Ing Units Research Articles

DINAMIKA USAHA PENGGILINGAN PADI KECIL DI MASA PANDEMI COVID-19 : STUDI KASUS KECAMATAN PURBARATU, KOTA TASIKMALAYA

The existence of the Covid-19 pandemic in Indonesia has had an impact on the Small Rice Mill ing Unit (Small RMU) . With the massive assistance given at the beginning of the pandemic to help the community and to reduce the spread of Covid-19, causing RMU complain about a decline in income of more than 50%. Systems thinking approach is used to describe the dynamics. To describe the relationship, a Causal Loop Diagram (CLD) is used. While To identify problems and see behavior, one of PRA (Participatory Rural Appraisal) techniques is used, using a trend chart. A model formulation stage, content analysis is used. The results showed that the decrease in income that RMU complained about loss of a large amount of revenue from rice production activities. However, if viewed from the side of overall income, RMU is actually experiencing an increase in income caused by makloon activities and drying floor rentals due to the harvest season in that time span. The existence of these two activities allows RMU to survive during the pandemic.

Improving Marketable Quality of Tomato: a Simulation of Shipping Conditions in Ghana

Aim:The study assessed the influence of a sequence of anticipated hazard elements (impact, compression, vibration) and shipment conditions on marketable quality under varying temperatures and ripeness stages. Study Design: The vibration test simulates a truck operating at highway speed and determines the ability of shipp ing units to withstand vertical and compression forces resulting from stacking during transport. Storage at 30∫C depictedambient conditions;15 and 20∫C are optimum temperatures for ripening; and pink and light -red ripeness depict

A crystal chemical approach to superconductivity. I. A bond-valence sum analysis of inorganic compounds

A crystal-chemical approach to superconduc- tivity is described that is intended to complement the cor- responding physical approach. The former approach takes into account the distinction between the stoichiometric va- lence ( stoich V) and the structural valence ( struct V) which is represented by the bond-valence sums (BVS). Through calculations of BVS values from crystal-structure data de- termined at ambient temperature and pressure it has been found that in chalcogenides und pnictides of the transition metals Fe, Co, Ni, Mn, Hf, and Zr the atoms of the poten- tial superconducting units yield values of |BVS| ¼ | struct V| � 1.11 � | stoich V|, whereas the atoms of the charge reser- voirs have in general values of | struct V| < 1.11 � | stoich V|. In corresponding compounds which contain the same ele- ments but are not becoming superconducting, nearly all atoms are found to have | struct V| < 1.11 � | stoich V|. For atoms of oxocuprates that are not becoming superconduct- ing and for atoms of the charge reservoirs of oxocuprates that become superconducting, the relation | struct V| < 1.11 � | stoich V| seems also to be fulfilled, with the exception of Ba. However, in several oxocuprates the relation | struct V| ¼ 1.11 � | stoich V| for the atoms that become superconduct- ing units is violated. These violations seem to indicate that in oxocuprates it is the local bond-valence distribution rather than the bond-valence sums that is essential for superconductivity. The present analysis can possibly be used to predict, by a simple consideration of ambient-T, P structures, whether a compound can become an unconven- tional superconductor at low T, under high P and/or by doping, or not.

ESTRUTURA DA SINÚSIA EPIFÍTICA E EFEITO DE BORDA EM UMA ÁREA DE TRANSIÇÃO ENTRE FLORESTA ESTACIONAL SEMIDECÍDUA E FLORESTA OMBRÓFILA MISTA

