Initial Assumptions Research Articles

Evaluating a targeted person-centred pain management intervention programme in lumbar spine surgery - a controlled segment-specific before-and-after interventional design

BackgroundPostoperative pain management in lumbar spine surgery care remains a challenge. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of a person-centred postoperative pain management intervention programme on lumbar spine surgery patients on postoperative pain, shared decision-making, and satisfaction with postoperative pain management.MethodsThe study was performed with a controlled before-and-after interventional design in an orthopaedic unit at a university hospital. Person-centred pain management for patients undergoing spine surgery was developed in co-creation by a multi-professional team and implemented throughout the care pathway. The usual care group (pre-intervention) served as a comparison to the intervention group. Pain intensity, shared decision-making in pain management, and patient satisfaction with results of pain management, served as patient-reported measures, collected using the International Pain Outcomes questionnaire and analysed using descriptive statistics.ResultsThe intervention showed no benefit for patients’ pain and satisfaction, while shared decision-making in pain management was significant lower in the intervention group than in the conventional group. The per-protocol analysis showed no significant differences between groups.ConclusionThe initial assumption of the study, that the implementation of a co-created structured person-centred care pathway would improve patient-reported outcomes, was not confirmed. The periodically low fidelity to the intervention due to organizational constraints (due to sub-optimal organizational conditions and managerial support) may have affected the results.

Geochemical dispersion of gold-bearing quartz veins in the Wadi Abu Khusheiba area in Southern Jordan

This study delves into the geochemical dispersion of gold-bearing quartz veins in the Wadi Abu Khusheiba area, southern Jordan, with a focus on uncovering the complex patterns of mineralization and their geological significance. Employing an in-depth geochemical analysis of 24 rock samples from the region, we identified that these samples are predominantly hosted by oversaturated rhyolitic rocks, characterized by high SiO2 content and abundant free Quartz and orthoclase minerals. The mineralized zone of the quartz veins is particularly notable for its gold and silver concentrations, with maximum values reaching up to 5 ppm for gold and 18 ppm for silver. Our investigation into the elemental correlations revealed nuanced relationships, dependent on the 21 sample and analyzed at confidence level of (85%). Contrary to initial assumptions, we did not find a significant positive correlation between gold (Au) and arsenic (As), nor significant negative correlations between gold and other trace elements. These insights are critical for understanding the geochemical behavior of gold in the area and offer a nuanced view of elemental associations. The results of this study are significant for both academic research and practical exploration. They enhance our comprehension of the geological history and mineralization processes in Wadi Abu Khusheiba, providing valuable data that can inform future exploration strategies and deepen our understanding of mineral deposition in similar geological settings. This research not only contributes to the scientific community’s knowledge of the area’s geochemistry but also has potential implications for the mining and exploration industries.

Global existence of the strong solution to the climate dynamics model with topography effects and phase transformation of water vapor

This study investigates a climate dynamics model that incorporates topographical effects and the phase transformation of water vapor. The system comprises the Navier–Stokes equations, the temperature equation, the specific humidity equation, and the water content equation, all adhering to principles of energy conservation. Applying energy estimation methods, the Helmholtz–Weyl decomposition theorem, and the Brezis–Wainger inequality, we derive high-order a priori estimates for state functions. Subsequently, based on the initial data assumptions V0 ∈ H4(Ω), T0′,q0,mw0∈H2(Ω), we can prove that a strong solution to this system exists globally in time and establish the uniqueness of the global strong solution.

Strategic Technology Innovation of a Basic Product in an E-Commerce Platform Supply Chain with a Potential Entrant in a Complementary Goods Market

This paper examines the impact of a potential entrant’s entry into the complementary goods market on the technology innovation of the basic product. We focus on an e-commerce platform supply chain comprising a manufacturer, an e-commerce platform, and a potential entrant. The manufacturer distributes a basic product and a complementary product through the e-commerce platform. The manufacturer has the option to improve the quality of the basic product through technology innovation. The determination of whether the potential entrant enters the market for complementary goods is contingent upon its observation of the manufacturer’s technology innovation strategy. Upon the potential entrant’s entry into this market, competition ensues between the potential entrant and the manufacturer in the realm of the complementary goods market. Our findings reveal a trade-off: on the one hand, the manufacturer’s decision to forgo technology innovation results in reduced profit, while, on the other hand, technology innovation attracts the potential competitor to enter the complementary goods market, which also leads to decreased profit. Under certain circumstances, the loss incurred by the former is less than that incurred by the latter. Consequently, the manufacturer may choose to forego technology innovation to prevent the entry of the potential entrant in the complementary goods market. Furthermore, our study demonstrates that the entry of the potential entrant can yield a mutually beneficial outcome for the manufacturer, the platform, and the potential entrant, creating a win–win–win scenario. In addition, our results suggest that as the production cost of innovative products rises, the manufacturer may have a stronger incentive to intensify its innovation efforts in response to the potential entrant’s exit from the market. Finally, we establish that our main results remain robust even when some of our initial assumptions are relaxed.

