Inhibitory Activity Of Ethanol Extract Research Articles

The Antityrosinase Activity of Mitragyna speciosa Korth Leaf Ethanolic Extract

The kratom plant (Mitragyna speciosa Korth) is a the plant that is traditionally used to soften the skin. Kratom leaves have very strong antioxidant activity so they are predicted also to have anti-tyrosinase activity. The potential inhibition of tyrosinase enzyme activity is thought to come from the content of flavonoid compounds, polyphenols, steroids, tannins, and quinones. This research aims to determine the tyrosinase inhibitory activity of ethanol extract of M. speciosa leaves. The inhibitory activity of the tyrosinase enzyme using L-DOPA as substrate and kojic acid as positive control. Antityrosinase testing was carried out by in vitro method using UV-vis spectrophotometer through determination of IC50 value. The results of the antityrosinase activity test of ethanol extract of M. speciosa leaves showed an IC50 value of 2117.708 ppm. The ethanol extract of M. speciosa leaves is scientifically proven to have antityrosinase activity with a weak category.

Aktivitas Penghambatan Ekstrak Etanol Biji Asam Gelugur (Garnicia atroviridis) terhadap Pertumbuhan Bakteri Escherichia coli dan Staphylococcus aureus

This study aims to determine the inhibitory activity of ethanol extract from tamarind seeds against the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria at various concentrations. This study used a randomized complete block design with 1 factor, namely the concentration of tamarind seed extract with 6 levels, namely A1 (0.5%), A2 (1%), A3 (1.5%), A4 (2%), A5 (2.5%), A6 (3%). Each treatment was repeated 3 times. Research evaluation includes qualitative phytochemical tests and antioxidant activity against ethanol extract of gelugur acid seeds and bacterial inhibition. The results showed that in the ethanol extract of tamarind seeds there are phytochemical compounds which include flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and terpenoids. And has antioxidant activity of IC 50 = 15.77 ppm. Tamarind seed extract affects the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The minimum concentration of ethanol extract of tamarind seeds that can inhibit Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria is 0.5% with inhibitory zones of 15.6 mm and 10.9 mm respectively.

ANTIHYPERURESEMIA ACTIVITY OF ETHANOL EXTRACTS AND FRACTIONS OF NIPAH LEAF FRONDS (NYPA FRUTICANS. WURMB)

Hyperuresemia is a metabolite syndrome characterised by high levels of uric acid in the blood. Hyperuresmia in advanced stages can cause gout or pyrexia (a disease that affects the joints and causes joint damage), kidney stones, kidney damage, and hypertension. The nipah plant (Nypa fruticans. Wurmb) is traditionally used in the treatment of stomach pain, diabetes, fever, toothache, uric acid reduction and headache medicine. In general, the content of secondary metabolite compounds from nipah plants includes flavonoids, phenols, tannins, terpenois, steroids, alkaloids and saponins. The purpose of this study was to determine the xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of ethanol extracts and fractions of nipah leaves (Nypa fruticans. Wurmb). Extraction process using maceration method with 96% ethanol solvent, fractionation using liquid-liquid partition method with separating funnel. . Testing the inhibition of xanthine oxidase enzyme activity in vitro using UV/VIS spectrophotometer. The results showed that ethanol extract, water fraction, ethyl acetate fraction and n-hexane fraction showed inhibitory activity of xanthine oxidase enzyme with IC50 values of 47.558 ± 2.862; 18.755 ± 3.821; 3.543 ± 1.440 and 110.213 ± 1.577 ppm, respectively. From the results of the study it can be concluded that ethanol extracts and fractions of nipah leaf fronds (Nypa fruticans.Wurmb) can inhibit the activity of xanthine oxidase enzyme with ethyl acetate fraction giving the highest inhibitory activity with IC50 value of 3,543±1,440 ppm.

