Inhibitor Of Apoptosis Protein Survivin Research Articles

Targeting survivin with Tanshinone IIA inhibits tumor growth and overcomes chemoresistance in colorectal cancer

The inhibitor of apoptosis protein survivin has a critical regulatory role in carcinogenesis and treatment tolerance in colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the targeted drugs for survivin protein are extremely limited. In the present research, we discovered that Tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA) played a dual regulatory role in inhibiting tumorigenesis and reversing 5-Fu tolerance via modulating the expression and phosphorylation of survivin in CRC cells. Mechanistically, Tan IIA suppressed the Akt/WEE1/CDK1 signaling pathway, which led to the downregulation of survivin Thr34 phosphorylation and destruction of the interaction between USP1 and survivin to promote survivin ubiquitination and degradation. Furthermore, Tan IIA significantly facilitated chemoresistant CRC cells to 5-Fu sensitivity. These results revealed that Tan IIA possessed a strong antitumor activity against CRC cells and could act as an up-and-coming agent for treating CRC and overcoming chemotherapy resistance.

Wild type, dEX3 and 2B survivin isoforms localize to the tumor cell plasma membrane, are secreted in exosomes, and interact with extracellular tubulin

The Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein survivin (svn) is upregulated in nearly all types of cancer and represents a promising therapeutic target. Localization to specific subcellular compartments and interactions with various binding partners allow survivin to play diverse roles in apoptosis resistance and mitosis. Survivin has recently been found in two extracellular compartments: the outer plasma membrane and secreted exosomes. In addition to svn-wt, splice variants svn-dEX3 and svn-2B are also overexpressed in human tumors. Here we show that, similarly to svn-wt, svn-dEX3 and svn-2B can be displayed on the outer plasma membrane, and secreted in exosomes. Additionally, we have identified a novel interaction of all three forms of survivin with secreted tubulin.

Clinicopathological and Prognostic Significance of Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein (IAP) Family Members in Lung Cancer: A Meta-Analysis.

Simple SummaryLung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Although novel therapy regimens using immuno- and targeted therapy have improved survival for a subgroup of patients with lung cancer, the five-year survival rate is still poor. The inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family represents a heterogeneous group of anti-apoptotic proteins that are highly expressed in a variety of human malignancies. Despite conflicting results regarding the prognostic significance of IAPs, high expression of some members of this family have been extensively reported to be associated with poor prognosis in lung cancer patients. Therefore, there might be a subgroup of patients that could benefit from a targeted therapy against specific IAP family members in lung cancer. The aim of this study was to perform a meta-analysis to investigate the prognostic value of IAP family members and their association with clinicopathological features in lung cancer.Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Approximately 85% is non-small-cell and 15% is small-cell lung cancer. The inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) represent a heterogeneous family of anti-apoptotic proteins, some members of which have been reported to correlate with clinical outcome in lung cancer. We screened PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus for studies that investigated the prognostic value and clinicopathological features of IAPs in lung cancer. Forty-five eligible studies with 4428 patients assessed the expression of the IAPs survivin, XIAP, livin, and BRUCE. The pooled hazard ratio (HR) of 33 studies that analyzed overall survival (OS) revealed a positive correlation between survivin expression and poor prognosis. Seven studies displayed a strong association between survivin and disease recurrence. Two studies that assessed the expression of XIAP and livin, respectively, proved a significant relationship of these IAPs with poor OS. Meta-analyses of clinicopathological variables revealed a significant association between survivin and T stage, UICC stage, the presence of lymph node metastasis, and grade of differentiation. In conclusion, high expression of distinct IAPs significantly correlates with prognosis in lung cancer. Therefore, lung cancer patients might benefit from a targeted therapy against specific IAPs.

Clinicopathological and functional implications of the inhibitor of apoptosis proteins survivin and XIAP in esophageal cancer.

