Ingestion Of Wild Mushrooms Research Articles

LC-MS/MS Profiling of the Poisonous Wild Mushroom, Entoloma mastoideum, (Entolomataceae, Basidiomycota) in Sabah (Northern Borneo), Malaysia

In Malaysia, mushroom poisoning poses a significant public health concern, particularly as local communities frequently consume wild mushrooms without fully recognizing the potential dangers they present. Ingestion of wild mushrooms, which resemble edible species but contain deadly chemicals, is the main cause of poisoning risk. The genus Entoloma (Fr.) P. Kumm is dispersed worldwide, with over 1,500 species recorded. Entoloma mastoideum, a poisonous mushroom, was recorded for the first time at Kota Marudu district, Sabah, Malaysia, where ten cases of mushroom poisoning outbreaks were recorded during the rainy season of October 2019. The morphological characters of the specimens were documented and their microscopic features were analyzed using compound microscope and scanning electron microscope. A phylogenetic tree was constructed using Maximum likelihood and Bayesian analysis. Chemical profiling of the poisonous mushroom specimen was done via liquid chromatograph mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to identify toxic metabolites. The phylogenetic analysis showed that the Bornean E. mastoideum is closely related to the Chinese isolates (100% BS/1.0 PP). LC-MS/MS profiling detected a total of 162 metabolites that were classified into ten general groups, where several toxic compounds were detected amongst the aromatics, essential amino acids, and fatty acid derivatives. The toxic compounds identified in the mushroom extract, including amino acid derivatives such as 3,4,5,6-tetrahydroxyynorleucine, valpromide, and betaine, have been reported to cause neurotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, liver damage, and gastrointestinal harm. The presence of these toxic compounds underscores the need for caution when consuming wild mushrooms. Further research on poisonous Entoloma species is vital for developing accurate identification methods and understanding their toxic potential. This knowledge is essential for enhancing public awareness, preventing mushroom poisoning incidents and safeguarding public health.

Chlorophyllum molybdites poisoning on Reunion Island

In France, mushroom picking is part of the culture. The practice is not without risk, as around 1300 people are poisoned each year by eating wild mushrooms on the French mainland. However, this practice is not part of local culture on Reunion Island, a French territory located in the Indian Ocean. Indeed, there are practically no reports of mushroom poisoning on Reunion Island. Here we describe, through a retrospective study, cases of mushroom poisoning recorded in the Indian Ocean toxicosurveillance system database from 2020 to 2021. Overall, 19 people were poisoned following wild mushroom ingestion on Reunion Island: 15 in 2020 and 4 in 2021. Six events were recorded: the majority of poisonings involved clusters (n = 5) during a shared meal (pan-fried), only one case was single mushroom poisoning by ingesting a raw mushroom. Of all patients, 15 cases presented a gastrointestinal irritant syndrome (latency between 30 min and 3 h). Chlorophyllum molybdites was positively identified by mycologists in 4 cases, suspected by emergency doctor in 1 case and in one self-declared case, Volvariella volvacea was consumed. Poisoning following ingestion of wild mushrooms does occur on Reunion Island, and Chlorophyllum molybdites is the main culprit.

Radiocesium concentrations in mushrooms collected in Kawauchi Village five to eight years after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident.

Following the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident in March 2011, radionuclides such as iodine-131, cesium-134 and cesium-137 were released into environment. In this study, we collected wild mushrooms from the Kawauchi Village of Fukushima Prefecture, located less than 30 km southwest of the Fukushima nuclear power plant, to evaluate their radiocesium (134Cs+137Cs) concentrations and the risk of internal radiation exposure in local residents. 342 mushroom samples were collected from 2016 to 2019. All samples were analysed for radiocesium content by a high-purity germanium detector. Among 342 mushroom samples, 260 mushroom samples (76%) were detected the radiocesium exceeding the regulatory limit of radiocesium (100 Bq/kg for general foods in Japan). The median of committed effective dose from ingestion of wild mushrooms was in the range of 0.015-0.053 mSv in 2016, 0.0025-0.0087 mSv in 2017, 0.029-0.110 mSv in 2018 and 0.011-0.036 mSv in 2019 based on the assumption that Japanese citizens consumed wild mushrooms for 1 year. Thus, our study showed that although radiocesium is still detected in mushrooms collected in Kawauchi village even after 5 to 9 years later, the committed effective dose due to consuming mushrooms was lower than 1 mSv per year. Long-term comprehensive follow-up should monitor radiocesium concentrations in wild mushrooms to support the recovery of the community after the nuclear disaster.

