Inhibition Of Prostaglandin Biosynthesis Research Articles

Trade-Offs among Immune Mechanisms: Bacterial-Challenged Spodoptera frugiperda Larvae Reduce Nodulation Reactions during Behavioral Fever.

Insect innate immunity is composed of cellular and humoral reactions, the former acting via circulating hemocytes and the latter via immune signaling that lead to the production of antimicrobial peptides and phenol oxidase-driven melanization. Cellular immunity involves direct interactions between circulating hemocytes and invaders; it includes internalization and killing microbes (phagocytosis) and formation of bacterial-laden microaggregates which coalesce into nodules that are melanized and attached to body walls or organs. Nodulation can entail investing millions of hemocytes which must be replaced. We hypothesized that biologically costly hemocyte-based immunity is traded off for behavioral fevers in infected larvae of fall armyworms, Spodoptera frugiperda, that were allowed to fever. We tested our hypothesis by infecting larvae with the Gram-negative bacterium, Serratia marcescens, placing them in thermal gradients (TGs) and recording their selected body temperatures. While control larvae selected about 30 °C, the experimental larvae selected up 41 °C. We found that 4 h fevers, but not 2, 6 or 24 h fevers, led to increased larval survival. Co-injections of S. marcescens with the prostaglandin (PG) biosynthesis inhibitor indomethacin (INDO) blocked the fevers, which was reversed after co-injections of SM+INDO+Arachidonic acid, a precursor to PG biosynthesis, confirming that PGs mediate fever reactions. These and other experimental outcomes support our hypothesis that costly hemocyte-based immunity is traded off for behavioral fevers in infected larvae under appropriate conditions.

PENGARUH SUHU TERHADAP PERURAIAN KADAR ASETOSAL PADA TABLET GENERIK DAN PATEN SECARA SPEKTROFOTOMETRI UV

Acetosal has many properties or broad therapeutic effects, including analgesic, antipyretic, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, antifibrinolysis, inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis, pain relief, and cardiovascular disorders. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of storage temperature on acetosal content and acetosal decomposition in generic and patent tablets. Acetosal tablets were stored at 250C, 500C and 750C, then weighed 50.0 mg and dissolved with 5.0 mL of ethanol and aquabidestilata to 100.0 mL, then diluted and read with the maximum wavelength. The results were calculated as percent acetosal content and percent decomposition and were analyzed using the Two Way Anova statistical test. The levels of generic acetosal tablets at 250C, 500C and 750C respectively yielded 94.3% (± 0.64) ; 91.53% (±1.19) ; 81.43% (± 0.73). Acetosal levels in patent tablets at temperatures of 250C, 500C and 750C respectively yielded 96.06% (± 0.68) ; 92.74% (±0.53) ; 87.15% (± 0.67). Acetosal decomposition results in generic tablets at temperatures of 250C, 500C and 750C respectively yielded 5.07% (± 0.64) ; 8.47 %(± 1.19); 18.57% (± 0.73). The levels of acetosal decomposition products in patent tablets at temperatures of 250C, 500C and 750C respectively yielded 3.94% (± 0.68) ; 7,26 %(± 0,53) ; 12.85% (± 0.67). The results of the two-way ANOVA showed that there was a significant difference in the levels of acetosal and decomposition products between generic tablets and patented tablets which were affected by storage temperature.

Aspirin‑induced asthma: a still evolving area of basic and clinical research.