Tendo em vista a baixa disponibilidade de informações sobre a sinúsia epifítica vascular na região Sul do Brasil, o objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever a estrutura de epífitos vasculares considerando o efeito de borda em uma área de transição entre Floresta Estacional Semidecídua e Floresta Ombrófila Mista. O levantamento foi realizado em um remanescente de 60 ha na região norte do Rio Grande do Sul. Foram analisados 499 forófitos, com perímetro a 1,3 m do solo ³ 15 cm, em 40 unidades amostrais de 10×10 m, sendo 20 localizadas em área de borda e 20 no interior do remanescente. Os forófitos foram divididos em cinco estratos, para análise da distribuição vertical das espécies, e suas estruturas comunitárias foram comparadas através de análise de agrupamento. Foram coletados dados referentes à luminosidade, umidade relativa do ar e temperatura para cada unidade amostral. As espécies com maior frequência e dominância foram Peperomia trineuroides Dahlst., para a área de borda, e Lepismium cruciforme (Vell.) Miquel para a área de interior. As estimativas de umidade, temperatura e luminosidade diferiram (P &lt; 0,001) entre as áreas de borda e interior, enquanto que diversidade e equabilidade não foram estatisticamente diferentes. Embora não tenham ocorrido diferenças estruturais entre borda e interior, houve variação estrutural ao longo do gradiente vertical da floresta. Palavras-chave: Estratificação vertical; forófito; luminosidade; remanescente florestal; Sul do Brasil. Abstract Structure of vascular epiphytes communities and the edge-effect relationships in a transitional area of seasonal semideciduous forest and rain mixed forest. Due to the low amount of information about the structure of epiphytes in southern Brazil the aim of this work was to describe the phytosociological structure of vascular epiphytes and edge-effect relationships in a transitional remnant between semideciduous seasonal forest and rain mixed forest. The survey was conducted in a 60 ha forest remnant located at northern Rio Grande do Sul state. We analyzed 499 host-trees with perimeter at breast height ³ 15 cm distributed in 40 sampling units of 10×10 m (20 at the edge and 20 at inside the remnant). The host-trees were divided in five strata to analyze vertical distribution of epiphytes and their community structures were compared by cluster analysis. We also collected data from lightness, relative humidity and air temperature in each sampling unit. The most frequent and dominant species were Peperomia trineuroides Dahlst. at the edge and Lepismium cruciforme (Vell.) Miq. at the inside site. Diversity and equability at both sites were not statistically different, by other hand, light, relative humidity and air temperature were quite different (P &lt; 0.001). There are not structural differences between edge and inside sites to the epiphyte community, although slight differences occurred across the vertical forest strata to epiphyte community.Keywords: Forest remnant; host-trees; lightness; southern Brazil; vertical strata.

Mono-and Dinuclear triphos-Metal(II)-Complexes with N itriles as Co-Ligands

Abstract The triphos ligand CH3C(CH2PPh2)3 reacts with Co(BF4)2 (aq) or Fe(BF4)2 (aq) in the presence of nitriles RCN to produce the pentacoordinate [triphosCo(NCR)2](BF4)2 (1) or the hexacoordinate [triphosFe(NCR)3](BF4)2 (2). With α,ω-dinitriles NC-X-CN dinuclear compounds [triphosFe(NC-X-CN)3Fetriphos](BF4)4 (X = (CH2)3 (3a) X = o-C6H4 (3b) are formed. The compound [triphosFe((CH3)2C=C(CN)2)3Fetriphos](PF6)4 (3c) is obtained from FeCl2 by addition of the triphos ligand, the dinitrile and NaPF6. All compounds are characterised by the usual analytical techniques including X-ray analy­ses. It is observed that the quadruply positively charged compounds 3 tend to associate the respective anions in pockets formed by the three segments of the Fe(NC-X-CN)3Fe bridg ing units.

Microbial Decontamination of Ventilation Systems

The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has issued a number of recommendations aimed at preventing abnormally high levels of bioaerosols. These include the elimination of stagnant water, microbial substrates, and microbial growth centres in ventilation systems, and the implementation of effective maintenance programmes. Disinfection tech niques (e.g., HEPA vacuuming, hypochlorite disinfection, and steam cleaning) are capable of eliminating microbial substrates and growth centres from ducts and other contaminated surfaces, but there is no information in the scientific literature on the optimum frequency of these operations. This study evaluated a number of corrective measures aimed at reducing aeromicrobial flora (bacte ria and saprophytic moulds). Samples of inside and outside air were taken at a laundry serving 30 hospitals. The outside air and that from 3 ventilation sys tems was sampled using a Burkard (Jet Spore) sampler, while an Andersen N-6 sampler was used to gather air samples at 6 workstations. Four 1-day sampling surveys were performed; in each case, samples were taken at least twice a day. In the first survey, carried out in June 1988, the contamination of outside air was found to differ significantly (p ≤ 0.05) from that of the air at some of the workstations, both qualitatively and quantitatively. The same workstations were re-evaluated in December 1988, 2 months after the ventilation system had been disinfected with hypochlorites and the operating conditions modi fied. No significant differences, either qualitative or quantitative, were observed between inside and outside air. The third sampling survey was undertaken in September 1989, 2 weeks after a specialized firm had per formed a complete disinfection of the system and ducts (HEPA vacuuming, steam cleaning, and disinfection with dilute hypochlorites). Visual inspection of the workplace and the ventilation system, now operating under normal con ditions, was also performed, in keeping with ACGIH recommendations. No significant difference was observed between inside and outside air. A 4th sur vey was conducted 8 months later, in May 1990, to verify the frequency of maintenance operations. Again, no significant differences were observed between inside and outside air. Ventilation systems should be disinfected before use, i.e., in the spring and autumn for air-conditioning units and heat ing units, respectively. The frequency of maintenance operations should be established on the basis of visual inspection.