In-Vitro Anti-Diabetic Activity and Phytochemical Screening of Ethanolic extract of Calotropis gigantea (Linn)

INTRODUCTION Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycaemia due to defect insulin release from pancreas and insulin resistance. The present study was aimed to screen the phytoconstituent present in leaf extract and evaluate α- amylase inhibitory activity of ethanolic extract of Calotropis gigantea leaf. Calotropis gigantea also known as crown flower is rich in phytochemicals like alkaloids, saponins, steroids, flavonoids and glycosides. It is used for asthma, bronchitis and dyspepsia, dried whole plant is a good tonic. MATERIAL AND METHODS About 58.45g coarse powder of Calotropis gigantea leaves was extracted with ethanol using Soxhlet apparatus. Then the phytochemical screening of ethanolic extract was done. Different concentration (0.1mg/ml to 1mg/ml) of ethanolic extracts of leaves, acarbose, sitagliptin and metformin was prepared, and all the concentration were evaluated for α- amylase inhibitory activity through spectrophotometric method. RESULTS Maximum inhibition of α- amylase was shown by acarbose at concentration of 1mg/ml and found to be 78.787 ± 0.00240 % whereas plant extract at concentration of 1mg/ml showed inhibition of α- amylase activity 54.6296 ± 0.00282 %. Percentage inhibition of α-amylase activity by plant extract was found to be dose dependent. CONCLUSION It was concluded that Calotropis gigantea leaves possess some bioactive compounds which were responsible for controlling blood glucose level by inhibiting α-amylase and its identification, isolation and characterization may lead to development of newer drugs with lesser side effects.

Phenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity, and α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of ethanol extracts of perilla seed meal.

Perilla frutescens is a medicinal herb that is commonly cultivated in Asian countries. Perilla seed is extensively pressed for cooking oil extraction. However, phenolic chemicals are still abundant in pressed perilla seed meal (PSM), which was previously thought to be useless after oil extraction. In our study, PSM was extracted using five solvents (water and 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% ethanol) based on different ethanol concentrations, and its antioxidant activity, phenolic compounds, and inhibitory effects against key enzymes related to diabetes mellitus were evaluated. The 75% ethanol extract had higher phenolic (105.58 mg GAE/g DW) and flavonoid (66.52 mg QE/g DW) contents and showed better antioxidant and inhibitory effects against α-glucosidase and α-amylase. Analysis of the phenolic compounds of the five extracts by HPLC indicated the presence of apigenin, rosmarinic acid, benzoic acid, caffeic acid, and vanillic acid. Therefore, because of its high antioxidant activity and inhibitory capacity against enzymes relevant to diabetes, the 75% ethanol extract of perilla seed meal has the most potential to be used as a functional or nutraceutical food in the prevention and treatment of oxidation and diabetes.

Investigation of the inhibitory activity of extracts, fractions and secondary metabolites of <i>Silene</i> spp. (<i>Caryophyllaceae</i>) and <i>Serratula cupuliformis</i> (<i>Asteraceae</i>) on the replication of SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus

Aim. In vitro analysis of the inhibitory activity of extracts, fractions and secondary metabolites of plants of the genus Silene [Caryophylaceae] and Serratula cupuliformis [Asteraceae) on the replication of SARS-CoV-2.Material and Methods. Silene spp. and Serratula cupuliformis of the Siberian Botanical Garden of National Research Tomsk State University were used. Ethanol extracts and butanol fractions of Silene spp. were prepared. The flavonoid shaftoside and the ecdysteroid 20-hydroxyecdysone from Lychnis chalcedonica were isolated. Analysis of BAS was carried out by the HPLC method. In vitro analysis of the inhibitory activity of extracts on SARS-CoV-2 replication was performed in Vero cell culture by direct inactivation [neutralization) of virions. Comparison samples were dry ethanol extracts of chaga [Inonotus obliquus, Basidiomycota), spices of cloves [Syzygium aromaticum, Myrtaceae) and root of licorice [Glycyrrhiza glabra L., Fabaceae).Results. The inhibitory activity of ethanol extracts and butanol fractions of Silene spp., as well as individual compounds [shaftozide and 20-E) was revealed in the range of 50% effective concentrations [EC50) when dissolved in water from 339.85±83.92 pg/ml to 1.59±0.39 pg/ml and when dissolved in DMSO from 119.34±26.34 pg/ml to 2.22±0.57 pg/ml, respectively. The butanol fraction of Serratula cupuliformis was active with EC50=21.74±4.80 and 27.42±6.05 pg/mL. These results for some samples of Silene spp. and Serratula cupuliformis are comparable to the EC50 values of the comparators.Conclusion. The results obtained suggest the presence of biologically active substances in the herbal preparations studied that act destructively on virions of SARS-CoV-2 and affect one of the main stages of its "life" cycle - on the attachment to receptors of sensitive cells.