The first modern description of respiratory syndrome of aspirin hypersensitivity was published over half of the century ago, but the pathogenesis of the disease is still elusive. Just a few years after discovery how aspirin works, Andrew Szczeklik and his co‑workers described that asthmatics with aspirin hypersensitivity cross‑react to the whole class of nonsteroidal anti‑inflammatory drugs. It took rest of his life to seek for an answer on how this disease, nowadays referred to as N ‑ERD, develops and how it can be treated. In the meantime, cysteinyl leukotrienes, leukotriene modifying drugs, and novel subpopulations of lymphocytes were discovered. This review on aspirin hypersensitivity documents a progress in our understanding of mechanisms of hypersensitivity to nonsteroidal anti‑inflammatory drugs. Current concepts about origin of the disease integrate advances in the field of allergology and inflammatory mechanisms of asthma. However, pharmacological inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis by nonsteroidal anti‑inflammatory drugs has a pivotal role in these investigations. Presented is a central role of prostaglandin E2 , a double‑faced lipid immunoregulatory mediator whose deficiency is related to the administration of an anti‑inflammatory drug. Discussed are cysteinyl leukotrienes, the most reliable biomarkers of aspirin hypersensitivity and cells of innate immunity capable of leukotrienes production. Involvement of blood platelets and recently described mucosal basophils are areas of ongoing studies in the disease. Aspirin hypersensitivity is an acquired condition; therefore, the search for genetic predisposition using classic association studies was inconclusive. There is a new hope to explain mechanisms of aspirin hypersensitivity by studies of innate lymphoid cells, which have a central role in the regulation of respiratory mucosa function in asthma.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF GINGER BOILED WATER ON THE INTENSITY OF MENSTRUAL PAIN IN FEMALE STUDENTS AT TRIATMA MULYA UNIVERSITY

Menstrual pain is pain that is felt in the lower abdomen when menstruating without any abnormalities in the reproductive organs, it can occur before or during menstruation. Pain during menstruation can be reduced, one way is the management of non-pharmacological therapy by giving herbal drinks in the form of ginger boiled water. Ginger contains essential oils in which there is a chemical content of gingerol which has a strong effect on inhibiting prostaglandin biosynthesis where excessive prostaglandin formation can cause excessive uterine contractions so that it can also increase pain. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of giving ginger boiled water on the intensity of menstrual pain in students at Triatma Mulya University, Jembrana. Research Methods: The type of research used is a variation of the study in the form of a quasi-experimental plus the concept of one-group pretest-posttest. A total of 135 students of Triatma Mulya Jembrana University were the population in this study. Samples were taken by doing purposive sampling then obtained specimens of twenty (20) female students. description of the information formulated with paired t-test. When water has not been given from boiling ginger, the intensity of menstrual pain shows a range between five to eight which has an average result of seven then after giving water from boiling ginger on the 2nd day shows a range between one to four which has an average of 2.55. the conclusion of the t-test experiment shows that the number at t as much as 24.106 in df 19 has a relevant level of (p) 0.000. Ginger boiled water has the potential to relieve menstrual pain. Triatma Mulya University students who experience pain during menstruation, can use ginger boiled water as an alternative treatment for menstrual pain. Future researchers can conduct further research on the benefits of ginger on menstrual pain by simplifying the serving or by turning ginger into a product

The Effect of Flurbiprofen Lozenge on Pain, Oedema, and Trismus after Impacted Third Molar Surgery: A Prospective Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Study

Background: The postoperative sequelae after third molar surgery include pain, swelling and trismus, Flurbiprofen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), and the anti-inflammatory mechanism of Flurbiprofen is thought to involve inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis, in common with other NSAIDs. Prostaglandins such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and other inflammatory mediators released in response to pain or non-infectious stimulants trigger a complex inflammatory cascade that contributes to inflamation symptomsThis study was aimed to evaluate the efficacy of oral Flurbiprofen lozenge given 30 min before surgery on reducing postoperative sequelae. Method: We recruited 70 patients, randomly assigned to two groups: Flurbiprofen and Control group, groups received 100mg Flurbiprofen lozenge, placebo lozenge 30 min before surgery respectively and every 6h till 72h after surgery. Third molar extraction was performed under local anesthesia. After extraction, pain, swelling, and mouth opening in both groups observed till 72h. Statistical Analysis: Preoperative and postoperative measurement of visual analog scale scores for pain, edema, interincisal opening, was analyzed using Student t test or ANOVA, Chi-square or Mann-Whit-ney U test was performed for non-parametric samples. P < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: The overall incidence of Pain in the Flurbiprofen group was 18% compared to 43% in the Control group (P = .003) Incidence of Pain, swelling, and mouth opening at different time intervals 6h, 24h, 48h and 72h were significantly (P >0.05) better in Flurbiprofen group. Conclusion: Oral Flurbiprofen lozenge administered 30 minutes preoperatively can significantly reduce postoperative sequelae after third molar extraction.