Based on their overexpression and important roles in progression and therapy-resistance in malignant diseases, the inhibitor of apoptosis protein family (IAP) members, survivin and X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP), represent attractive candidates for targeted therapy. The present study investigated the prognostic and biological relevance of survivin and XIAP in esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma (ESCC) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). Survivin and XIAP expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry using tissue microarrays containing 120 ESCC and 90 EAC samples as well as the corresponding non-neoplastic esophageal mucosa samples. IAP expression levels were then correlated to clinicopathological parameters and overall survival to identify any associations. In addition, esophageal cancer cell lines were treated with the survivin inhibitor YM155, and the XIAP inhibitors Birinapant and GDC-0152 in vitro. Survivin and XIAP expression were significantly increased in EAC and ESCC when compared with tumor-adjacent mucosa. In patients with ESCC XIAP expression was associated with female gender and advanced tumor stages, and nuclear survivin expression was associated with poor grading. High XIAP expression was identified as an independent negative prognostic marker in ESCC. By contrast, XIAP inhibitors did not affect cancer cell viability in vitro, and the small molecule survivin inhibitor YM155 significantly reduced cell viability and proliferation in esophageal cancer cell lines. Western blot analysis revealed a dose dependent decrease of survivin accompanied by an increased poly (adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase cleavage following YM155 treatment. These findings underline the potential role of survivin and XIAP in the oncogenesis of esophageal cancer and provide a rationale for future clinical studies investigating the therapeutic efficacy of IAP directed therapies in patients with esophageal cancer.

Modulation of T Lymphocytes by Tumor-Released Survivin

The tumor microenvironment is an area of intense interaction between normal and malignant cells. Factors and cell types within this environment can play a crucial role in the progression or regression of the tumor. Of primary interest are tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes, which have been shown to have a key role in modifying the dynamics of the tumor microenvironment to promote or prevent tumor growth. While there is much in vitro and in vivo evidence for a modification of the tumor infiltrating T cell population toward a pro-tumor environment, what induces these changes within the tumor microenvironment has remained elusive. Our lab previously identified a role for the Inhibitor of Apoptosis protein Survivin as a secreted protein in the extracellular milieu, where it is capable of entering malignant cells and inducing a more aggressive phenotype. We hypothesized that tumorsecreted Survivin could be responsible for modulation of T lymphocytes in the tumor microenvironment. We first isolated tumor released Survivin and confirmed its ability to be taken up by T cells as it is by malignant cells by confocal microscopy, flow cytometry and Western blotting. Subsequently, we evaluated Survivin’s affect on T cell proliferation and found that tumor-released Survivin impairs T cell expansion, but does not alter its activation after exposure to appropriate stimuli. Assessment of phenotypic changes within the cytotoxic and helper T lymphocyte populations showed an increase in anti-inflammatory type 2 T cells and a reduction in type 1 T cells, whichcorrelates to what has been observed in cancer patients. Although often modified in the tumor microenvironment in patients, we did not observe any changes in regulatory T cells or Th17 cells in the presence of Survivin. The results of this study provide evidence of Survivin’s role as an extracellular mediator of the tumor microenvironment, specifically its role in inducing a pro-tumor type 2 T cell population.

Very low doses of ionizing radiation and redox associated modifiers affect survivin-associated changes in radiation sensitivity