A new software toolkit for optical apportionment of carbonaceous aerosol

Abstract. Instruments measuring aerosol light absorption, such as the Aethalometer and the Multi-Wavelength Absorbance Analyzer (MWAA), have been extensively used to characterize optical absorption of atmospheric particulate matter. Data retrieved with such instruments can be analysed with mathematical models to apportion different aerosol sources (Aethalometer model) and components (MWAA model). In this work we present an upgrade to the MWAA optical apportionment model. In addition to the apportionment of the absorption coefficient babs in its components (black carbon and brown carbon) and sources (fossil fuels and wood burning), the extended model allows for the retrieval of the absorption Ångström exponent of each component and source, thereby avoiding initial assumptions regarding these parameters. We also present a new open-source software toolkit, the MWAA model toolkit (MWAA_MT), written in both Python and R, that performs the entire apportionment procedure.

Effects of Electron-Withdrawing and Electron-Donating Groups on Aromaticity in Cyclic Conjugated Polyenes.

Determining the aromaticity of various fluorinated benzenes is challenging as easily obtained experimental aromaticity [Δδ(Houter - Hinner)] necessitates the chemical shifts of inner and outer protons. This issue was addressed in porphyrinoids by replacing the electron-withdrawing (E.W.) groups at the meso-positions of porphyrins and allyliporphyrins. Electronic effects on aromaticity in porphyrinoids have not been thoroughly examined in the literature. In porphyrins, the effect of E.W. groups is minimal, making it difficult to establish a clear relationship between the aromaticity strength and E.W. groups. Conversely, in allyliporphyrins, stronger E.W. groups, such as indandione (IND) derivatives, significantly reduce the aromaticity of the parent structure. The IND derivatives disrupted the aromatic pathway of allyliporphyrin more effectively than those attached to porphyrins. This is attributed to the absence of β-carbons in allyliporphyrins. The effect of electron-donating (E.D.) groups on porphyrins and allyliporphyrins was further investigated. Contrary to the initial assumption that the E.D. groups might enhance aromaticity owing to their ability to increase electron density, as the strength of the E.D. groups increased, the aromaticity of the porphyrinoids decreased. Despite the modest reduction in aromaticity, any form of electron perturbation reduces aromaticity. The aromaticity of various fluorinated benzenes is expected to parallel our observations of porphyrinoids as representative aromatic polyenes.

Model for Supporting Construction Workforce Planning Based on the Theory of Fuzzy Sets

The paper presents a model that aims to support the construction contractor in the process of construction workforce planning by verifying initial assumptions about the planned number of man-hours, determined using a widely available and widely used method. The construction of the mathematical labour planning model of was based on the fuzzy sets theory. As a result of the operation of the model, four detailed coefficients are obtained, which, after applying the weights of normalized groups of factors, allow to determine the overall result of the model. The model, by verifying the planned number of man-hours, directly influences the employment planning process at a construction site and also supports the scheduling of the overall progress of the works, making it assumedly closer to reality in terms of the involvement of employees as well as the execution time of the construction works.

The Secular Dynamical Evolution of Binary Asteroid System (65803) Didymos Post-DART

The successful impact of NASA’s DART mission with Dimorphos, the secondary body of binary asteroid system (65803) Didymos, altered the attitude, shape, and orbit of Dimorphos. In addition to perturbing the immediate short-term dynamics of the system, these changes have major implications for the binary Yarkovsky–O’Keefe–Radzievskii–Paddack (BYORP) effect and resulting long-term secular evolution. In this study, we assess the range of possible reshaping-induced changes in BYORP. We produce high-fidelity numerical simulations of the orbit-attitude coupled tidal-BYORP dynamical evolution of the Didymos system to constrain how the secular evolution changed from its preimpact behavior. We find that the nature of the dynamics is highly dependent on a variety of initial conditions and assumptions, and it is difficult to fully predict how the system will secularly evolve following the impact. Rather, we provide a range of feasible possibilities within the bounds of observations and current best estimates of the Didymos system parameters. ESA’s Hera mission will help reduce uncertainties surrounding the postimpact state and shape of Dimorphos in 2027, allowing our predictions of the secular evolutionary effects and long-term fate of the Didymos system to be better refined.