Demographic and epidemiologic evaluation of mushroompoisoning: a retrospective study in 4-year admissions of Razi Hospital (Qaemshahr, Mazandaran, Iran).

Aim Wild mushroom intoxication is a public health problem, which causes a wide range of symptoms: from mild gastrointestinal symptoms to multiple organ failure and death. The present study aims to evaluate the epidemiology of mushroom intoxication in 4-year admissions of Razi Hospital, Qaemshahr, Mazandaran, Iran. Methods Medical records of all identified cases of mushroom poisoning admitted during the period between 2015 and 2018 were extracted and patients' demographic data including age, sex, latency period, season of poisoning, clinical presentations, laboratory findings, prognosis, duration of hospitalization and therapeutic interventions were recorded. Results A total of 65 mushroom poisoning cases were identified (mean age of 35.68 years), of which 32 (49.2%) were females. Latency of ≤ 6 hours was seen in 63 (96.4%) cases. The most prevalent season of intoxication was spring (60.7%). The most frequent symptoms were nausea and vomiting (86.5%) and abdominal pain (51.2%). No case required intensive care unit (ICU) care or mechanical ventilation. Mean hospital stay was 1.89 days without any mortality. Mean aspartate aminotransferase (AST) level was 21.89 (±9.55), but the disturbance of liver function tests (LFTs), coagulopathy, elevated level of bilirubin and/or platelet was not noted. In 93% of patients ranitidine, in 7% Penicillin G, and in 3.6% cefaclor and ceftriaxone was administrated. Conclusion People and health care providers must be educated about mushroom poisoning. Prompt transfer of suspicious cases with history of wild mushroom ingestion to the emergency department is crucial since patients showing toxicity symptoms after 6 hours might have worse and mortal prognosis despite treatment.

Extensive analysis of radiocesium concentrations in wild mushrooms in eastern Japan affected by the Fukushima nuclear accident: Use of open accessible monitoring data

After the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident, there has been an increasing concern regarding the contamination of wild mushrooms with radiocesium (134Cs and 137Cs) in eastern Japan. In this study, we analyzed the radioactivity monitoring data of 3189 wild edible mushrooms of 107 species collected by the 265 local municipalities in eastern Japan to investigate the radiocesium levels in wild mushrooms. Results of the analysis showed that radiocesium concentrations in mushrooms were normalized with radioactivity deposition data from aircraft monitoring, and then we evaluated the effects of species, sampled location, sampling year and regional deviation between 134Cs and 137Cs activity of specimens using a hierarchical Bayesian approach considering spatial autocorrelation (an intrinsic CAR model). Normalized activity concentration by species ranged from 1.1×10−4 to 2.3×10−2 (m2 kg−1, fresh weight). As reported in previous studies, the mycorrhizal species tended to have higher radiocesium concentrations. Some saprophytic species (e.g. Pholiota lubrica) also had high concentrations. For the mushroom species that were also evaluated in the post-Chernobyl studies, we found that the same species had similar trends of absorption capacities. Our results indicate the extensive analysis of public monitoring data is helpful to understand the situation of mushroom contamination and evaluate the internal dose by ingestion of wild mushrooms according to species and areas.

Death Following Ingestion of Clitocybe Species Mushroom

Death due to muscarine toxicity after ingestion of wild mushrooms is a rare event. We present a case of a patient that developed a severe cholinergic toxidrome and subsequently died after ingesting Clitocybe mushrooms.