Exposure of cells to a dose of ionizing radiation as low as 5mGy can induce changes in radiation sensitivity expressed by cells exposed to subsequent higher doses at later times. This is referred to as an adaptive effect. We describe a unique survivin-associated adaptive response in which increased radiation resistance or sensitization of cells can be induced by exposure to 5mGy or to the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generating drug Emodin (1,3,8-trihydroxy-6-methylanthraquinone), a naturally occurring anthraquinone. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of ROS generating processes in affecting both the intracellular localization of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein survivin and its subsequent effect on radiation response in the presence or absence of the anti-oxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC). Experiments were performed using two well characterized murine sarcomas: SA-NH p53 wild-type (WT) and FSa p53 mutant (Mut), grown either in culture or as solid tumors in the right hind legs of C3H mice. Doses of 5mGy or 50μM Emodin were used to induce changes in the response of these tumor cells to higher radiation exposures using a multi-dosing paradigm. Effects on radiation sensitivity were determined for SA-NH and FSa cells as a function of survivin translocation either to the cytoplasm or nucleus in the presence or absence of 10mM NAC treatment. In vitro survival assays (2Gy per fraction, two once daily fractions) and tumor growth delay (TGD) (5Gy per fraction, five once daily fractions) studies were performed. Intracellular localization of survivin was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and correlated to survival response and treatment conditions. 2Gy alone had no effect on intracellular translocation of survivin. When preceded 15min earlier by 5mGy or Emodin exposures, survivin became elevated in the cytoplasm of p53 WT SA-NH as compared to the nuclei of p53 Mut FSa cells. SA-NH cells transfected with p53 small interfering RNA (siRNA), in contrast, responded similarly to p53 Mut FSa cells by becoming more radiation sensitive if exposed to 5mGy prior to each 2Gy irradiation. In contrast to their respective responses to five once daily 5Gy fractions, SA-NH tumors were protected by 5mGy exposures administered 15min prior to each daily 5Gy dose as evidenced by a more rapid growth (1.9 day decrease in TGD, P=0.032), while FSa tumors were sensitized, growing at a much slower rate (4.5 day increase in TGD, P<0.001). Exposure of SA-NH and FSa tumor cells to 10mM NAC inhibited the ability of 5mGy and Emodin to induce intracellular translocation of survivin and the corresponding altered adaptive survival response. The survivin-associated adaptive response can be induced following a multi-dosing scheme in which very low radiation doses are followed shortly thereafter by higher doses consistent with a standard image guided radiotherapy protocol that is currently widely used in the treatment of cancer. While induced by exposure to ROS generating stresses, the ultimate expression of changes in radiation response is dependent upon the bi-functionality of the tumor associated protein survivin and its intracellular translocation.

Mathematical Modeling of the Role of Survivin on Dedifferentiation and Radioresistance in Cancer

We use a mathematical model to investigate cancer resistance to radiation, based on dedifferentiation of non-stem cancer cells into cancer stem cells. Experimental studies by Iwasa 2008, using human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines in mice, have implicated the inhibitor of apoptosis protein survivin in cancer resistance to radiation. A marked increase in radio-sensitivity was observed, after inhibiting survivin expression with a specific survivin inhibitor YM155 (sepantronium bromide). It was suggested that these observations are due to survivin-dependent dedifferentiation of non-stem cancer cells into cancer stem cells. Here, we confirm this hypothesis with a mathematical model, which we fit to Iwasa's data on NSCLC in mice. We investigate the timing of combination therapies of YM155 administration and radiation. We find an interesting dichotomy. Sometimes it is best to hit a cancer with a large radiation dose right at the beginning of the YM155 treatment, while in other cases, it appears advantageous to wait a few days until most cancer cells are sensitized and then radiate. The optimal strategy depends on the nature of the cancer and the dose of radiation administered.

Survivin modulates genes with divergent molecular functions and regulates proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells through Evi-1.

The inhibitor of apoptosis protein Survivin regulates hematopoiesis, although its mechanisms of regulation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) remain largely unknown. While investigating conditional Survivin deletion in mice, we found that Survivin was highly expressed in phenotypically defined HSCs and Survivin deletion in mice resulted in significantly reduced total marrow HSC and progenitor cells (HPC). Transcriptional analysis of Survivin−/− HSCs revealed altered expression of multiple genes not previously linked to Survivin activity. In particular, Survivin deletion significantly reduced expression of the Evi-1 transcription factor indispensable for HSC function, and the downstream Evi-1 target genes Gata2, Pbx1 and Sall2. The loss of HSCs following Survivin deletion and impaired long-term HSC repopulating function could be partially rescued by ectopic Evi-1 expression in Survivin −/− HSCs. These data demonstrate that Survivin partially regulates HSC function by modulating the Evi-1transcription factor and its downstream targets and identify new genetic pathways in HSCs regulated by Survivin.

Proteome analysis of a hepatocyte-specific BIRC5 (survivin)-knockout mouse model during liver regeneration.

The Baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 5 (BIRC5), also known as inhibitor of apoptosis protein survivin, is a member of the chromosomal passenger complex and a key player in mitosis. To investigate the function of BIRC5 in liver regeneration, we analyzed a hepatocyte-specific BIRC5-knockout mouse model using a quantitative label-free proteomics approach. Here, we present the analyses of the proteome changes in hepatocyte-specific BIRC5-knockout mice compared to wildtype mice, as well as proteome changes during liver regeneration induced by partial hepatectomy in wildtype mice and mice lacking hepatic BIRC5, respectively. The BIRC5-knockout mice showed an extensive overexpression of proteins related to cellular maintenance, organization and protein synthesis. Key regulators of cell growth, transcription and translation MTOR and STAT1/STAT2 were found to be overexpressed. During liver regeneration proteome changes representing a response to the mitotic stimulus were detected in wildtype mice. Mainly proteins corresponding to proliferation, cell cycle and cytokinesis were up-regulated. The hepatocyte-specific BIRC5-knockout mice showed impaired liver regeneration, which had severe consequences on the proteome level. However, several proteins with function in mitosis were found to be up-regulated upon the proliferative stimulus. Our results show that the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase UHRF1 is strongly up-regulated during liver regeneration independently of BIRC5.

Immunohistochemical study on survivin in sinonasal tumors and its relationship with the immunoexpression of Ki67 and Bcl-2

The immunoexpression of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein survivin has been shown to be a significant prognostic factor in various human cancers. Immunohistochemical method was used to examine the expression of survivin, Ki67 and Bcl-2 in 20 cases of sinonasal inverted papillomas (IPs), 12 cases of sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma (SNCs) and 19 cases of nasal chronic sinusitis as a control. Nuclear immunostaining for survivin was observed in 14 of 20 (70%) cases of sinonasal IPs and 10 of 12 (83.4%) cases of SNCs. Apart from nuclear, also weak cytoplasmic immunoexpression of survivin was detected in 2 of 20 cases (10%) of sinonasal IP and moderate intense staining in 9 of 12 cases (75%) of SNC. There was no immunostaining for survivin in 19 control cases. The immunoexpression of survivin, Ki67 and Bcl-2 was significantly higher in SNCs than in sinonasal IPs and control group. Moreover, nuclear survivin and Ki67 antigen immunoexpression were significantly higher in sinonasal IPs group as compared to control group. There were statistically significant positive correlations between nuclear (but not cytoplasmic) immunoexpression of survivin and Ki67 antigen, as well as Bcl-2 oncoprotein in both tested tumors. In conclusion, our findings suggest that survivin, Ki67 and Bcl-2 may be involved in sinonasal tumorigenesis.

Targeting by cmHsp70.1-antibody coated and survivin miRNA plasmid loaded nanoparticles to radiosensitize glioblastoma cells

Nanoparticles (NP) as carriers for anti-cancer drugs have shown great promise. Specific targeting of NP to malignant cells, however, remains an unsolved problem. Conjugation of antibodies specific for tumor membrane antigens to NP represents one approach to improve specificity and to increase therapeutic efficacy. In the present study, for the first time a novel membrane heat shock protein (Hsp70)-specific antibody (cmHsp70.1) was coupled to human serum albumin (HSA) NP, loaded with microRNA (miRNA) plasmids to target the inhibitor of apoptosis protein survivin. The physicochemical properties of monodisperse miRNA-loaded NP showed a diameter of 180nm to 220nm, a plasmid incorporation of more than 95% and a surface binding capacity of the antibody of 70–80%. Antibody-conjugated NP displayed an increased cellular uptake in U87MG and LN229 glioblastoma cells compared to isotype control antibody, PEG-coupled controls and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). Survivin expression was significantly reduced in cells treated with the Hsp70-miRNA-NP as compared to non-conjugated NP. Hsp70-miRNA-NP enhanced radiation-induced increase in caspase 3/7 activity and decrease in clonogenic cell survival. In summary, cmHsp70.1 miRNA-NP comprise an enhanced tumor cell uptake and increased therapeutic efficacy of radiation therapy in vitro and provide the basis for the development of antibody-based advanced carrier systems for a tumor cell specific targeting.