Semigroup theory and analysis of solutions for a higher order non‐Lipschitz problem with advection in ℝN$$ {\mathrm{\mathbb{R}}}^N $$

In studying heterogeneous diffusion phenomena beyond the classical order 2 Laplacian, higher order operators emerge as powerful tools. When such operators are applied, the resultant profiles often showcase an oscillatory nature that may be noticeable near the zero stationary solution. These oscillations can pose challenges, especially when they negate the compactness of the support for initial distributions that are both smooth and possess compact support. The presented analysis in this work seeks to delve into the nature of solutions within open finite domains, with an ambition to scale up the findings to the realm of through the use of an extension operator. The foundation for establishing the existence and uniqueness of these solutions leans on the semigroup representation theory. Asymptotic solutions have been carved out via the Hamilton–Jacobi transport equation. To cement the theoretical foundation, numerical simulations have been incorporated shedding light on the accuracy of our initial assumptions within the asymptotic framework.

Molecular level interaction, HOMO-LUMO, MEP, UV–Vis, Hirshfeld, topological analysis, and in-vitro of isoflavones from Eremostachys Vicaryi Benth. Ex Hook. f.

Eremostachys vicaryi Benth. Ex Hook. f. (Labiatae), a Pakistani (Baluchistan) herbal medicinal plant commonly known as “Stagh,” which has a sharp taste and smell. It acts as an antiseptic and antimicrobial agent and is used for fish poisoning, treating skin diseases, and holding a cooling effect. Following the assessment of the plant extract's cytotoxic and phytotoxic assays using phytochemical screening, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of the pure ingredients that were separated from the ethyl acetate soluble fractions have been evaluated. The bioassay-guided fractionation and purification of E. vicaryi B. crude methanol extract yielded two isoflavones (1–2) that showed promising antioxidative activities with DPPH and cytochrome-c-reduction assays. Compounds 1 and 2 have shown considerable anti-inflammatory efficacy, 1 being a good inhibitor of the superoxide within the living system. Initial assumptions on the one-electron transfer process indicated that Compound 1 has a smaller ionization potential value compared to Compound 2 and so has greater antioxidant potential than its predecessor, isoflavone. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of isoflavones was also probed by first-principles calculations. Based on the findings, it has been concluded that the crude extract of E. vicaryi B. and its organic components exhibit noteworthy phytotoxic and cytotoxic properties. The isolated pure isoflavones 1 and 2 showed significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Solute-solvent interactions were studied and reported for both compounds. An analysis was conducted on the UV–Vis electronic transition for different solvents. Using a Multiwave function analyzer the topological findings such as ELF, LOL, and RDG were done to comprehend the surface electron density, delocalization, localized orbital, and weak interaction in the compounds. The antioxidant activity is evaluated by radical methods using DPPH, and cytochrome-c-reduction assays using ascorbic acid as a standard. Through cell-based respiratory burst testing, the anti-inflammatory activity of standard indomethacin was examined. The ground state geometries of isoflavones and reference compounds were optimized by Density Functional Theory- (DFT) by computing various electronic properties. In-vitro bioassay results were validated by first-principles calculations.

A breakthrough in periodontitis treatment: Revealing the pharmacodynamic substances and mechanisms of Kouqiangjie formula