Assessing the toxicity level of some useful mushrooms of Burkina Faso (West Africa)

Objective: The goal of this study is to evaluate the potential risks of intoxication following the ingestion of wild mushrooms. Methodology and results: This study was carried out on four different species of wild mushrooms including two edible species Chlorophyllum cf. molybdites and Phlebopus sudanicus and two medicinal ones, Ganoderma lucidum and Phellinus pachyphloeus . These species were analyzed on their acute toxicity and their LD50 were calculated based on dry material. The fresh mushroom weights equivalent to the threshold of the LD 50 was also evaluated. The fungal species LD50 were 695.62 mg/kg; 679.09 mg/kg; 395.19 mg/kg and 1070.79 mg/kg for P. sudanicus , C. cf. molybdites , G. lucidum and P. pachyphloeus respectively. By comparing these values to the scale of toxicity from Hodge and Sterner, the extracts of P. sudanicus, C. cf. molybdites and P. pachyphloeus are classified among the substances slightly toxic while G lucidum is classified like toxic substance. The fresh mushrooms values equivalent to the lyophilized used for the species were 2.47 kg; 3.67 kg; 1.22 kg and 7.96 kg respectively for P. sudanicus, C. cf . molybdites, G. lucidum and P. Pachyphloeus. Conclusion and application of results: By taking a minimum of precautions, these species could be developed on the nutritional and therapeutic level.However, it is necessary to undertake toxicity study on the fresh material and by oral way, form of administration generally recommended by the tradi-therapeutists.

Respiratory arrest following ingestion of wild mushrooms in 3 dogs (2006–2011)

To describe the clinical course, treatment, and outcome of 3 dogs with respiratory arrest following mushroom ingestion. Three dogs were presented for mushroom toxicosis that developed respiratory arrest. Two of the dogs were treated with diazepam just prior to the development of respiratory arrest; 1 dog received no medications prior to respiratory arrest. Of the 3 dogs, 1 was euthanized and the remaining 2 recovered fully with assisted and mechanical ventilation. This is the first documentation of respiratory arrest associated with mushroom toxicosis in dogs.

Wild mushroom poisonings in the Middle Black Sea region in Turkey: Analyses of 6 years

Wild mushroom poisoning (MP) is an important medical emergency that may have serious clinical outcome. The aim of this study was to evaluate the demographic and clinical features of patients with wild MP. This study was designed retrospectively by examining files of the patients with wild MP who were admitted to Ondokuz Mayis University Emergency Department, between January 2002 and December 2007. Patients > or =16 years of age were included in the study. A total of 317 patients poisoned by wild mushrooms (mean age, 42.0 +/- 16.3 years; 67.5% female) were studied. All poisonings were accidental, i.e. consumption of wild mushrooms collected from open fields and woodlands or purchased from local bazaars. The common symptoms and complaints on admission were nausea (86.8%) and vomiting (79.8%). The poisoning latent phase in most cases was <6 hours (86.8%). Most of the poisonings occurred in autumn (59.6%). Three patients died in the hospital due to acute liver failure and complications. The duration of hospitalization was a median 3 days (range: 1-12 days). The public should be informed about the probable hazards of wild mushroom ingestion.

Acute renal failure and neurological manifestations following ingestion of wild mushrooms