Loss of Survivin in the Prostate Epithelium Impedes Carcinogenesis in a Mouse Model of Prostate Adenocarcinoma

The inhibitor of apoptosis protein survivin is expressed in most cancers. Using the conditional PTEN deletion mouse model, we previously reported that survivin levels increase with prostate tumor growth. Here we evaluated the functional role of survivin in prostate tumor growth. First, we demonstrated that mice lacking the survivin gene in prostate epithelium were fertile and had normal prostate growth and development. We then serially, from about 10–56 weeks of age, evaluated histopathologic changes in the prostate of mice with PTEN deletion combined with survivin mono- or bi-allelic gene deletion. While within this time period most of the animals with wild-type or monoallelic survivin deletion developed adenocarcinomas, the most severe lesions in the biallelic survivin deleted mice were high-grade prostatic intra-epithelial neoplasia with distinct histopathology. Many atypical cells contained large hypertrophic cytoplasm and desmoplastic reaction in the prostatic intra-epithelial neoplasia lesions of this group was minimal until the late ages. A reduced proliferation index as well as apoptotic and senescent cells were detected in the lesions of mice with compound PTEN/survivin deficiency throughout the time points examined. Survivin deletion was also associated with reduced tumor expression of another inhibitor of apoptosis member, the X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis. Our findings suggest that survivin participates in the progression of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia to adenocarcinoma, and that survivin interference at the prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia stages may be a potential therapeutic strategy to halt or delay further progression.

Renal uptake of the antiapoptotic protein survivin is mediated by megalin at the apical membrane of the proximal tubule

The inhibitor of apoptosis protein survivin is a bifunctional molecule that regulates cellular division and survival. We have previously shown that survivin protein can be found at high concentrations in the adult kidney, particularly in the proximal tubules. Here, survivin is localized primarily at the apical membrane, a pattern that may indicate absorption of the protein. Several proteins in primary urine are internalized by megalin, an endocytosis receptor, which is in principle found in the same localization as survivin. Immunolabeling for survivin in different species confirmed survivin signal localizing to the apical membrane of the proximal tubule. Immunoelectron microscopy also showed apical localization of survivin in human kidneys. Furthermore, in polarized human primary tubular cells endogenous as well as external recombinant survivin is stored in the apical region of the cells. Costaining of survivin and megalin by immunohistochemistry and immunoelectron microscopy confirmed colocalization. Finally, by surface plasmon resonance we were able to demonstrate that survivin binds megalin and cubilin and that megalin knockout mice lose survivin through the urine. Survivin accumulates at the apical membrane of the renal tubule by reuptake, which is achieved by the endocytic receptor megalin, collaborating with cubilin. For this to occur, survivin will have to circulate in the blood and be filtered into the primary urine. It is not known at this stage what the functional role of tubular survivin is. However, a small number of experimental and clinical reports implicate that renal survivin is important for functional integrity of the kidney.

PIN1 Inhibits Apoptosis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma through Modulation of the Antiapoptotic Function of Survivin

PIN1, a peptidyl-prolyl-isomerase, binds a specific motif comprising a phosphorylated serine or threonine preceding a proline (p-Ser/Thr-Pro) residue in proteins. Through cis-trans isomerization, it induces conformational changes and modulates functions of many proteins that are involved in cell cycle progression, cell proliferation, and oncogenesis. PIN1 is overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) and contributes to hepatocarcinogenesis. We investigated the role of PIN1 and the significance of its interaction with the inhibitor of apoptosis protein survivin in evading apoptosis in HCC cells. Using cell line and xenograft models, we determined that PIN1 overexpression inhibits apoptosis through suppression of caspase-3 and caspase-9 activity. In addition, down-regulation of survivin in PIN1-overexpressing cells attenuated the antiapoptotic effect induced by PIN1, suggesting that the inhibition of apoptosis is mediated through PIN1-survivin interaction. Coimmunoprecipitation assays showed that PIN1 interacted with survivin via the phosphorylated Thr34-Pro35 motif and enhanced binding among survivin phosphorylated at Thr34, hepatitis B X-interacting protein (HBXIP), and pro-caspase-9. Taken together, these results suggest that the inhibition of apoptosis by PIN1 in HCC cells is mediated through modulation of the antiapoptotic function of survivin by increasing its binding to pro-caspase-9 via HBXIP. Such functional interaction between PIN1 and survivin may therefore play an important role in hepatocarcinogenesis and chemoresistance.