Ethnopharmacology relevancePeriodontitis, a complex inflammatory disease, significantly affects people's lives. Traditional Chinese multi-herbal formulas, composed of various herbs, exhibit their therapeutic efficacy holistically. Kouqiangjie Formula (KQJF), comprising 12 herbs including Rhizoma smilacis glabrae, Polygonatum sibiricum Delar. ex Redoute, Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz, etc., has been clinically proven to effectively treat periodontitis. However, the potential active substances conferring these effects and their mechanisms of action remain unclear. Aim of the studyThe current investigation endeavours to utilize Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography Quadrupole Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS), network pharmacology, and in vivo animal experiment confirmation to explore the plausible bioactive compounds and operational mechanisms underpinning KQJF's therapeutic impact on periodontitis. Materials and methodsUsing the UPLC-Q-TOF-MS technique, we deciphered the chemical constituents of KQJF. Network pharmacology was employed to earmark key bioactive elements, forecast principal targets, and operational pathways which were later substantiated through molecular docking. Experimental validations were carried out in a periodontitis animal model using a range of techniques, including micro-CT, H&E staining, qRT-PCR, and protein blotting procedures, providing comprehensive verification of our initial assumptions. ResultsUtilizing UPLC-Q-TOF-MS, we characterized 87 individual chemical constituents in KQJF. Network pharmacology revealed that 14 components, including senkyunolide A, glycycoumarin, licoflavonol, glycyrin, senkyunolide I, and senkyunolide H, form the key therapeutic basis of KQJF in targeting periodontitis. Significant targets and pathways were discerned as AKT1, MMP9, JUN, PTGS2, CASP3, TLR4, IL1β, BCL2, PPARG, and pathways such as the TNF signaling pathway, NF-κB signaling pathway, osteoclast differentiation, and Wnt signaling pathway. Molecular docking demonstrated robust binding activity between these crucial targets and the key active ingredients. In vivo experimentation corroborated that, compared with the model group, KQJF significantly ameliorated symptoms and micro-CT imaging parameters of periodontitis in the rat model, down-regulating the expression of AKT1, MMP9, JUN, PTGS2, CASP3, TLR4, and IL1β, while up-regulating the expression of BCL2 and PPARG. ConclusionIn summary, this study has pioneered a comprehensive exploration of the potential therapeutic constituents, targets, and mechanisms of KQJF for periodontitis treatment, adopting a synergistic strategy of “chemical component analysis-network pharmacology screening-in vivo animal experiment validation”. This provides experimental evidence for the clinical application of KQJF and further in-depth research. Additionally, it presents an effective strategy for the research of other Chinese herbal formulations.

Electron-induced hydroamination of ethane as compared to ethene: implications for the reaction mechanism.

The properties of carbonaceous materials with respect to various applications are enhanced by incorporation of nitrogen-containing moieties like, for instance, amino groups. Therefore, processes that allow the introduction of such functional groups into hydrocarbon compounds are of utmost interest. Previous studies have demonstrated that hydroamination reactions which couple amines to unsaturated sites within hydrocarbon molecules do not only proceed in the presence of suitably tailored catalysts but can also be induced and controlled by electron irradiation. However, studies on electron-induced hydroaminations so far were guided by the hypothesis that unsaturated hydrocarbons are required for the reaction while the reaction would be much less efficient in the case of saturated hydrocarbons. The present work evaluates the validity of this hypothesis by post-irradiation thermal desorption experiments that monitor the electron energy-dependent yield of ethylamine after electron irradiation of mixed C2H4:NH3 and C2H6:NH3 ices with the same composition and thickness. The results reveal that, in contrast to the initial assumption, ethylamine is formed with similar efficiency in both mixed ices. From the dependence of the product yields on the electron energy, we conclude that the reaction in both cases is predominantly driven by electron ionization of NH3. Ethylamine is formed via alternative reaction mechanisms by which the resulting NH2˙ radicals add to C2H4 and C2H6, respectively. The similar efficiency of amine formation in unsaturated and saturated hydrocarbons demonstrates that electron irradiation in the presence of NH3 is a more versatile tool for introducing nitrogen into carbonaceous materials than previously anticipated.

Before and After COVID-19 : A Comparative Analysis of EFL Learning Responses Among First-year College Students

This study explores the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the perspectives and experiences of first-year college students in EFL learning. Employing a comprehensive research approach, the study utilizes three primary research tools: surveys, self-evaluations, and academic performance grades. The primary objectives are to understand the shifts in first-year college students’ levels of anxiety and confidence, attitudes, self-perceptions on Englis proficiency, and academic outcomes influenced by the pandemic and to contribute valuable insights to the field of EFL education after the pandemic era.Through a comparative analysis, the study contrasts the responses of 62 first-year college students in 2018, unaffected by the pandemic during their secondary education period, with those of 69 first-year college students in 2023 who experienced the disruptions caused by the pandemic. Contrary to initial assumptions of a negative shift post-COVID-19, the study reveals predominantly positive sentiments in 2023, marked by a significant increase in positivity toward English learning. However, a polarized distribution in self-evaluations emerges, reflecting a significant divergence in students' opinions regarding their English proficiency.The study further explores the academic performance of first-year college students, comparing those before and after the pandemic. An examination of their academic performance grades reveals that the number of first-year college students scoring 80 or higher did not significantly differ between the 2018 and 2023 classes. However, there appears to be a trend towards lower academic scores in 2023 compared to 2018. Concurrently, multiple factors may contribute, one being the observed increase in absenteeism among first-year college students of 2023. This suggests a lasting impact, influencing attendance scores, class attitudes and participation, assignment submissions, and even exam performance. The rise in lower academic scores in 2023, particularly those below 70 (D or below), highlights challenges faced by students in the post-COVID-19 era. This underscores the difficulties encountered by these students during the pandemic period. A clear contrast emerges between first-year college students in 2018 and 2023, as well as among 2023 first-year college students with well-adapted abilities and those facing difficulties.Recognizing and addressing these distinctions is imperative for educators and institutions to provide effective support, acknowledging and nurturing the strengths while aiding students who require additional assistance. This study may contribute to bridging the gap in understanding these differences and challenges among students after the pandemic.