Sir, A 58-year-old nonalcoholic man was admitted to the emergency department with one day history of confusion, vomiting, oliguria. He was under no medication or drug abuse. His blood pressure was 140/80 mmHg, pulse rate 80 bpm, body temperature 38°C, and respiratory rate 30 breaths/min. Physical examination was remarkable for pinpoint pupils (miosis) bilaterally; no signs of meningeal irritation were noticed. The patient was lethargic, he obeyed to doctor's commands and communicated with confused conversation, showing disorientation and disorganized thinking (GCS:14). He presented with a deep and labored breathing pattern, such as Kussmaul breathing. He was treated with ceftriaxone 2 g/day, as empirical therapy for bacterial meningitis. The patient was intubated due to impending coma and acute respiratory failure and was transferred to the intensive care unit (ICU). Laboratory data revealed: WBC: 18000/ cm3 with neutrophils 80%; Hct: 38; PLT: 200000; Blood Urea Nitrogen: 110 mg/ dl; Creatinine: 5.2 mg/ dl; Potassium: 4 MEq/l; Sodium: 139 mEq/l; Chloride: 101 mEq/l; SGOT: 19; SGPT: 16; LDH: 459; γGT: 18; total bilirubin: 0.68. Arterial blood gases, under assist control ventilation with FiO2 60%, tidal volume 500 ml και breathing rate 14, were: PO2: 268 mmHg, PCO2: 31 mmHg, PH: 7.32, HCO3: 16. A brain C/T revealed no abnormal signs and a chest C/T showed bibasilar opacities. A lumbar puncture was performed and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) test results were: White blood cell (WBC): 2/mm3 (28% polymorphs, 72% lymphocytes), protein: 65 g/L, glucose: 85 mg/ dl. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Gram's stain and cultures, and tests for HSV 1 and 2, enteroviruses, Coxsackie viruses, Listeria monocytogenes, CMV and Borelia were all negative. Blood cultures, IgG and IgM antibodies for leptospira interrogans, borellia burgdorferi, brucella, coxiella burnetii and immunologic tests for vasculitis were also negative. Renal ultrasound revealed normal-sized kidneys and no hydronephrosis. The patient was placed on continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration (CVVHFD) due to anuric acute renal failure (ARF) of unknown origin. Ceftriaxone 2 g/d and clindamycin (600 mg/td) were provided for presumed aspiration pneumonia. Renal biopsy showed marked focal interstitial lymphocytic infiltrate, consistent with interstitial nephritis. Two days later, the patient was apyrexial and alert and was successfully extubated after a short weaning trial. He acknowledged having consumed wild, brown-coloured mushrooms two days prior to admission. Two friends of his had tried the same mushrooms, without developing any symptoms. The patient was transferred to a dialysis department; his renal function gradually improved and he was discharged four weeks later in an excellent condition. The medical history and clinical presentation of the patient were consistent with mushroom intoxication. Other causes of interstitial nephritis and altered consciousness such as Wegener's granulomatosis, microscopic polyangiitis, leptospirosis, methanol or salicylate intoxication were excluded. Although the exact type of mushrooms ingested by the patient was not identified, his clinical pattern was similar to intoxication by mushrooms from the genus cortinarius [Figure 1]. This particular type contains the toxin orellanine, which is responsible for acute interstitial nephritis and ARF, while preserving hepatic function.[1] Its oxidation leads to the production of reactive oxygen species and depletion of glutathione, rendering renal cells susceptible to oxidant damage.[2] Figure 1 Mushrooms of genous cortinarius The clinical picture consists of an asymptomatic period, followed by oliguric renal failure 2-20 days postingestion. Common symptoms include nausea and vomiting, neurological manifestations (paraesthesia, cognitive disorders), parasympatheticomimetic reactions (for example, mysis), lumbar and abdominal pains.[1] Wide variations in individual sensitivity are observed and there is no correlation between the amount ingested and the intensity of signs.[3] The high individual sensitivity may suggest that renal toxicity results from the toxin's hepatic metabolism and the hydroxylation capacity of hepatic P450 cytochromes.[4] Additionally, our patient did not mention any use of acetaminophen, which might have depleted glutathione faster and could explain the intoxication. The incidence of renal failure varies from 30-45%,[4] with acute tubulointerstitial nephritis, as the predominant finding in renal biopsy.[1] Recovery of renal function is obtained within a month in 64% of the cases, while in all other cases renal failure persists.[4] Hemodialysis is the only appropriate treatment, which may eliminate the free circulating toxin, while furosemide may aggravate renal lesions.[5] N-acetylcysteine is another reported treatment specific to orellanine intoxication, but its benefit remains debatable.[2,6] In our patient, the syndrome of unexplained tubulointerstitial nephritis with neurological manifestations was finally attributed to cortinarius poisoning. Clinicians should be aware of these potential toxicities that are characterized by high individual sensitivity and may result in permanent renal lesions.