Survivin-miRNA-loaded nanoparticles as auxiliary tools for radiation therapy: preparation, characterisation, drug release, cytotoxicity and therapeutic effect on colorectal cancer cells

One of the main challenges in radiation oncology is to overcome the resistance of cancer cells against treatment by molecular targeted approaches. Among the most promising targets is the inhibitor of apoptosis protein survivin, known to be associated with increased tumour aggressiveness and therapy resistance. The objective of this study was the development of a human serum albumin-based nanoparticulate carrier system for plasmid-mediated RNA interference (miRNA) and the investigation of its in vitro efficacy on survivin knockdown and cellular toxicity in SW480 colorectal cancer cells. The results demonstrate a robust nanoparticulate system of a size around 220 nm with a plasmid incorporation efficacy of about 90%. Moreover, treatment of carcinoma cells with survivin-miRNA nanoparticles resulted in reduction of survivin expression by 50% and increased cytotoxicity if combined with ionising irradiation. These nanoparticles comprise a promising option to enhance the response of carcinoma cells to therapy with ionising irradiation.

A radiosensitizing effect of artesunate in glioblastoma cells is associated with a diminished expression of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein survivin

Background and purposeNovel strategies to overcome an irradiation resistant phenotype may help to increase therapeutic efficacy in glioblastoma multiforme. The present study aimed to elucidate radiation sensitizing properties of artesunate, a semi synthetic derivate of artemisinin and to assess factors involved in this effect. Materials and methodsLN229 and U87MG cells were treated with various concentrations of artesunate and radiation response was determined by a colony forming assay. Cell numbers, apoptosis induction, cell cycle distribution, and DNA repair following combined modality treatment were monitored by MTT-, caspase 3/7 assay, cytofluorometry, and γ-H2AX foci formation. Expression of survivin, survivin–GFP fusion protein, XIAP, cellular (c)IAP1 and cIAP2 was monitored by Western immunoblotting. ResultsTreatment of glioma cells with artesunate and irradiation resulted in an increased apoptotic fraction, pronounced G2/M arrest and increased DNA damage as demonstrated by an elevated amount of γ-H2AX foci/nucleus. Incubation with artesunate lowers survivin expression in a time and dose-dependent manner, whereas expression of XIAP, cIAP1 and cIAP2 was not affected. In clonogenic assays, treatment with artesunate revealed a significantly reduced surviving fraction, whereas stable over expression of a survivin–GFP protein reversed artesunate-mediated radiosensitization. ConclusionArtesunate selectively down regulates survivin that contributes to a radio-sensitization of glioma cells by an increased induction of apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and a hampered DNA damage response.

Expression of Survivin, Bcl‐2 and Bax Proteins in the Domestic Cat (Felis catus) Endometrium During the Oestrus Cycle

Apoptosis has been shown to be an important regulator of endometrium function. To clarify the regulation of apoptosis in the cat endometrium during the normal oestrus cycle, the expressions of the apoptosis-related proteins (Bcl-2 and Bax) and their correlation to the inhibitor of apoptosis protein Survivin were analysed using immunohistochemistry. The TUNEL technique (TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labelling) was also used to detect DNA fragmentation characteristic of apoptotic cells. The results demonstrated that TUNEL labelling is not effective for the detection of apoptosis in cat endometrium. Survivin was expressed in the luminal and glandular epithelial cells of cat endometrium during all phases of the oestrus cycle. Survivin was localized in both the cytoplasm and nuclei of superficial and deep uterine gland cells during the luteal phase, while only cytoplasmic staining was observed during the follicular and anoestrus phases. Bax immunoreactivity in the cytoplasm of luminal and glandular epithelial cells as well as the smooth muscle cells of blood vessels was weak in the anoestrus phase. Compared with anoestrus, the intensity of Bax immunostaining was moderate in the follicular phase and increased dramatically in the luteal phase. Bcl-2 immunostaining in the cytoplasm of luminal and glandular epithelial cells was moderate in the anoestrus phase. During the early follicular phase, cytoplasmic Bcl-2 immunostaining was detected mostly in glandular epithelial cells. In the mid-follicular phase, in glands, the amount of Bcl-2 protein increased progressively from the superficial to the deep layer. In contrast, the expression of Bcl-2 decreased in the secretory phase, being very low or absent in the mid- and late luteal phases. The overall results suggest that Survivin, Bax and Bcl-2 proteins may cooperatively contribute to cell apoptosis and cell proliferation in the cat uterus during the oestrus cycle.