Identification of the Constituents of Ethyl Acetate Fraction from Smilax china L. and Determination of Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Properties

The aim of this work was to investigate the xanthine oxidase (XO)-inhibitory activity of ethanol extracts from Smilax china L. and to identify the active compounds in the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fraction. Extraction of ethanol extracts from Smilax china L. and then ethanol extracts were concentrated, and the polyphenolic compounds were extracted with petroleum ether (PE), chloroform, EtOAc, n-butanol (n-BuOH), and residual ethanol fractions. Their effects on XO activity were then compared separately. The polyphenolic components of the EtOAc fraction were identified by HPLC and HPLC-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) analysis. Kinetic analysis demonstrated that all these extracts showed XO-inhibitory properties, and among them the EtOAc fraction had the strongest inhibitory effect (IC50 = 101.04 μg/mL). The inhibitory constant (Ki) of the EtOAc fraction on XO activity was 65.20 μg/mL, showing excellent inhibition on XO in the competitive mode. Sixteen compounds were identified from the EtOAc fraction. The study demonstrates that the EtOAc fraction of Smilax china L. may be a potential functional food to inhibit XO activity.

In vitroFree Radical Scavenging and α-Amylase Inhibitory Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Basella alba

Basella alba is an edible perennial plant in the family Basellaceae. It is native to the Indian Subcontinent, widely spread in Asia and Africa, and used as a leafy vegetable.Worldwide the number of people with diabetes is increasing every year. Due to the several risk factors inherent to the disease, the treatment of type II diabetes is complicated. Many plants with hypoglycaemic effects can be usedto develop drugs for diabetes mellitus. Decreasing the postprandial hyperglycemia is one of the aspectsof treating type II diabetes mellitus. This is possible by inhibiting certain carbohydrate hydrolysing enzymes like αamylase and α-glucosidase. The objective of the present study was to evaluate in-vitro antioxidant and α-amylase inhibitory activity of the ethanolic extract of Basella alba. The extract showed significant radical scavenging activities like DPPH, ABTS, Super oxide, Nitric oxide and Hydroxyl radical scavenging activities with IC50 of 83.0 µg/mL, 87.5µg/mL, 91.0µg/mL, 96.5µg/mL and 70.0µg/mL. The extract also showed strong α-amylase inhibition with IC50 77.8 mg/mL. These results suggest the possible use of Basella alba in the management of diabetes mellitus.

UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK DAN FRAKSI N-HEKSAN, ETIL ASETAT DAN AIR DARI SABUT KELAPA MUDA (Cocos nucifera Linn) TERHADAP Escherichia coli ESBL (Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase)

Young coconut coir contains flavonoid compounds, phenols, tannins and saponins. The ethanol extract of young coconut coir was studied to have good antibacterial activity. This study aimed to see the inhibitory activity of ethanol extract compared fractions of young coconut coir ethanol extract in inhibiting Escherichia coli ESBL (Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase) bacteria. Young coconut coir of extracted using 95% ethanol solvent of maceration method and patition using n-hexane and ethyl acetate solvent. Antibacterial activities using the diffusion method with concentrations of 25%, 50% and 75%. The negative control used DMSO 10%, while positve control used was chloramphenikol. Ethanol extract and fractions of ethanol extract of young coconut coir inhibited Escherichia coli ESBL bacteria. The largest radical inhibition zone was found in the ethyl acetate fraction with a concentration of 75% at 10.9 mm.

In vitro Antioxidant and Enzyme Inhibitory Properties and Phenolic Contents of Crude Extracts and Fractions from Different Organs of the HalophyteLycium europaeum L

Background: Lycium europaeum L. is a medicinal and edible Mediterranean halophyte spiny shrub. However, studies regarding its biological properties focused mainly on its aerial organs. Objective: The objective of the present work was to make a comparative evaluation of the in vitro antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities of ethanol extracts and fractions (chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and aqueous) from roots and leaves of L. europaeum, along with its total phenolic, flavonoid and tannin contents. Methods: The antioxidant activity was evaluated by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2’-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), superoxide radical, β-carotene bleaching, cupric reducing and ferric reducing activity methods Results: The n-butanol fraction from roots had the highest antioxidant activity in all the assays, and was also the most active against acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase and urease (IC50 values of 92.63, 118.26 and 135.60 μgmL-1, respectively). This fraction showed a high level of total phenolic, flavonoid and tannin contents. Conclusion: The results suggest L. europaeum, especially its roots, as a candidate to be further explored as a source of bioactive products.

