There has been practically no discussion of the problem of remote measurement of the microstructure of scattering media consisting of polydisperse and nonspherical particles. This may be attributed to the great diversity of particles of the bottom layer of the atmosphere possessing undetermined optical and physical properties. Lidar functioning at several wavelengths with subsequent solution of an ill-posed inverse problem is usually used to determine the microstructure of polydisperse spherical particles (fog, haze, etc.). The process of solving the problem requires a priori information concerning the scattering object (for example, the assumption that the distribution function is close to a lognormal distribution). Information about the ranges of the real and imaginary components of the coefficient of diffraction is also important. A particular optimal distribution function of the particles by size, to which the measured spectral dependence of the lidar signals corresponds, is selected as the solution of the ill-posed inverse problem. The radial moments of the particle distribution function by size [1] are used to compare the results of the modeling with the microstructure of the scattering object being studied. A significant volume of adjustment parameters and a priori information about the probed object are needed to solve the ill-posed inverse problem. These features prevent us from performing remote measurements of the parameters of the microstructure of a scattering object. Methods that are used for the solution of an ill-posed inverse problem are not applicable to nonspherical objects (dust, soot, pollen, etc.), since for such particles it is important to determine the transverse dimension of a particle. Cases of thread-like inhomogeneities are also possible. Thus, for existing methods an evaluation of the reliability of the sizes of particles is critical. There is now no indicator of the size of particles available, since an optical scheme of probing cannot be adjusted to particles with given sizes. Multiwave probing is a technically complex procedure for this problem, since calibration of signals to several wavelengths is a necessary condition for its realization. A method that uses lidar operating at a single wavelength (elastic scattering lidar) is quite promising. The problem may be solved with the use of an equivalent scattering object consisting of monodisperse inhomogeneities whose basic optical parameters are the back-scatter factor and the transmission coefficient, as well as the distortion of the beam, as in the case of a scattering object [1]. The measured backscattering signal will then determine the concentration of these particles in the