An ovary-specific mucin is associated with choriogenesis mediated by prostaglandin signaling in Spodoptera exigua.

Polytrophic ovarioles of Spodoptera exigua, a lepidopteran insect, begins with the development of oocytes and differentiation of nurse cells followed by vitellogenesis and choriogenesis. Compared with previtellogenic and vitellogenic developments, choriogenesis has not been clearly understood yet in endocrine control. This study investigated the expression and function of a mucin-like structural protein of S. exigua called Se-Mucin1 in choriogenesis. It was highly expressed in ovarioles containing chorionated oocytes. The expression level of Se-Mucin1 was increased during adult stage as early as 18 h after adult emergence, reaching the maximal level at 24 h and later. Interestingly, DNA amount of Se-Mucin1 was increased by almost four folds during early adult stage while other genes (hexokinase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) not directly associated with chorion formation did not show genomic DNA increase, suggesting specific gene amplification of Se-Mucin1. RNA interference (RNAi) suppressed Se-Mucin1 expression by injecting 1 μg of double-strand RNA to teneral females (<5 h after emergence), which exhibited significantly impaired fecundity and egg hatching rate. Eggs laid by RNAi-treated females were malformed in eggshell structures with loss of mesh-like fibers. Treatment with aspirin, a prostaglandin (PG) biosynthesis inhibitor, suppressed the induction of Se-Mucin1 expression during early adult stage and impaired egg development. An addition of PGE2 significantly rescued such impairment in Se-Mucin1 expression and subsequent egg development. These results suggest that PGs mediate choriogenesis of S. exigua by activating the expression of chorion-associated genes including Se-Mucin1.

Stem cell models for genetically predisposed colon cancer.

Negative growth regulatory tumor suppressor genes and positive growth regulatory oncogenes serve important roles in initiation/progression of colon cancer. Germline mutation in the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) tumor suppressor gene represents a primary genetic defect for familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) syndrome, a predisposing factor for clinical colon cancer. Somatic mutations in the APC gene are common in sporadic colon cancer. Preclinical and clinical efficacy is documented for targeted therapy with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors for prostaglandin biosynthesis and selective inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase for polyamine biosynthesis. However, these therapeutic options lead to systemic toxicity, acquired tumor resistance and emergence of therapy resistant cancer stem cells. By contrast, non-toxic natural products are unlikely to exhibit drug resistance and may represent testable alternatives for therapy resistant colon cancer. Tumorigenic Apc [-/-] colonic epithelial cell lines derived from preclinical FAP models provide novel cellular models for drug resistant cancer stem cells. Apc [-/-] Sulindac resistant (SUL-R) cells exhibit upregulated expression levels of cancer stem cell markers. Natural products, such as naturally occurring vitamin A derivative all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and the anti-cancer agent from Turmeric root curcumin (CUR), represent testable alternatives. Relative to the non-tumorigenic Apc [+/+] C57 COL colonic epithelial cells, the tumorigenic Apc [-/-] 1638N COL and Apc [-/-] 850 MIN COL cells exhibit aneuploid cell hyper-proliferation and upregulated expression of Apc target genes β-catenin, cyclin D1, c-myc and COX-2. The SUL-R phenotypes exhibit enhanced tumor spheroid formation and upregulated expression levels of stem cell markers CD44, CD133 and c-Myc. Treatment of the SUL-R stem cells with ATRA and CUR inhibits tumor spheroid formation and reduces the expression of stem cell markers. Stem cell models developed for FAP syndrome provide a novel experimental approach to identify mechanistic leads for efficacious natural products as testable alternatives for therapy-resistant, genetically predisposed colon cancer.

Comparative evaluation of 2% turmeric extract with nanocarrier and 1% chlorhexidine gel as an adjunct to scaling and root planing in patients with chronic periodontitis: A pilot randomized controlled clinical trial.