The relations between personality types and academic achievement: A comparative study of formal and distance education

The problem of this study is determined by using the psychological personality models and the background of numerous studies on various aspects of the educational achievements of students conducted based on different theoretical approaches. By examining the correlation of cognitive and personality traits and their individual-typical characteristics in the inseparable structure of individuality, and the correlation of these with the educational achievements of students in formal and distance education institutions, the purpose of the study is to examine the effects of personality types on students' academic achievement. Therefore, a correlation design has been employed in the study. The population of the study is composed of students studying in higher educational institutions in Turkey. The sample of the study, on the other hand, consists of students who receive face-to-face and online education. The data required for the study has been collected by sending survey forms via the Internet. Students from 46 different universities in Turkey participated in the study. To solve the determined tasks and check the initial assumptions, a series of pedagogical research methods were used by utilizing the SPSS program: theoretical analysis of psychological literature in terms of the problem being studied and testing by statistical methods. As a result of these analyses, it has been observed that academic achievement has relations with personality types and students’ success has increased in distance education.

The Limiting Parameter for Supporting the Performance Assessment of Small Dams in the Semi-Arid Area

Purpose: This research intends to investigate the influenced parameter to the assessment of small dam performance index. Theoretical reference: The research location is in the semi-arid area of Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT). One of the provision efforts of water resources in NTT is to utilize the big surface run-off in rainy season by developing the small dam. A small dam is said good or success if it is reviewed due to the physical aspect, there is no damage in the small dam physical components. Method: The methodology consists of constructing the path diagram by using the Smart-PLS software, then the assessment is carried out by using the PLS algorithm and boot strapping for deciding the influenced parameters. Result and Conclusion: The result shows that from 40 indicators on the initial assumption, there are 3 indicators cannot fulfill the validity limitation of loading factor 0.5 that are KBP5 (explanation), PA1 (social in water regulation), and DOP1 (small dam design document). The indicator of valid physical aspect variable is in the 7 components that are embankment condition, small dam storage condition, spillway structure condition, intake structure, distribution network, service basin condition, and completion structure condition. However, the indicator of valid service aspect by 5 components that are the availability of service basin, inflow, volume of inundation, availability of time, and water distribution. The valid variable of operation and maintenance performance aspect includes 3 components that are implementation of operation maintenance activity, guide officer of small dam, the availability of operation maintenance facility, and the valid institution aspect variable includes 2 components that are documentation of operation maintenance and member meeting. Implication of research: For seeing the success, there is needed a model to assess the performance index of small dam. If reviewing from the operational aspect and small dam service, it is said success if it can be used by various party in the scheme of producing the production in each unit of small dam work. Originality/ value: To build a new model for assessing the performance index of small dam.

Localization of Nash-type equilibria for systems with partial variational structure

In this paper, we aim to generalize an existing result by obtaining localized solutions within bounded convex sets, while also relaxing specific initial assumptions. To achieve this, we employ an iterative scheme that combines a fixed-point argument based on the Minty-Browder Theorem with a modified version of the Ekeland variational principle for bounded sets. An application to a system of second-order differential equations with Dirichlet boundary conditions is presented.