Ameliorating the Effect of Mycotoxins in Poultry Feeds Using Plant Extracts

Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites of fungal origin that tends to contaminate agricultural commodities before or under post-harvest conditions. They are mainly produced by fungi in the genera, Aspergillus sp. (Aspergillaceae: Eurotiales), Penicillium sp. (Trichocomaceae; Eurotiales) and Fusarium sp. (Nectriaceae: Hypocreales). When ingested, inhaled or absorbed through the skin, mycotoxins causes sickness or death in humans and animals. Natural substances that can prevent AFB1 toxicity to human and animal health with minimal cost will be a great advantage. Traditional medicinal plants are currently used for their antifungal, anti-aflatoxigenic and antioxidant activity. Aspergillus parasiticus strain NRRL 2999 was used to produce Aflatoxin, as it is one of the highly toxigenic fungus available. Inhibitory activity of ethanol extracts of plants was enhanced upon gradual increase in their concentrations. Among them, the ethanol extracts of Trachyspermum ammi (Apiaceae: Apiales) completely arrested the fungal growth and inhibited the growth significantly, even at lower concentrations (1%) in comparison with other extracts and the negative control. Hence, the present work has been carried out to find the aflatoxin antifungal activity of the plant extracts Albizia lebbeck (Fabaceae: Fabales), Syzgium aromaticum (Myrtaceae: Myrtales) and Trachyspermum ammi (Apiaceae: Apiales) against aflatoxin contaminated poultry feed. In conclusion, the present study serves as a base and arises a futuristic need for efficient cost effective sampling and analytical methods that can be used for detection and control of mycotoxins in poultry feed.

In vitro studies on antioxidant, ? – amylase and ? – glucosidase inhibitory activities of ethanol extracts of Syzygium cumini seeds

Introduction and Aim: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder leads to many secondary complications. The drugs used for treatment causes serious side effects. Syzygium cumini is used in traditional medicine for treating many diseases. The aim of the present study is to estimate phytochemical contents, antioxidant activity, ? – amylase and ? – glucosidase inhibitory activities of ethanol extract of seeds of S. cumini by in vitro methodology.
 Materials and Methods: The powdered seeds were extracted with ethanol. Quantitative analysis of Total alkaloids, Total phenols, Total flavonoids, Total tannins, Total saponins and Total steroids were carried out. DPPH scavenging activity, ? – amylase and ? – glucosidase inhibitory activities were measured with varying concentration of extract.
 Results: Total alkaloids content was observed to be higher followed by Total phenol content. Total saponin was found to be present in lesser amount among the tested phytochemicals. 500 µg/ml and above concentrations of seed extract possess above 90% DPPH scavenging activity; 1000 µg/ml concentration of the extract exhibited 43.20% and 19.80% inhibition activity on ? – amylase and ? – glucosidase enzymes.
 Conclusion: The above results indicate a higher antioxidant activity and appreciable inhibitory activities of enzymes responsible for elevated circulation of glucose. These activities are due to the presence of phytochemicals present in the seeds extract of S. cumini and can be utilized for the management of Diabetes.

Aktivitas Antibakteri dari Ekstrak Etanol Ganoderma sp. Asal Pulau Lombok

The use of antibiotics that are not according to the rules and antibiotics in the long term can cause resistance to bacteria. This study aims to determine the presence of antibacterial activity and the effect of increasing the concentration of ethanol extract of Ganoderma sp. against several test bacteria. Extract from Ganoderma sp. obtained by maceration method using ethanol 95% solvent. The extract concentrations used were 20%, 40%, 60% and 80%. This research was conducted using the wells method with ciprofloxacin as a positive control and 50% DMSO as a negative control. The parameter measured is the large diameter of the inhibition formed around the well. The results of the antibacterial activity test of ethanol extract Ganoderma sp. has greater inhibitory activity against gram-negative bacteria. The inhibitory activity of ethanolic extract of Ganoderma sp. on the growth of test bacteria increased with increasing concentration of the extract

Ethanol extract of Acanthopanax senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.) Harms induces liver cancer cell apoptosis through inhibiting NF-κB.