Context:Nanoparticles, owing to their smaller size, penetrate regions inaccessible to other delivery systems, such as periodontal pockets. Thus, the present study aimed to comparatively evaluate efficacy of 2% curcumin with nanocarrier and 1% chlorhexidine gel as a local drug delivery (LDD) in the treatment of periodontal pockets.Materials and Methods:Forty-five chronic periodontitis patients with pocket depth 5–7 mm in two or more teeth were selected. Full-mouth scaling and root planing (SRP) was done for all patients followed by random allocation to the three treatment groups, namely SRP group (Group 1), 2% curcumin with nanogel (Group 2), and 1% chlorhexidine gel (Group 3). Clinical parameter assessment and microbiological analysis of subgingival plaque samples for Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), and Tannerella forsythia (Tf) was done at baseline, 21st day, and 45th day.Results:The results showed that when the two LDD agents were used as an adjunct to SRP in chronic periodontitis, there was an improvement in all clinical parameters. Evaluation of microbiological parameters also showed a significant reduction in Aa, Pg, and Tf levels. Comparison of 2% turmeric extract with a nanocarrier system with 1% chlorhexidine gel showed that both the agents had a comparable antibacterial effect on the three selected periodontopathic bacteria.Conclusion:The present study showed that both the LDD agents showed an effective improvement of clinical and microbiologic parameters. 2% curcumin delivered with a nanocarrier system showed results comparable to chlorhexidine gel and hence shows promising future as an LDD agent in the treatment of periodontal pockets.

Inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis leads to suppressed ovarian development in Spodoptera exigua

Prostaglandins (PGs) are a group of eicosanoids that are C20 oxygenated polyunsaturated fatty acids. PGs can mediate various physiological processes such as immunity, salivary secretion, excretion, and reproduction in insects. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of PG on oocyte development in Spodoptera exigua, a lepidopteran insect known to biosynthesize PGs. Polytrophic ovarioles of S. exigua females exhibited follicle development in germarium, in which oocytes were distinct from nurse cells. During vitellogenesis, nurse cells degenerated by losing cytoplasm called “nurse cell dumping” while oocytes showed increase in cell volume. When PG biosynthesis inhibitors such as ibuprofen or aspirin were applied, nurse cell dumping was not complete and no chorion was formed, thus preventing egg formation. However, addition of PGE2 significantly rescued such inhibition and resumed oocyte development and choriogenesis. To support the observation with genetic factor, RNA interference (RNAi) specific to peroxynectins (Pxts: Se-Pxt1 and Se-Pxt2) known to act as insect cyclooxygenase was performed to suppress PG biosynthesis. Both Se-Pxt1 and Se-Pxt2 were highly expressed in the ovary of control female. RNAi treatment against Se-Pxt1 or Se-Pxt2 specifically suppressed target genes and inhibited oocyte development. Addition of PGE2 to adults treated with RNAi rescued the suppressed development of oocytes. Results of this study suggest that PGs can stimulate oocyte development as autocrine/paracrine mediators of vitellogenesis and choriogenesis in insects.

Identification and characterisation of lornoxicam (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug)

Lornoxicam is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug of the oxicam class with analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties. It is available in oral and parenteral formulations. Lornoxicam differs from other oxicam compounds in its potent inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis, a property that particularly explains the pronounced efficacy of the drug. Lornoxicam's anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity is related to its inhibitory action on prostaglandin and thromboxane synthesis through the inhibition of both COX-1 and COX-2. This leads to the reduction of inflammation, pain, fever, and swelling, which are mediated by prostaglandins. However, the exact mechanism of lornoxicam, like that of the other Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), has not been fully determined. In this article authors had discuss about the preformulation study.

The Influence of Vitamin E on Change Degrees of Dismenorhea in Midwifery Students of Muslim University of Indonesia

Dysmenorrhea or menstrual pain is the most common symptom in women of reproductive age. This condition is often associated with various other symptoms that occur before menstruation, such as headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abnormal heartbeat, and sweating. Dysmenorrhea is associated with increased prostaglandin levels before menstruation. Vitamin E may reduce menstrual pain, through inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis. The purpose of this research is to influence the effect of Vitamin E on the change of degrees of dysmenorrhea in the students of Prodi DIII Kebidanan UMI. The research used was experimental research with one group pretest posttest design with 29 research subjects. All subjects were assessed with NRS to assess the degree of dysmenorrhea. Giving Vitamin E 400 IU was given 3 consecutive days before the first menstruation in the second cycle. The results of this study showed that twenty students who experienced dysmenorrhea, after being given vitamin E, there were 82.75% of respondents experienced a decrease in the degree of dysmenorrhea. There was a significant influence on the degree of dysmenorrhea and after the administration of vitamin E dose of 400 IU in the students of Prodi DIII Midwifery UMI (p = 0,000).