Типы экологического сознания в русских волшебных сказках

<p>The purpose of the study was to identify what types of ecological consciousness are reflected in Russian fairy tales. A diagnostic toolkit based on a two-dimensional model of human—nature interactions has been developed. The method of qualitative expert analysis of specially selected passages from fairy tales was used, where man and nature act as heroes and it is possible to evaluate the valence of their impact on each other (from completely negative to completely positive). The study involved a purposive sample of 37 experts — representatives of socionomic professions. Contrary to the initial assumption, the predominance of the archaic type of eco-consciousness, manifested in feeling of dependence on nature and fear of it, was not revealed. According to experts, in these passages, nature affects humans mostly more positively than humans affect nature, that is, the eco-centric type of eco-consciousness dominates. The anthropocentric ("struggle with nature") and nature-centric ("harmony with nature") types are presented to a lesser extent. The pilot study was carried out on a limited number of fairy tale passages, but it helps to understand what ecological ideas are reflected in traditional folk art.</p>

ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЗМИ СА ЛЕКСЕМАМА БОГ И/ИЛИ ЂАВО У СРПСКОМ ЈЕЗИКУ

In this paper, we analyse phraseologisms excerpted from dictionaries, which in the Serbian language contain the lexemes bog (god) and/or đavo (devil). The goal of this research is the presentation of phraseologisms with lexemes bog (god) and/or đavo (devil) in Serbian and observation of the semantic connection between the lexeme and the phraseologism which contains it. Particular attention has been given to the comparative study of structure and meaning of the phraseologisms with the lexeme bog (god) on the one hand, and phraseologisms with the lexeme đavo (devil) on the other hand. The assumption is that the phraseologisms with the lexeme bog (god) will have positive semantic associations, while the ones with the lexeme đavo (devil) will have negative associations. All phraseologisms are classified into the following groups: those with a fixed structure (ako bog da; živi đavo); those which imply the existence of an optional element (boga mi (moga); i za (crnoga) đavola); those where the grammatical form of a lexeme can be changed (ne dati/ davati ni bogu tamjana; koji ti (mu, joj..) je đavo); and those where a word can be substituted by a semantically close word (bože sačuvaj (sahrani, sakloni); bežati kao đavo od krsta (tamjana, sveće)). The most of the phraseologisms have fixed structure (56%). The analysis shows that the meaning of the phraseologism cannot be majorly influenced by any change in her lexical composition. The semantic classification is thus considerably more diverse. The opposing meaning can be especially noticed with the adjectives which are, in the phraseologism, frequently used with the lexemes bog (god) and đavo (devil). The initial assumption has been partially confirmed since the analysis showed that the phraseologisms with the lexeme đavo (devil) indeed have pronounced negative semantic associations, while those with the noun bog (god) also have negative meanings in most cases.

Creation of financial business models in beef cattle breeding: structure and stages

The goal is to develop an algorithm for financial modeling of business processes in beef cattle breeding. Methods – general scientific and empirical. The logical method was used to determine the structure of the study and identify cause-and-effect relationships. The collected material is systematized, summarized and analyzed taking into account the technological features of the industry, modern market conditions, regulatory requirements, financing criteria and government measures to support agricultural producers in the republic. Methods of synthesis, comparison, comparison, and mathematical calculations were also used. Results - the authors proposed financial business model that promotes flexibility in planning production program for keeping and raising livestock for meat. The advantages of financial model in cattle breeding for meat productivity are substantiated as an effective tool for information support, planning, analysis and management decision-making, consisting in the fact that the content of each component of the mathematical financial model allows you to study their components and collect information necessary for financial and economic calculations. The composition of the elements for constructing a financial strategy for breeding beef cattle has been determined, including initial data, analytical calculations, and resulting parameters. A step-by-step algorithm for financial business planning has been created, from initial parameters and assumptions to the calculation of technological and economic efficiency indicators. Conclusions - based on financial modeling of business processes, farmers will have the opportunity to preliminarily assess profitability, find savings reserves, and predict costs for intensive beef cattle farming. A comprehensive business analysis with a financial model and assessment of the market situation is necessary in order to obtain a loan, attract investment and prepare an investment project.

Коммуникативные трудности в обучении младших школьников

<p>The article describes the main learning difficulties primary school students face in communication. To identify these difficulties we useda digital adaptation of the School Anxiety Test (Phillips Test). Primary school students from 5 subjects of the Russian Federation were recruited for this study (The Republic of Tatarstan, Lipetsk Region, Volgograd Region, Chuvash Republic, Samara Region). 2031 4th grade students aged 9-11 years participated in the research. The data obtained revealed a significant percentage of primary school students with increased and high levels of anxiety and fears associated with school, which can be predictors of educational difficulties and school failure. Experimental testing of the developed diagnostic program proved that: 1) our initial theoretical assumptions about the forms of manifestations of learning difficulties of primary school students in the communicative area were reasonable; 2) the diagnostic method of some specific manifestations of learning difficulties is valid.</p>