic. The kinetic study indicated that adsorption did follow a pseudo-second order reaction. Variation of the amount of the TiO2 showed that using of 1.5 and 2 g/L of TiO2 caused the COD to drop from 1000 ppm to about 100 ppm (equilibrium concentration) in about 120 min. However, the use of 1 g/L of TiO2 exhibited almost the same effect on the COD-uptake, and the equilibrium concentration was about 400 ppm. The COD uptake was found to be inversely proportional with the temperature, pH value and the addition of salts such as sodium chloride (NaCl) and potassium chloride (KCl).

Process parametric study for COD removal of electroplating industry effluent.

This paper investigated the effects of parameters, like inoculum size (15, 10 and 5% of the working volume of the reactor), gas velocities (0.0027, 0.00342 and 0.0068m/s), bed heights (0.3, 0.6 and 0.9m), static bed heights (4.85 and 2.43cm), sizes of solid media particles (12, 4mm), and the height to diameter ratio (H/D: 0.25 and 0.5) onto COD reduction process for electroplating effluent (initial COD values: 1140ppm) using Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas putida. The authors derived simple mathematical correlations representing the entire COD reduction process. The correlation between the inoculum volume and gas velocities was in the form of an equation Y=ax2+bx+c, as deduced from nonlinear regressions. The correlations were validated, and percentage errors were found out to infer the effects of all parameters in the COD reduction process. The maximum COD reduction was achieved to 28.30ppm (97.52%), in a batch mode, at 10% inoculum size, 0.0027m/s low gas velocity and a static bed height of 2.43cm.

Comparison of Fenton process and adsorption method for treatment of industrial container and drum cleaning industry wastewater

ABSTRACTThe present study aims to explore the characterization of industrial container and drum cleaning (ICDC) industry wastewater and treatment alternatives of this wastewater using Fenton and adsorption processes. Wastewater derived from ICDC industry is usually treated by chemical coagulation and biological treatment in Turkey and then discharged in a centralized wastewater treatment facility. It is required that the wastewater COD is below 1500 mg/L to treat in a centralized wastewater treatment facility. The wastewater samples were characterized for parameters of pH, conductivity, COD, BOD5, TSS, NH3-N, TN, TOC, TP, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Zn, and Hg. Initial COD values were in the range of 11,300–14,200 mg/L. The optimum conditions for Fenton treatment were 35–40 g/L for H2O2, 2–5 g/L for Fe2+, and 13–36 for H2O2/Fe2+ molar ratio. The optimum conditions of PAC doses and contact times in adsorption studies were 20–30 g/L and 5–12 h, respectively. Removal efficiencies of characterized parameters for the three samples were compared for both Fenton and adsorption processes under optimum conditions. The results suggest that these wastewaters are suitable for discharge to a centralized wastewater treatment plant.

Fenton oxidation of pesticide methyl parathion in aqueous solution: kinetic study of the degradation

The treatment of methyl parathion (MP) aqueous solution with the application of Fenton oxidation using catalyst (Fe2+) was investigated under batch mode of operation. The aims of this study are to evaluate the COD removal and removal efficiency of MP from aqueous solution by Fenton reagent and investigate the role of different parameters such as concentration of initial pH, Fe2+ dosage, H2O2 dosage, initial concentration of MP, temperature, and reaction time. The initial COD value was 440 mg/L for MP concentration of 11.4 × 10−5 M. It was observed that removal was faster at acidic pH and maximum COD and MP removal were 64.54 and 74%, respectively, at pH value 3. When vary the doses of H2O2, maximum COD and MP removal of 79 and 92%, respectively, were achieved at H2O2 concentration of 6.53 × 10−1 M, Fe2+ concentration 8.99 × 10−3 M and pH 3. Regarding degradation kinetics of MP, Behnajady–Modirshahla–Ghanbery model showed high correlation coefficient (R2) as compared with first‐order and second‐order models at different operating conditions using Fenton oxidation. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 36: 420–427, 2017

Photo-Fenton and Fenton Oxidation of Recalcitrant Wastewater from the Wooden Floor Industry.

There is a need for development of on-site wastewater treatment technologies suitable to "dry-process" industries, such as the wooden floor sector. Due to the nature of their activities, these industries generate low volumes of highly polluted and recalcitrant wastewaters due to washing and cleaning surfaces and machinery. Advanced oxidation processes such as Fenton and photo-Fenton are potentially feasible options for the treatment of wastewaters with not easily biodegradable pollutants. The wastewater from a wooden floor industry with initial COD value of 4956 mg/L and TOC value of 2730 mg/L was treated with Fenton (Fe/H2O2) and photo-Fenton (Fe/H2O2/UV) applying a 2-level full-factorial experimental design. The highest removals of COD and TOC (79% and 62% respectively) were achieved when photo-Fenton was applied. In conclusion, Fenton and photo-Fenton are promising treatment options for these highly recalcitrant wastewaters, photo-Fenton being a more promising option according to the results.

Simultaneous electricity production and removal of organics from synthetic wastewater in a continuous membrane less MFC: Effects of process parameters

In this study, a membrane less microbial fuel cell with internal resistance of 4.9 MΩ was used in continuous mode for simultaneous generation of electricity and removal of organics from synthetic wastewater having equimolar concentration of glucose and glutamic acid. Activated sludge of a municipal wastewater treatment plant (MW‐AS) was used as the source of mixed microbial strains and graphite sheets were used as electrodes. The effects of process variables such as empty bed contact time, electrode surface area, inter electrode distance, mediator concentration etc., on the voltage generation and color and COD removal have been studied. Under optimum conditions with initial COD value of 500 mg/L, the maximum voltage and current have been found to be ∼ 200 mV and ∼ 2.5 mA, respectively, with the COD removal of 90%. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 34: 1404–1413, 2015