Efficacy of oral mefenamic acid in treatment of rash of Gianotti–Crosti syndrome: A prospective noncontrolled case-series study

Background: Gianotti–Crosti syndrome (GCS) is a characteristic cutaneous response to viral &amp; non-viral infection mainly affecting children .No treatment appears to shorten the course of the disease which lasts 3-8 weeks .Mefenamic acid is NSAID which acts as competitive inhibitor of prostaglandin biosynthesis.&#x0D; Objective: To assess the efficacy and safety of oral mefenamic acid 50 mg twice a day in the treatment of (GCS) for 10 daysMethods : In this prospective non-controlled case series study, 36 patients were identified as having Gianotti–Crosti syndrome by dermatologist in Al-Diwanyia Teaching Hospital , from January 2012 to May 2013 and they have been treated with oral mefenamic acid 50 mg twice a day for 10 days.Results : 36 patients entered the current study. The mean age of the patients was 2 1.2 ( 1 - females and 17( 47.2 %) males. Complete clearance of the rash of GCS at all sites was seen in 33 patients ( 91.6 %) within 10 days of initiation of the therapy, leaving the the skin desquamation (P&lt;0.05) .Two patients experienced no change in the rash until after 3 weeks it got resolution of the rash and one patient get his rash resolved after one month. None of the patients suffered adverse effects during the usage of t period of the follow-up.Conclusion : oral mefenamic acid seems to be effective in treatment of Gianotti–Crosti syndrome

Tissue-selective inflammation in the oral cavity of the rat.

In the current study, carrageenan (CG; 100-1000μg/site) was injected intraorally in the cheeks of Holtzman or Wistar rats to evaluate the consequences of administration of a non-immunogenic stimulus in the orofacial region. Subsequent inflammation was measured as oedema (increased thickness of the cheek wall using digital calipers), relative to the other cheek injected with saline. Oedema formation and tissue collection for histopathological studies were assessed at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120 and 144h after injection. In parallel, other groups of rats were injected with CG in the hind paw, to provide a reference response. The inhibitor of prostaglandin biosynthesis, indomethacin, and antagonists of histamine, serotonin and NK1 receptors were injected s.c., 0.5h before CG. CG induced a dose-related oedema more rapidly from 0 to 2h which lasted for at least 72h, showing a biphasic profile (peak at 2 and 24h), compared with the monophasic oedema induced in rat paws (maximal duration of 24h). Histopathological analysis of the CG-injected cheek revealed oedema formation with little leukocyte recruitment at 1-3h, mast cell degranulation at 6h, and a mixed polymorphonuclear and mononuclear cell infiltrate by 24h. Histamine and serotonin antagonists and indomethacin, but not the NK1 antagonist, decreased cheek oedema in the first 4h following carrageenan. Taken together, our data indicated important differences in the pattern of inflammation between the oral cavity and the paw which will determine the therapeutic approach to the treatment of inflammatory conditions in the oral cavity.

Abstract B10: Estradiol and mTORC2 cooperate to enhance prostaglandin biosynthesis and tumorigenesis in tuberous sclerosis complex