In Vivo Fate of End-Chain Radiolabelled Poly(β-malic acid), a Water-Soluble Biodegradable Drug Carrier

In a first attempt to determine the fate of poly(β-malic acid) after intravenous injection in mice, polymer end-chain 14C-radiolabelling was achieved using 14C-triethylamine as the initiator for the ring-opening polymer ization of benzyl malolactonate. The corresponding poly(β-malic acid) sodium salt ( Mw ∼ 30,000) exhibited an activity of 4.2 μCi :g-1. Aliquots of a neutral isoosmotic solution of the latter were given intravenously to mice through a lateral tail vein. Radioactivity was counted in the liver, kidney, intestine, lung, brain, spleen, heart, muscle, urine and blood for various post-injection times up to 24 hours. Fast urinary excretion (70% after 1 hour and 90% after 6 hours) was observed. For all the sites investigated, radioactivity decreased exponen tially except in the liver and kidneys where a small peak was detected after 2 hours. Further investigations with poly(β-malic acid) radiolabelled in repeat ing units will be necessary to overcome the shortcomings of the end-chain radiolabelling method applied to degradable polymers.

The use of in vitro brain slices for multidisciplinary studies of synaptic function.

The use of cell and tissue culture is well established and, particularly in the hands of biochemists, has contributed considerably to present knowl­ edge of cell function at the single cell level. A complementary technique, which permits the study of the mechanisms of intercellular interactions, appears to be the in vitro brain slice (Yamamoto & McIlwain 1966). These tissue slices are transferred into the artificial environment as intact function­ ing units in which the complicated hardware, the interconnections be-

Selection of the optimal composition of steel for manufacturing furnace tubes of catalytic-reforming units

Smaller-diameter and, therefore, thinner-walled (up to 5-9 mm wall thickness) furnace tubes are used in modern, large catalytic-reform ing units. In addition, the tube wails may be heated to 620~ Under such conditions, the carburization process of the tube metal has an even greater effect on the tubes' operating reliability because when the tube wall temperature is increased, the carburization rate increases, and when the wall thickness is decreased, the relative amount of carburization increases sharply. Therefore, the problem was set up to select a heat-resistant steel of optimal composition ensuring resistance to hydrogen sulfide corrosion, hydrogen, and carburization. As a result of an investigation of specimens of steels 20K, 12MKh, 12KhM, 15KhSM, 12Kh2MFSR, 1Kh12V2MF, 12Kh13M1, and 15Kh2M2FBS held for a long time (up to 2 yr) in the medium of a catalytic-reform ing unit, at 500-530~ and at a pressure of up to 50 kgf/cm 2, it was found that the steels behaved differently under the same conditions in relation to the composition and content of alloying elements. Steels containing a sufficiently large amount of carbide-forming elements, namely, chromium, vanadium, etc., were carburized. Specimens of steel 15KhSM had the maximum carburization depth (1.5 mm). Steels 12Kh2MFSR and 15Kh2M2FBS were carburized to practically the same degree, and the specimens of steels 1Khl2V2MF and 12Kh13M1 had a thin carburized layer containing an increased amount of carbides. Carburization was not observed on specimens of steels 12MKh, and the metal structure was identical with respect to the cross section of the specimens. Specimens of carbon steels were completely decarburized, and cracks were formed in the metal of the specimens as a result of hydrogen corrosion. The obtained results indicate that the medium of reforming units is carburizing for some steels and decarburizing for other steels. The direction of the reaction depends on the equilibrium constant under the given conditions and the value of the thermodynamic activity of the carbon in the steel. Comparative tests of the carburization tendency of specimens of various steels of experimental and industrial melts were carried out in a medium of technical methane at 600 and 700~ and cycle times of 10% 300, and 1000 h and in an industrial carburization furnace (medium of natural gas) at a carburization temperature of 940~ and a cycle time of 100 h. Specimens with a diameter of 10 mm and length of 40 mm were tested. The depth and concentration of the carburized layer was determined as a result of metallographic and layerwise chemical analyses. It was determined that at all the test temperatures, as the chromium content was increased from 1 to 2%