BackgroundAcanthopanax senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.) Harms, a traditional Chinese medicine, has been used to treat various diseases, including ischemic, heart diseases, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), hypertension and neurasthenia. The purpose of this study was to investigate the anticancer activity of A. senticosus (ASE).MaterialsMTT assay, clonogenicity, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), flow cytometry and Western blot were employed to evaluate the viability and invasion of liver cancer cells. In addition, luciferase assay was used to delineate the inhibitory activity of ethanol extract against NF-κB.ResultsOur results showed that the ethanol extract of ASE could decrease the viability of cancer cells. In addition, the ethanol extract could decrease the protein levels of Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), MMP-9, t-protein kinase B (Akt) and p-Akt, but increase those of E-cadherin. Nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-κB)-Luciferase assay showed the ethanol extract could effectively inhibit the activity of NF-κB. Furthermore, fourteen compounds including seven active compounds were isolated and activities against NF-κB were investigated.ConclusionsThis study confirmed that the ASE could be as an alternative or complementary therapy to treat liver cancer.

Assessing cytotoxicity and antiproliferation effects of Sida rhombifolia against MCA-B1 and A549 cancer cells

This research aims to determine the cytotoxicity and antiproliferation activities of Sida rhombifolia leaves extract against cancer cells MCA-B1, A549 and normal Vero cells. S. rhombifolia leaves were extracted with ethanol using ultrasonication method and fractionated using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water. The tested samples were ethanol extract and n-hexane fraction based on the results of cytotoxicity using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT). The antiproliferation activity test by using Trypan Blue Dye method and the cells harvested after confluence on the third or fourth day and the total cells were calculated by using the Neubauer Hemocytometer. The result showed that the inhibitory activity of ethanol extract at a concentration of 500 ppm is 69.44% with IC50 202.556 ppm on MCA-B1 cancer cells and 69.44% with IC50 276.836 ppm on A549 cancer cells. While the n-hexane fraction at a concentration of 1000 ppm was 64.13% with IC50 425.969 ppm in MCA-B1 cancer cells and 57.18% with IC50 786.617 ppm on A549 cancer cells. After being tested on normal Vero cells the inhibition of normal Vero cells proliferation is not more than 1%. This indicates that ethanol extracts and n-hexane fraction are safe for normal cells and analysis by using LC-MS/MS showed a benzazepine compound in the ethanol extract of S. rhombifolia is known for its role as antiproliferation. These results indicate that S. rhombifolia leaves extract has the potential to be developed as anticancer compounds.

In vitro Antifungal Effect of Mangrove extracts on Fusarium verticillioides Isolates

The present study was conducted to identify the antifungal activity of phenolic compounds extracted from the mangrove, Rhizophora mangle against the Fusarium verticillioides isolates DA42, F64 and PO3. The total phenolic content was calculated using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The in vitro inhibition test was performed according to the poisoned food technique. Stem extracts had the highest total phenolic content (9.5 mg GAE/g DM) and displayed major inhibition percentages against all F. verticillioides isolates. Furthermore, the concentration of this extract required to inhibit the three fungal isolates by 50 %, is 2 to 3 times greater on average than that required for leaf and root extracts. This study demonstrated the inhibitory activity of ethanol extracts of Rhizophora mangle roots, stems and leaves against different isolates of Fusarium verticillioides.

Isolation and Identification of mecA gene from MRSA isolated from Local Sheep and Evaluate the Inhibitory effect of Cranberry Leaves extract In-Vitro

The current study focused and gave an insight about the distribution percentage of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus or sometimes called (MRSA) in sheep admitted to Veterinary medicine college, Wasit university at the period extended from March 2017 to June 2018 in Wasit province, Iraq and evaluate the inhibitory activity of ethanol extract of cranberry leaves. Consequently, from a total one hundred and fifty specimens, seventy samples were positive for the presence of S. aureus. Moreover, higher rate was detected in the wounds samples 37 (74%) and respiratory samples 20(40%) higher than that found in urine 10 (20%). The results of antibiotics susceptibility test for Staphylococcus aureus were indicated a high and moderate level of resistance to all antibiotics used. Additionally, a polymerase chain reaction was used, as a molecular technique, to detect mecA and results indicated that 54 strains were mecA positive and were labelled as MRSA. Moreover, results indicated that cranberry leaves extract had inhibitory activity against MRSA. In conclusion, the leaves extract of Cranberry has shown powerful antimicrobial activity, and these finding might be encouraging to several applications as antimicrobials or animals feed preservation.

Inhibitory activity of Urena lobata leaf extract on dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4): Is it different in vitro and in vivo?