Abstract Lymphangioleiomyomatosis LAM is a female predominant and devastating pulmonary disease, characterized by diffusely infiltrated smooth muscle like cells that carry mutations in the tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) genes. TSC1, TSC2 and TBC1D7 interact and inhibit the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). The reasons that LAM exclusively affects women and how TSC1 or TSC2 deficiency contributes to the pathogenesis of LAM are not yet fully understood. We previously discovered that estrogen promotes the survival and lung metastases of tuberin-deficient rat uterine leiomyoma-derived ELT3 cells in a xenograft tumor model (PNAS 2009). Recently, we reported that estrogen and mTORC2 coordinate to enhance prostaglandin biosynthesis and tumorigenesis in LAM (J. Expt. Med. 2013). Prostaglandins are lipid mediators that participate in tumor survival, growth, invasion, and inflammation. Phospholipase A2 (PLA2), Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and prostacyclin synthase (PTGIS) are critical enzymes responsible for the production of prostaglandins. Prostaglandin receptors (EPs) mediate the biological function of prostaglandins. This study is to determine whether suppression of prostaglandin biosynthesis pathway potentially leads to tumor regression LAM in both cell culture and preclinical models of LAM. To identify additional pathways activated by TSC loss, we performed bioinformatics analysis of public expression arrays and found a rapamycin-insensitive upregulation of prostaglandin biosynthesis genes including (PLA2), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), prostacyclin synthase (PTGIS), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) receptor 3 (EP3), in TSC2-deficient LAM patient-derived cells compared to TSC2-addback cells. Real-time RT-PCR assays validated the enhanced expression of PLA2, COX-2, PTGIS and EP3 in TSC2-deficient cells. Immunoblotting analysis showed the increased levels of PLA2, COX-2, PTGIS and EP3 in TSC2-deficient cells compared to TSC2-addback cells. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated abundant accumulation of PLA2, COX-2 and EP3 in LAM lung lesions compared to adjacent normal tissues. Interestingly, PGE2 specifically stimulated the growth of TSC2-deficient LAM patient-derived cells compared to TSC2-addback cells. Importantly, treatment of TSC2-deficient LAM patient-derived cells with PLA2 inhibitor or EP3 inhibitor more potently reduced cell proliferation in dose-dependent manner compared to TSC2-addback cells. Our data documents that loss of TSC2 leads to the aberrant expression and accumulation of prostaglandin biosynthesis regulators PLA2, COX-2, PTGIS and EP3, thereby enhancing prostaglandin production and promoting TSC-related cell growth and tumor development. Our data supports the potential application of prostaglandin metabolites as biomarkers of disease severity and the development of prostaglandin biosynthesis inhibitors as alternative therapeutic options for lesions occurring in LAM patients and in other gender-specific neoplasm. Citation Format: Chenggang Li, Po-Shun Lee, Yang Sun, Erik Zhang, Xiaoxiao Gu, Jing Li, Kai-Feng Xu, Alfredo Csibi, John Blenis, Elizabeth Petri Henske, Bruce Levy, David Kwiatkowski, Jane J. Yu. Estradiol and mTORC2 cooperate to enhance prostaglandin biosynthesis and tumorigenesis in tuberous sclerosis complex. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Targeting the PI3K-mTOR Network in Cancer; Sep 14-17, 2014; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2015;14(7 Suppl):Abstract nr B10.

Analysis of Anti-Inflammatory Enantiomers by HPLC in Human Plasma and Urine: A Review

The analysis of drugs in various biological fluids is an important criterion for the determination of the physiological performance of a drug. NSAIDs are non-selective inhibitors of prostaglandin biosynthesis and indicated for the acute or long-term treatment of the signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. This paper reviews the recent developments in bioanalysis of these drugs. In particular, sample preparation end, handling procedures, chromatographic conditions and detection methods are discussed. A summary of published HPLC assays for individual antiinflammatory drugs is included.

Indomethacin Induction of Metamorphosis from the Asexual Stage to Sexual Stage in the Moon Jellyfish,Aurelia aurita

We found while screening a chemical library that indomethacin, an inhibitor of prostaglandin biosynthesis, induced strobilation (metamorphosis from the asexual to sexual stage) in the moon jellyfish, Aurelia aurita. Indomethacin initiated strobilation in a dose-dependent manner, but was not involved in the progression of strobilation. Pharmacological experiments suggested that indomethacin could induce strobilation independently of prostaglandin biosynthesis.

Inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis during postluteolysis and effects on CL regression, prolactin, and ovulation in heifers

The beginning of postluteolysis (progesterone, <1 ng mL−1) in heifers was targeted by using 8 h after ultrasonic detection of a 25% decrease in CL area (cm2) and was designated Hour 0. Flunixin meglumine (FM; n = 10) to inhibit PGF2α secretion or vehicle (n = 9) were given intramuscularly at Hours 0, 4, 8, 16, 24, 32, and 40. The dose of FM was 2.5 mg/kg at each treatment. Blood sampling and measurement of the CL and dominant follicle were done every 8 h beginning 14 days postovulation in each group. Blood samples for detection of pulses of PRL and pulses of a metabolite of PGF2α (PGFM) were obtained every hour for 24 h beginning at Hour 0. Pulse concentrations of both PGFM and PRL were lower in the FM group than in the vehicle group. Concentration of PRL was greatest at the peak of a PGFM pulse. Neither CL area (cm2) nor progesterone concentration differed between groups during Hours 0 to 48 (postluteolysis). Ovulation occurred in nine of nine heifers in the vehicle group and in three of 10 heifers in the FM group. The anovulatory follicles in the FM group grew to 36.2 ± 2.9 mm, and the wall became thickened from apparent luteinization. The hypothesis that PGF2α was involved in the continued P4 decrease and structural CL regression during postluteolysis was not supported. However, the hypotheses that pulses of PGFM and PRL were temporally related and that systemic FM treatment induced an anovulatory follicle were supported.

Mechanisms of action underlying the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of propolis: a brief review

Many biological properties have been attributed to various types of propolis, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antitumor, wound healing, and immunomodulatory activities. This article reviewed studies published that investigated the anti-inflammatory activity of propolis of different origins and/or its isolated components, focusing on the mechanisms of action underlying this activity and also addressing some aspects of immunomodulatory effects. The search was performed of the following databases: PubMed, Science Direct, HighWire Press, Scielo, Google Academics, Research Gate and ISI Web of Knowledgement. The anti-inflammatory activity was associated with propolis or compounds such as polyphenols (flavonoids, phenolic acids and their esters), terpenoids, steroids and amino acids. CAPE is the most studied compounds. The main mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory activity of propolis included the inhibition of cyclooxygenase and consequent inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis, free radical scavenging, inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis, reduction in the concentration of inflammatory cytokines and immunosuppressive activity. Propolis was found to exert an anti-inflammatory activity in vivo and in vitro models of acute and chronic inflammation and others studies, indicating its promising potential as anti-inflammatory agent of natural origin and as a source of chemical compounds for the development of new drugs.

Stimulation of bone resorption in calvarial bones by toll-like2 receptor through enhanced rankl

BackgroundBone loss in inflammatory diseases like periodontitis, rheumatoid arthritis, septic arthritis and loosened joint prosthesis or tooth implants is being considered a consequence of cytokine induced RANKL and subsequent enhanced...

Evaluation of the use of sumatriptan–naproxen sodium for menstrual migraine and dysmenorrhea

Evaluation of: Cady RK, Diamond ML, Diamond MP et al. Sumatriptan–naproxen sodium for menstrual migraine and dysmenorrhea: satisfaction, productivity, and functional disability outcomes. Headache 51(5), 664–673 (2011).Menstrual migraine (MM) is a form of headache that tends to occur with prolonged, intense and extremely disabling attacks in a short period around the menstrual cycle (usually 2 days before to 3 days after the onset of the menstrual flow). At least 50% of the female migraine population suffers from this subtype of migraine. The possible presence of other perimenstrual pain, such as dysmenorrhea, can make the attacks even more disabling. Since both of these conditions have a common pathological background consisting of a secretion of abnormally high levels of prostaglandins, it can be particularly useful to use a combination of sumatriptan, the progenitor of the triptans and the drug of choice in the treatment of migraine attack, and naproxen sodium, a potent inhibitor of prostaglandin biosynthesis. The combination of sumatriptan 85 mg and naproxen sodium 500 mg has been tested in women suffering from MM and dysmenorrhea, and this combination has been shown to achieve greater satisfaction when compared with placebo. Moreover, sumatriptan–naproxen was also better than placebo in reducing functional disability and improving productivity. The study is discussed in the context of the current state of knowledge about MM treatment.