Early onset muscarinic manifestations after wild mushroom ingestion

Despite being a favorite delicacy, only 200–300 of the 5,000 known mushroom species have been clearly established to be safe for consumption. Cases of mushroom poisoning have been reported with diverse clinical syndromes. A syndromic classification of mushroom poisoning has recently been developed to facilitate early interventions. We present a series of five cases of mushroom poisoning with muscarinic manifestations to highlight the difficulties we faced with exact species and toxin identification and the importance of this syndromic classification. The common symptoms in our case series are blurred vision, diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal cramps.

Type I Autoimmune Hepatitis Presenting With Acute Liver Failure in the Setting of Wild Mushroom Ingestion

Type I autoimmune hepatitis usually has an indolent presentation and course, and is classically thought of as a disease of young women, but can in fact occur across all age ranges. Although its etiology remains unclear, it is hypothesized that an environmental antigen may trigger the disease in a genetically susceptible individual. Here, we report the unusual case of a woman in her seventh decade who presented with acute liver failure as her initial manifestation of autoimmune hepatitis, and who had been a long-time ingestor of hand-picked, wild mushrooms.

Amanita Bisporigera Ingestion

Ingestion of wild mushrooms has led to unintentional poisonings caused by mistaken identity. We report 3 cases of exposure to Amanita bisporigera, demonstrating dose-related toxicity. The use of nasobiliary drainage as a novel approach to interrupting the enterohepatic circulation of amatoxins is illustrated. Pathophysiology and treatment of Amanita poisoning are reviewed.

Amanita phalloidescausing acute renal failure and liver disease resolved with intensive therapy

In this unusual case we report the history of two persons who were hospitalized after the ingestion of wild mushrooms identified as Amanita Phalloides. The two individuals developed severe symptoms until acute renal failure and liver injury resolved completely due to the rapid diagnosis and the intensive immediate treatment within 24 hours using new methods including hemodialysis and Molecular Adsorbent Recycling System (MARS).

Cadmium and copper concentrations in feces, urine and blood after ingestion of wild mushrooms

Because of concern about possible long-term accumulation of cadmium caused by the ingestion of wild mushrooms of the agaricus species we collected feces, urine and blood of eight subjects who had eaten meals of wild (agaricus) mushrooms. The anticipation of high concentrations of fecal cadmium after the diet was confirmed, whereas no increase was found in the levels of cadmium in blood and urine. These results suggest that due to the chitinous nature of fungi there may be no relevant absorption of cadmium from mushrooms in humans.

Mushroom Poisoning-an overview

There are many thousands of mushroom species in the world, some are edible and some are poisonous due to containing significant toxins. The edible mushroom is a common food item with tempting flavour, taste and nutritive value; nowadays quite often grown at home and cultured with commercial marketing. Mushroom poisoning usually results from ingestion of wild mushrooms due to misidentification of a toxic mushroom as an edible species bearing very close resemblance, deliberate seeking of psychotropic mushrooms and accidental childhood ingestions. Majority of fatal mushroom poisoning occurs due to ingestion of Amanita Phalloides - the 'death cap', due to its high content of Amatoxin - a potent cytotoxin. Fatal poisoning is usually associated with delayed onset of symptoms which are very severe, with hepatic, renal, hemolytic and CNS involvement. Aim of this article is for informational and preventive purpose. Key words: Mushroom poisoning; amanita phalloidis; amatoxin. DOI: 10.3126/jcmsn.v6i2.3619 Journal of college of Medical Sciences-Nepal, 2010, Vol.6, No-2, 56-61

NEWS AND ANNOUNCEMENTS

National Registry of Deaths From Mycetism The National Registry of Deaths from Mycetism maintains a file of deaths attributed to ingestion of wild mushrooms (1957 to date). Physicians are requested to send notice of all such deaths (age, sex, date, locality) to Robert W. Buck, M.D., Secretary, Massachusetts Medical Society, 22 The Fenway, Boston 15, Massachusetts. New Appointments for DR. Howell and DR. Wedgewood Dr. Doris A. Howell of Duke University has been appointed Professor and Chairman of the Department of Pediatrics at the Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia.