Infrastructure Development Program Research Articles

EFFECT OF PAYE AND OTHER INTERNALLY GENERATED REVENUE TAXES ON EXPENDITURE OF GOVERNMENT IN SOUTHWEST STATE, NIGERIA

A tax is a compulsory charge on income, consumption and production imposed upon an individual, Partnership or companies by the government of a nation in order to fund various public expenditures. The intricate relationship between the collection of PAYE and other internally generated revenue taxes and the allocation of funds towards public services, infrastructure development, and social welfare programs poses a complex challenge. The study therefore examines the tax revenue and government expenditure in Southwest, Nigeria. The study adopts ex-post facto research design while data was sourced secondarily from the audited annual financial reports and budgets of southwestern states governments for the period of forty (40) years 1982-2022. The population of the study were the entire six (6) states of south west Nigeria. Analytical techniques used in the study involved both descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics include minimum, maximum, mean and standard deviation values. Variance Decomposition Analysis (VDA) and Impulse Response Function (IRF) as components of time series regression analysis was used in assessing all the study variables at 5% significant level. Regression analysis was used to examine the effect of PAYE and other internally generated revenue taxes on expenditure. The result of the regression analysis implies that four explanatory variables INT and COT were significant in explaining variation on the effect of PAYE and other internally generated revenue taxes on expenditure of government in southwest state with p values of (0.0202 and 0.0116). The study concludes that Pay AsYou Earn (PAYE) and other internal generated revenue taxes has significant effect to government expenditure in southwest states, Nigeria. Therefore, the study recommends that Government in the southwestern states should develop and implement effective strategies to further boost revenue generation, especially from internal sources like Pay As You Earn (PAYE) and other internally generated taxes..

EFFECT OF PAYE AND OTHER INTERNALLY GENERATED REVENUE TAXES ON EXPENDITURE OF GOVERNMENT IN SOUTHWEST STATE, NIGERIA

A tax is a compulsory charge on income, consumption and production imposed upon an individual, Partnership or companies by the government of a nation in order to fund various public expenditures. The intricate relationship between the collection of PAYE and other internally generated revenue taxes and the allocation of funds towards public services, infrastructure development, and social welfare programs poses a complex challenge. The study therefore examines the tax revenue and government expenditure in Southwest, Nigeria. The study adopts ex-post facto research design while data was sourced secondarily from the audited annual financial reports and budgets of southwestern states governments for the period of forty (40) years 1982-2022. The population of the study were the entire six (6) states of south west Nigeria. Analytical techniques used in the study involved both descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics include minimum, maximum, mean and standard deviation values. Variance Decomposition Analysis (VDA) and Impulse Response Function (IRF) as components of time series regression analysis was used in assessing all the study variables at 5% significant level. Regression analysis was used to examine the effect of PAYE and other internally generated revenue taxes on expenditure. The result of the regression analysis implies that four explanatory variables INT and COT were significant in explaining variation on the effect of PAYE and other internally generated revenue taxes on expenditure of government in southwest state with p values of (0.0202 and 0.0116). The study concludes that Pay AsYou Earn (PAYE) and other internal generated revenue taxes has significant effect to government expenditure in southwest states, Nigeria. Therefore, the study recommends that Government in the southwestern states should develop and implement effective strategies to further boost revenue generation, especially from internal sources like Pay As You Earn (PAYE) and other internally generated taxes..

Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation and Sustainability of Community Development Projects in Kitui West Constituency, Kenya

There are significant challenges faced by project managers in Kitui west constituency when it comes to implementing sustainable projects, in particular, the Community Level Infrastructure Development Program was aimed at promoting equitable development across the entire constituency through implementing small scale infrastructure projects. However, there was a partial or no realization of the envisaged benefits. The aim of this study was therefore be to assess the impact on sustainability for Community Development Projects in Kitui West Constituency, Kenya from Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation. The study was based on theory of sustainability, the ladder of participation, stakeholder theory, modern organizational theory and real assessment theory. Research was conducted using a descriptive design for this study. 10 projects that have been operational within 2016 - 2021 was the target population of this study. The researcher targeted 87 respondents comprising of 20 project management committee and 67 constituency development committee members. The study conducted a census of 87 respondents. The study sample size was 10 projects with 87 respondents. For the purpose of collecting data in this study, a questionnaire was used. The study tested the instruments in Kitui central constituency involving 8 respondents. Research instruments were assessed for content, face, and criterion validity. Reliability was measured using Cronbach’s alpha. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (correlation, regression). Results, shown in tables and figures, indicated that community engagement, capacity building, resource use, and communication positively impacted project sustainability. The study concludes that involving community members in project planning, implementation, and evaluation fosters ownership and empowerment. The study recommends that the constituency should involve community members in the planning and decision-making processes is crucial which can be achieved through community meetings, workshops, and focus group discussions where residents can voice their needs, priorities, and ideas.

The role of Water Operator Partnership in accelerating adoption of new working process for non-revenue water reduction: a case study – Waterworx WOP between Perumda Air Minum Tirta Moedal and VEI

ABSTRACT This paper presents the approach, results, and contributing factors to success of a Non-Revenue Water (NRW) reduction intervention in a Water Operator Partnership (WOP) between Perumda Air Minum Tirta Moedal Kota Semarang (PDAM Semarang) and VEI Dutch Water Operators (VEI). This paper makes a case for the prioritisation of small but smart operational investment to improve the water use efficiency (SDG 6.4) in infrastructure development programmes which typically focus on expanding network coverage (SDG 6.1) alone. The successful intervention is hinged on VEI's international track record, and PDAM's commitment to performance improvement. VEI training and coaching focused on strengthening the NRW management organisation, working processes, and skills to conduct top-down assessments by quantifying NRW components with historical data, localize leaks with live flow/pressure data, and pinpoint/repair leaks through active leak detection. PDAM staff demonstrated a steep learning curve by spearheading the establishment of a dedicated NRW department and sharpening its leak detection procedures to reduce NRW levels from 39 to 26% in 5 months in pilot area. The evaluated business case revealed that the relatively small investment (USD 60.000) was recovered within 1.2 years.

Edukasi dan Antisipasi Gurita dan Budaya Korupsi Melalui Sentuhan Kejiwaan dan Pendekatan Agama

Corruption is an unlawful act that has an impact on material and state financial losses, and also has an impact on the obstruction of infrastructure development programs and the development of people's welfare. Constitutionally, the poverty felt by the people is the responsibility of the state, but with acts of corruption, people are forced to become poor so that people are neglected from the control and protection of the state. This means that acts and deeds of corruption are evil acts that must be a concern so that they do not occur and must receive maximum punishment, the people are also educated to view acts of corruption as a common enemy and a crime that cannot be tolerated. This study aims to provide guidelines so that acts of corruption can be minimized with various approaches, including through a religious approach.

Waqf Exchange in Four Mazhabs of Jurisprudence: A Case Study of Infrastructure Projects in Indonesia

The infrastructure development program planned by the Joko Widodo administration in several regions, especially in Purbalingga and Tegal, displaced several waqf lands. This study analyzes the process of waqf exchange in the project from the perspective of the four madhhabs. This research uses a comparative approach by comparing several opinions of the scholars of the fiqh schools of thought on waqf swaps on the same side and, at the same time, also explaining the different sides. What is interesting in the discussion is the solution offered by replacing the waqf land with other land, even though Waqf has a primary principle in its administration, namely, the principle of Waqf must remain eternal (ta'bid al-asl). The theory of benefit becomes an analytical tool for developing a mindset regarding waqf exchange. This research yields the following conclusions. First, waqf management can change according to the public interest as long as the purpose of the Waqf is still to the expectations of the Waqf. Second, waqf exchange is the best solution when there is no other way, as long as the replacement is at least the previous Waqf.

Context-Specific Dynamics of Centrally Planned Macro Program for School Infrastructure Reform

The educational program evolved at the national level manifests in a general macro program. The school infrastructure development program through the President’s Education Reform Program (PERP) is one of the centrally developed educational programs in Nepal, as the case of this research article. The objective of this article is to analyze the context dynamics of centrally evolved school infrastructure (ICT and classroom building) program installation. The primary data employed in this article were drawn from the stakeholders of three program school cases situated in Sarlahi and Rautahat districts belonging to an embedded multiple-case study design of qualitative research methodology. FGD, key informant (KI) interviews, and general observation methods were used for information elicitation. The research findings reveal that centrally developed macro program policy interacts with school system-specific micro-contexts or central policy contexts which make program policy be implemented irrespective of the prioritized need, adapted with a modified technical design responding to the school-specific resources, and practiced with diverse school leadership styles. In the lapses of coordination and commitment of the tiered governance systems, the PERP or any other macro-program policy becomes strange for the implementers. The complex interaction of school-specific systems dynamics consisting of school infrastructural needs, stakeholder involvement, established school leadership styles, and initiation of local government authority make central macro policy be enacted and adapted rather than be linearly implemented. This implies incorporating the school-specific dynamics as a core component of the education plan for the formation of pragmatic program policy to enact effectively.

Unjust by default: The political economy of Indonesia's local government policy on infrastructure development

The Indonesian government's attention to economic infrastructure development has increased over the last two decades. However, there has been a trend of rampant rent-seeking in infrastructure projects by elites in both local and central governments. Nonetheless, why and how rent-seeking practices in infrastructure projects have been so endemic in Indonesian local government remains poorly understood. This article addresses this by investigating how infrastructure development in local government serves dual functions of economic growth and political commodity by utilising qualitative data obtained from interviews in Central Kalimantan (2016) and East Nusa Tenggara (2020) provinces. This data confirms the existence of infrastructure's dual function, in which official regional development planning documents and accompanying regulations are more likely to function as a legal umbrella for legalising rent-seeking practices. The term ‘unjust by default‘ identifies the practice of rent-seeking by formalising political-economic interests into regional development planning documents and manipulating regulations in order to implement infrastructure development programmes.

DIRECTIONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF CYCLING INFRASTRUCTURE IN CITIES

When forming bicycle infrastructure development programmes, it is necessary to consider the peculiarities of a particular city and the population’s propensity to improve physical and health conditions. It is also essential to explore the possibility of introducing the bicycle into the urban transport system and using it to travel around the city and transport small loads. In most major cities around the world, the objectives of bicycle infrastructure development are often the tasks of easing the traffic load on the road network and reducing traffic congestion. The article aims at analysing the international experience of forming and developing cycling and infrastructure in cities and cycling tourism. The experience of using bicycle traffic most often begins in cities where cycling is very active, among them Amsterdam and Copenhagen. In the Netherlands, the bike has historically been popular due to the frugality of the Dutch, as well as the flat terrain and small size of the country. Amsterdam has brought the bicycle use level in urban travel to 40% of total trips. Montreal is the most bicycle-friendly city in North America. Cars still dominate there, but despite the hilly terrain and cold and snowy winters, the city is actively developing bicycle infrastructure and culture. The programme to bring bicycling back to the streets of Beijing deserves special attention. As recently as 45 years ago, the bicycle was a primary means of transportation in China. In the 1990s, the automobile became a symbol of success and affluence, and city governments began restricting bicycle traffic to allow cars to pass. A 2002 report by the Beijing Institute of Transportation included special measures to limit the use of bicycles and other forms of ‘inadequate transportation’. By 2009, the city banned non-motorised vehicles from 10% of its streets. The document ‘Sustainable Future of Cycling’ in the UK presents the results of the Cycling England programmes, which aim to promote cycling and increase the number of cyclists. There are separate cycling infrastructure development strategies for England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. Many cities in Ukraine have developed a concept of bicycle infrastructure development. The main direction is the creation of a complete bicycle infrastructure in cities, which will improve traffic safety, lower traffic jams in large cities, and certainly contribute to reducing hazardous harmful emissions into the air. Keywords: urban planning, transportation, cycling infrastructure, traffic safety, environment, health improvement.

The Roadmap toward Personalized Medicine: Challenges and Opportunities.

In 2019, the International Consortium for Personalised Medicine (ICPerMed) developed a vision on how the use of personalized medicine (PM) approaches will promote "next-generation" medicine in 2030 more firmly centered on the individual's personal characteristics, leading to improved health outcomes within sustainable healthcare systems through research, development, innovation, and implementation for the benefit of patients, citizens, and society. Nevertheless, there are significant hurdles that healthcare professionals, researchers, policy makers, and patients must overcome to implement PM. The ICPerMed aims to provide recommendations to increase stakeholders' awareness on actionable measures to be implemented for the realization of PM. Starting with best practice examples of PM together with consultation of experts and stakeholders, a careful analysis that underlined hurdles, opportunities, recommendations, and information, aiming at developing knowledge on the requirements for PM implementation in healthcare practices, has been provided. A pragmatic roadmap has been defined for PM integration into healthcare systems, suggesting actions to overcome existing barriers and harness the potential of PM for improved health outcomes. In fact, to facilitate the adoption of PM by diverse stakeholders, it is mandatory to have a comprehensive set of resources tailored to stakeholder needs in critical areas of PM. These include engagement strategies, collaboration frameworks, infrastructure development, education and training programs, ethical considerations, resource allocation guidelines, regulatory compliance, and data management and privacy.

Environmental stewardship in the oil and gas sector: Current practices and future directions

This paper provides an overview of the current practices and future directions in environmental stewardship within the oil and gas industry, focusing on key areas of concern and strategies for improvement. The oil and gas industry has made significant strides in environmental stewardship in recent years, driven by a combination of regulatory requirements, corporate initiatives, and stakeholder pressure. One of the primary areas of focus has been the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions associated with extraction, refining, and transportation processes. Companies have implemented technologies such as carbon capture and storage to minimize their carbon footprint, alongside investments in renewable energy sources and energy efficiency measures to transition towards cleaner energy alternatives. Furthermore, the industry has placed increasing emphasis on the responsible management of water resources, recognizing the potential environmental impacts of water extraction and usage in oil and gas operations. Strategies for water recycling, reuse, and wastewater treatment have been adopted to mitigate pollution and minimize strain on local ecosystems. Biodiversity conservation has also emerged as a critical aspect of environmental stewardship in the oil and gas sector, with companies undertaking environmental impact assessments and collaborating with conservation organizations to minimize habitat disruption and restore ecosystems affected by their operations. Community engagement and social responsibility are integral components of environmental stewardship, with companies seeking to address the social impacts of their operations through employment opportunities, infrastructure development, and social programs benefiting local communities. However, the industry continues to face challenges and limitations in its efforts to minimize environmental impact. Accidental spills, leaks, and other incidents pose significant ecological risks, highlighting the importance of stringent safety regulations and emergency response protocols. Moreover, the transition to renewable energy presents challenges for traditional oil and gas companies, requiring substantial capital investment and strategic planning. To address these challenges and advance environmental stewardship, several future directions are proposed. These include accelerating the transition to renewable energy, enhancing transparency and accountability in reporting environmental performance, strengthening environmental regulations and enforcement, investing in research and development of innovative technologies, and fostering collaboration among industry stakeholders, governments, NGOs, and local communities. Keywords: Stewardship, Oil, Gas, Sustainability, Climate, Mitigation

Implementation of Road Infrastructure Development Program in East Lombok Regency (Study at the East Lombok Regency Pupr Service)

This research is entitled Implementation of the Road Infrastructure Development Program in East Lombok Regency. The aim of this research is to find out the extent of the implementation of the Public Works and Spatial Planning Service program in Road Infrastructure Development in East Lombok Regency. The research method used is descriptive qualitative with data collection techniques through observation, interviews, documentation and triangulation. Informants in this research included various related parties, ranging from officials from the Public Works and Spatial Planning Department to the general public. The data obtained was analyzed through data reduction techniques, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The research results show that the implementation of the road infrastructure development program in East Lombok Regency by the Public Works and Spatial Planning Service has not gone well. Communication is still lacking, as can be seen from the lack of response to community proposals, resources, especially in terms of budget and human resources, are still an obstacle, even though the disposition of the Department is considered good. The bureaucratic structure is also considered not optimal because there are still damaged and potholed roads.

Perencanaan Pembangunan Infrastruktur Berbasis SDGs (Pilar Lingkungan Hidup) di Kabupaten Bojonegoro

This research aims to find out and analyze how the SDGs-based development planning system on the environmental development pillar. This research uses descriptive qualitative research methods, data collected through interviews and observations at the Regional Development Planning Agency (BAPPEDA), the Environmental Agency (DLH), and several communities directly affected by infrastructure development in Bojonegoro Regency. The data analysis method was carried out using the Miles and Huberman method, which has three stages of analysis. The theory of the planning process proposed by Berry (1993) in Mahi and Trigunarso (2017) was used in this study. The results showed that infrastructure development planning has been carried out in Bojonegoro Regency, but the existence of infrastructure development programs shows that these programs affect environmental conditions, especially affecting the proportion of green open space (RTH). Overall, the infrastructure development plan in Bojonegoro Regency has not fulfilled the perspectives in the SDGs, especially in the environmental development pillar.

Impact of Forest and Land Fires on Environmental Pollution and Public Health in Sungai Raya Sub-District, Kubu Raya District

Forest and land fires in Sungai Raya District, Kubu Raya Regency, severely impact environmental pollution and public health. This condition causes quite significant ecological and social losses. First, the smoke produced from these fires contains various dangerous substances, such as carbon monoxide, dust particles, and toxic chemicals. Continuous exposure to these substances can cause respiratory problems, respiratory tract diseases, and other health problems in local communities. Apart from that, forest fires also result in the loss of natural habitat for various species of flora and fauna. Disrupted ecosystems can cause biodiversity loss and affect local food chains. Recovery of fire-affected ecosystems takes a long time, and some species may experience local extinction due to habitat loss. Furthermore, preventing and responding to forest fires requires significant resources in terms of personnel and equipment. Funds allocated for firefighting can disrupt local government budgets that should be used for infrastructure development and community welfare programs. Therefore, forest fires harm the environment and health and impose an economic burden on the people of Sungai Raya District. Efforts to prevent forest and land fires and educate the public regarding the risks of prevention are essential to overcome these negative impacts. Sustainable measures such as law enforcement against illegal forest burning, sustainable land management, and increasing public awareness of the importance of preserving the environment can help reduce fire risks and protect public health.

Infrastructure development as a driver of trade liberalization in the belt and road initiative african countries: A case study from Kenya

Several studies have been carried out on the determinants of international trade. However, little is known about the relationship between infrastructure development and international trade in sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries in general and in Kenya in particular. This article examines the effect of infrastructure development on international trade. Thus, it concerns the analysis of Kenya’s economy during the period 1980-2021.The Autoregressive and Distributed Lags (ARDL) method is employed as estimation technique and different types of infrastructures such as rail lines, paved roads and access to electricity have been highlighted. Moreover, two indicators of international trade named external trade rate and Squalli and Wilson index were employed. The results revealed that access to electricity, paved roads as well as rail lines improve Kenya's external trade rate in the long run. However, no significant relationship was found in the short run. Moreover, the robostness of the results was confirmed with the Squalli and Wilson index. Therefore, Kenya’s goverment must pursue its national infrastructure development program with the support of other development partners by emphasizing the intensification of electricity, the construction of roads and railway lines. To achieve its infrastructure goals Kenya needs to develop the second phase of the Country Strategy Document.

Sistem Pendukung Keputusan Pemilihan Tenaga Fasilitator Lapangan pada Pembangunan Infrastruktur Spald-S Menggunakan Metode Weighted Product

Field facilitators are assistants to community self-help groups in the Infrastructure Development program (SPALD-S). TFL plays an important role in the implementation process technically in the field and administratively. TFL provides supervision, assistance and guidance to KSM leaders and communities receiving MCK assistance. Therefore, field facilitators play a very important role in the implementation process of the SPALD-S Infrastructure development program for MCK construction. The Muna Regency PUPR Service, Southeast Sulawesi, still uses manual calculations to calculate data from participant selection results. This takes a long time, and even results in errors in determining TFL that do not meet the requirements, which results in the implementation of activities in the field technically and administratively. For this reason, a systemized process of calculating data from selection results that has been determined by several specified criteria is needed, with a decision support system to determine field facilitators for SPALD-S infrastructure development using the Weighted Product method. The results of calculating 10 data were ranked in order from highest to lowest, namely A1, A8, A4, A9, A6, A2, A5, A10, A7, and A3. The accuracy value obtained was 53.33%.

Study of the optimal distance between electric charging stations located on highways

The study analyzes the optimal distance between electric charging stations located on highways passing between settlements in the northern regions. The analysis was carried out on the basis of a survey of electric vehicle owners on the optimal distance of the optimal distance between electric charging stations located on the roads passing between settlements in the northern regions. The data obtained reflect the optimal distance between electric filling stations, taking into account special conditions for the operation of electric vehicles in the northern regions, where in winter the temperature can drop to -40 ... -50 C°. The results of the analysis may be of interest to companies producing electric vehicles and when conducting research in the field of operation of electric vehicles in the northern regions. In addition, these studies may be of interest to developers of transport infrastructure development programs in the northern regions.

Applying Digital Images to Identify Pavement Damage in Support of The Road Infrastructure Development Program

Road damage can cause discomfort while driving and even lead to accidents. According to the National Road Network Condition Map Data in 2017, the level of severe and minor road damage in the East Java region had reached 288 kilometers. Based on this data, periodic road condition assessments and maintenance are essential to minimize damage. Road maintenance efforts are crucial to support road infrastructure development programs. The initial step in road maintenance is to identify road damage, determining the necessary actions to be taken. In this research, road pavement damage identification is carried out using the Yolov5, Yolov6, and Yolov7 methods. Test results indicate that the Yolov5 method performed the best with a validation mAP (mean Average Precision) score of 42%, a Precision value of 0.544, and a Recall value of 0.453. These scores indicate that the accuracy of road pavement damage detection using the YOLO algorithm for depression, corrugation, potholes, and alligator cracking is at its maximum level.

Evaluation of Community Participation in Community-Based Drinking Water and Sanitation Programs

The availability of clean water plays a significant role in fulfilling the need for drinking water and sanitation, which are absolute necessities in human life. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) aim to reduce the proportion of the population without access to safe and sustainable drinking water and basic facilities by half. Access to clean water and sanitation facilities is still tricky in some areas, triggering the implementation of the PAMSIMAS Program. Community involvement is critical to the program's sustainability. This study analyzes the forms and factors supporting and hindering community participation in the PAMSIMAS Program and the environmental benefits of areas that receive the program in Rantau Jaya Ilir village. Central Lampung Regency. This study employs a descriptive qualitative approach, incorporating a SWOT analysis. Planning for community participation in the PAMSIMAS Program is underway. The study shows that community participation can adequately manage the program and meet water needs. Age, gender, level of education, type of work, income, and knowledge are all internal factors. Government policies and regulations play a crucial role as external factors. Based on the research, stakeholders were told to invite the community to each socialization meeting and give suggestions. This way of developing the PAMSIMAS Program community empowerment can be copied and used to create infrastructure development programs in other places. This will help the regional government even more, and the government program for drinking water infrastructure and sanitation is expected to continue and be sustainable so that the infrastructure is kept up and working.

Kapasitas Inovasi Program Dana Pembangunan Wilayah Kelurahan dalam Mendukung Percepatan dan Pemerataan Pembangunan Daerah

The Subdistrict Regional Development Fund Program (DPWK) is an innovation from the Cilegon Municipality Government which aims to improve the administrative function of subdistrict government in providing services to the community, encourage accelerated and equitable regional development and encourage the acceleration of regional poverty reduction. The aim of this research is to determine the innovation capacity of the Village Regional Development Fund Program (DPWK) in supporting accelerated and equitable development in Cilegon Municipality. This research method uses a descriptive method with a qualitative approach. Data collection was carried out through interviews, observation and documentation. The research results show that the Subdistrict Regional Development Fund Program has been running well, although there are still several problems such as limited community empowerment programs and only prioritizing regional infrastructure development programs and the low collaborative capacity of program implementers. Because the Cilegon Municipality government is paying more attention to community empowerment programs, intensive communication with the implementers of the Village Regional Development Fund (DPWK) program in Cilegon Municipality in creating ideal collaboration and prioritizing regional infrastructure development programs