This study was aimed to compare the anti diabetic effect of Urena lobata leaf extract through DPP-4 inhibitory activity by in vitro and in vivo. Urena lobata leaf was extracted in ethanol and hot water to evaluate its activity on DPP-4 both of in vitro and in vivo. In vitro test using Gly-pro-p-nitroanilide (GPPN) as substrate of DPP-4 and the reactions product of them was observed by microplate reader at λ=405 nm furthermore the IC50 value was determined. In vivo study utilize an animal model of diabetes with 2 control groups and 6 test groups (n=4), in which DPP-4 level, GLP-1 level and AUC of blood glucose were examined after extract administration. The in vitro DPP-4 inhibitory activity of ethanolic extract of U. lobata is higher than water extract with the IC50 value of 1654, 64 and 6489, 88 μg/ml respectively. However, the water extract of U. lobata exhibits stronger decrease DPP-4 level (60–70%) compared to ethanolic extract (40–60%) in vivo study as well as the AUC of blood glucose were reduced by 50–60% and 20–50%, respectively. Meanwhile, GLP-1 level could be retained more by the water extract of U. lobata administration (3–7 fold) compared to ethanolic extract (25 fold) due to the reducing of DPP-4 activity.

Antioxidant and Lipoxygenase Inhibitory Activity of the Kino of Eucalyptus citriodora

In the present study, antioxidant activity, total phenolic and flavonoid content, and 15-lipoxygenase inhibitory activity of ethanol extract and its ethyl acetate, n-butanol and aqueous fractions of Eucalyptus citriodora kino were evaluated. The antioxidant activity was determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) methods. The IC50 values of the ethanol extract were 5.11±0.13, 2.72±0.08 and 25.86±1.81 μg/ml in the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) methods and the 15-lipoxugenase assay, respectively. Total phenolic and flavonoid content of the ethanol extract were 490.77±1.95 mg catechin equivalents/g and 21.81±0.23 mg quercetin equivalents/g, respectively. Solvent partition of the ethanol extract yielded ethyl acetate, n-butanol and aqueous fractions. Among the three fractions, the ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents, which were 575.87±3.92 mg catechin equivalents/g and 34.57±0.30 mg quercetin equivalents/g, respectively. This fraction also showed the strongest free radical scavenging activity in the two methods used as well as inhibitory activity against 15-lipoxygenase, with IC50 values of 4.67±0.09, 2.57±0.06 and 14.67±0.93 μg/ml, respectively. These findings revealed that high antioxidant and lipoxygenase inhibitory activity of E. citriodora kino might be due to high phenolic and flavonoid content. These results showed that E. citriodora kino could be a potential source of natural antioxidants and lipoxygenase inhibitors which could be used to prevent free radical and lipoxygenase mediated diseases.

Tyrosinase, elastase, hyaluronidase, inhibitory and antioxidant activity of Sri Lankan medicinal plants for novel cosmeceuticals

The search for natural cosmeceuticals has gained an increasing demand due to its fewer side effects and become more prevalent in cosmetic formulations. Plant sources contain numerous natural compounds which can be used as whitening, anti-aging anti-wrinkle ingredients and also for the treatment of dermatological disorders. Ethanol extracts of 15 Sri Lankan medicinal plants were investigated for their tyrosinase, elastase and hyaluronidase enzyme inhibitory and antioxidant activities for the purpose of identifying anti-aging and skin-whitening ingredients with the potential for use as materials in cosmetics. Eleocarpus serratus bark extract showed highest elastase inhibitory activity (IC50 27.27±2.74μg/mL) while Curcuma aromatica rhizomes exhibited marked elastase (IC50 252.7±6.8μg/mL) and hyaluronidase inhibitory activities (95.0% inhibition at 500μg/mL). Artocarpus altilis and Artocarpus nobilis bark extracts are good source of tyrosinase (IC50 27.47±0.45μg/mL, 53.23±2.65μg/mL), hyaluronidase (68.59%, 44.78% inhibition at 500μg/mL), and elastase inhibitors (23.87%, 30.96% inhibition at 500μg/mL). Eleocarpus serratus extracts exhibited highest antioxidant activities compared to other tested plants. Tyrosinase inhibitory activity positively correlates with the Total Flavonoid Content (r=0.711) and DPPH free radical scavenging activities (r=0.891). These results suggest that medicinal plants showing biological activities may be potent inhibitors of tyrosinase, elastase and hyaluronidase and could be useful for application in cosmetics. This is the first report of tyrosinase elastase, and hyaluronidase inhibitory activity of ethanol extracts of A. nobilis and E. serratus bark, leaves and fruit and M. ferrea leaves, petals and stamens.