Histone Deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) Deacetylates Survivin for Its Nuclear Export in Breast Cancer

Survivin is an oncogenic protein that is highly expressed in breast cancer and has a dual function that is dependent on its subcellular localization. In the cytosol, survivin blocks programmed cell death by inactivating caspase proteins; however, in the nucleus it facilitates cell division by regulating chromosomal movement and cytokinesis. In prior work, we showed that survivin is acetylated by CREB-binding protein (CBP), which restricts its localization to the nuclear compartment and thereby inhibits its anti-apoptotic function. Here, we identify histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) as responsible for abrogating CBP-mediated survivin acetylation in the estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer cell line, MCF-7. HDAC6 directly binds survivin, an interaction that is enhanced by CBP. In quiescent breast cancer cells in culture and in malignant tissue sections from ER+ breast tumors, HDAC6 localizes to a perinuclear region of the cell, undergoing transport to the nucleus following CBP activation where it then deacetylates survivin. Genetically modified mouse embryonic fibroblasts that lack mhdac6 localize survivin predominantly to the nuclear compartment, whereas wild-type mouse embryonic fibroblasts localize survivin to distinct cytoplasmic structures. Together, these data imply that HDAC6 deacetylates survivin to regulate its nuclear export, a feature that may provide a novel target for patients with ER+ breast cancer.

MicroRNA-708 Induces Apoptosis and Suppresses Tumorigenicity in Renal Cancer Cells

Cancer pathogenesis is restricted by stresses that compromise cell division and survival. In this study, we identify miR-708, a little studied member of a set of microRNAs that have been implicated in stress control, as an important tumor suppressor in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). miR-708 expression was attenuated widely in human RCC specimens. Restoration of miR-708 expression in RCC cell lines decreased cell growth, clonability, invasion, and migration and elicited a dramatic increase in apoptosis. Moreover, intratumoral delivery of miR-708 was sufficient to trigger in vivo regression of established tumors in murine xenograft models of human RCC. Investigation of the targets of miR-708 identified the inhibitor of apoptosis protein survivin as important. siRNA-mediated knockdown of survivin partially phenocopied miR-708 overexpression suggesting that the proapoptotic role of miR-708 may be mediated primarily through survivin regulation. Additionally, we identified the E-cadherin regulators ZEB2 and BMI1 as likely miR-708 targets. Taken together, our findings define a major tumor suppressive role for miR-708, which may offer an attractive new target for prognostic and therapeutic intervention in RCC.

Isolation and characterization of squamous carcinoma cells resistant to photodynamic therapy

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) employing methyl δ-aminolevulinic acid (Me-ALA), as a precursor of the photosensitizer protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), is used for the treatment of non melanoma cutaneous cancer (NMCC). However, one of the problems of PDT is the apparition of resistant cell populations. The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize squamous carcinoma cells SCC-13 resistant to PDT with Me-ALA. The SCC-13 parental population was submitted to successive cycles of Me-ALA-PDT and 10 resistant populations were finally obtained. In parental and resistant cells there were analyzed the cell morphology (toluidine blue), the intracellular PpIX content (flow cytometry) and its localization (fluorescence microscopy), the capacity of closing wounds (scratch wound assay), the expression of cell-cell adhesion proteins (E-cadherin and β-catenin), cell-substrate adhesion proteins (β1-integrin, vinculin and phospho-FAK), cytoskeleton proteins (α-tubulin and F-actin) and the inhibitor of apoptosis protein survivin, in the activated form as phospho-survivin (indirect immunofluorescence and Western blot). The results obtained indicate that resistant cells showed a more fibroblastic morphology, few differences in intracellular content of the photosensitizer, higher capacity of closing wounds, higher number of stress fibers, more expression of cell-substrate adhesion proteins and higher expression of phospho-survivin than parental cells. These distinctive features of the resistant cells can provide decisive information to enhance the efficacy of Me-ALA applications in clinic dermatology.