The politics of housing: Squatters

Squatting the illegal occupancy of property, is associated most commonly with developing countries. However, it has been recenth' used in Britain, Ireland and the United States as a tactic for protesting housing conditions and as a means of directly" acquiring housing. Although the total numbcr of dwel[ing units occupied by squatters only a few hundred on both sides of the Atlantic is relatively smalk the movements have had significant impact on public agencies concerned with housing. The squatting movement has relied heavily on the human interest value of publicity to gain the support of the general public in the fight for improved housing. For instance, the case of Mrs. Maggie O'Shannon and her two children splashed across British newspapers in January 1969. With the aid of some neighbors, the O'Shannons moved from a damp, crowded basement flat to an empty house across the strcet. The house bclonged to the Greater l,ondon Council (GLC) which promptly tried to evict her. But the London Squatters (~ampaign seized the opportunity to advance their cause and came to her defense. Neighbors provided food, electricity and other necessities. Under public pressure, the GLC decided she could keep the house if she paid rent. The self-help nature of her actions and the image of a solid lower-middle class family driven to desperate measures gained almost universal public sympathy for the squatters. Maggie O'Shannon became known as the Joan of Arc of the movement, a "prima donna among squ atters." The London Squatters Campaign began in December 1968 with an action calculated to demonstrate the urgency of the housing crisis confronting poor persons in the city. Youthful members of the Campaign staged a temporary

A psyche and soma reunited. A discussion of the need for an organized team approach when dealing with a child having a long term life-threatening illness.

This report explores the dilemma presented by a life-threatening asthmatic condition, and describes how no therapeutic progress could be made un til after a team of medical and paramedical people were welded into a work ing unit and all the interrelated problems were attacked simultaneously.

The Effect of Health Teaching on the Anxiety Level of Patients With Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease

An experimental study was conducted to measure the effects of a health teaching unit on the anxiety level of patients with chronic obstructive lung disease attending an out-patient chest clinic. The health teaching program was administered via an automated audio/slide unit in two sessions of thirty minutes each, using group interaction as one mean's and. nurse-patient interaction as the other. A third group served, as the control. The Institute for Personality and. Ability Testing (I PAT) Anxiety Scale was utilized to measure trait anxiety and the Affect Adjective Check List (AACL) was utilized to measure state anxiety. The research hypothesis that health teaching done in a small group by the professional nurse will result in a significant reduction of mean trait and state anxiety scores for individuals with chronic obstructive lung disease was not supported,. The subjects who received the health teach­ ing unit in a nurse-patient interaction had the lowest mean trait and state anxiety scores, indicating a trend toward, the preference of individual instruction over group instruction when the goal is reduced, anxiety. The highest I PAT anxiety scores were obtained, by the two smoking subjects in the group setting. This suggested, the possi­ bility of increased dissonance for subjects who smoke and viii are exposed to anti-smoking information in a group composed of smokers and. nonsmokers„

The Integrated versus the Non-Integrated use of Moving Pictures in the Classroom

The purpose of this investigation is to gain some information in regard to the relative teaching value of two commonly used, funda mentally different, methods of using educa tional films in the classroom. By one method a film is used incidentally, sometime before or after the teaching of the unit to which it pertains. In this article this procedure will be referred to as the non-integrated method, or Procedure I. By the second method a film is used at the time the unit of work to which it pertains is being taught, in such a manner that the film becomes an integral part of the teaching unit. This method will be referred as the integrated method, or Procedure II. Authorities in the field of visual education seem to agree that the integrated method of using films is the ideal method. They are not agreed, however, as to which is the more practical method, since it costs from 40% to 50% more to book films so that they can be integrated with the regular classwork. The basis for this difference of opinion is a dis agreement as to the relative educational value to be derived from the integrated and non integrated use of films. Some visual educa tion authorities and users of visual aids take the position that films unless integrated with the regular classwork are of very questionable teaching value and that money spent on non integrated films is largely wasted from an ed ucational viewpoint. Others argue that films are of great educational value whether inte grated with the regular classwork or not and that the difference in the products of learning from the two methods is not great enough to justify the increased cost of the integrated method. In actual school practice it seems that the field is rather evenly divided between the two procedures. When there is such a wide divergence in theory and in practice on such an important point it seems obvious that it should be taken out of the realm of opinion and submitted to careful experimentation. The object of this investigation is to make a beginning in that direction. More specifically, the purpose of this in vestigation is to gather data from experimen tation which will throw some light upon the answer to the following questions: i. How much more information do children gain from an educational film when it is stud ied intensively, as an integral part of a learn ing unit, than when it is shown incidentally sometime before the formal class study of the unit of work to which it pertains? 2. Do children gain more information from a learning unit (as distinguished from the film alone) when a moving picture is used as an integral part of the unit, than when the moving picture is shown sometime before the start of the unit?