Detection Of Infrared Radiation Research Articles

Thermal detector based on a suspended polyimide membrane for infrared radiation applications

This Letter details a pioneering study on the design and nanofabrication process of a thermoelectric infrared radiation detector using a suspended polyimide membrane. The research includes a comprehensive analysis of thermoelectric doped Bi2Te3 thin films, comparing their expected performance regarding noise and specific detectivity with other infrared detectors, particularly those in the silicon sector. Experimental results and calculations shed light on responsivity and time constants. In the absence of absorption layers, specific detectivity values for visible and near infrared radiation are measured at 9.2 × 107 and 2.9 × 107cm Hz/W, respectively, with a time constant nearing 20 ms. Calculations show that introducing an optimized absorption layer with ε = 1 significantly improves specific detectivity, reaching 9.0 × 108cm Hz/W. Subsequent calculations also show that further enhancement can be obtained by etching the polyimide membrane to a 1-micron thickness, resulting in an exceptional specific detectivity value of 8.4 × 109cm Hz/W, placing it among the best in the current state-of-the-art.

Assessment of the technical state of mining machinery and devices with the use of diagnostic methods

Abstract In this article, one of the possible, effective methods of assessing the technical state of mining machinery and devices has been presented. The article's main goal is to show the possible methods and ways of measuring temperature, oscillations, and vibrations generated during the operation of mining equipment and machines’ gears, which are possible in underground conditions. Devices measuring temperatures without coming into contact with the given object are built based on different types of infrared radiation detectors or matrixes of such detectors. Thermal imaging devices picture the temperature distribution on the entire surface instead of pyrometers, which measure temperatures at a given point. However, vibrations and oscillations generated by the work of gears of devices and machinery have been made using a vibrometer pen and a machine condition tester, after which the obtained measurements were used to diagnose the degradation of individual elements of those machines. Such an assessment of the degradation of individual elements of machines in production conditions has been applied with positive results in one of the mines of the Polish Mining Group (Polska Grupa Górnicza – PGG).

Drone: Firefighter

Abstract: This paper introduces the drone: a firefighting device that makes use of low-fee photodiode sensors to discover fires. The layout reduced size, energy consumption and value financial savings even as preserving performance. We speak the machine layout, take a look at strategies, and outcomes, focusing on the effectiveness of infrared radiation detection. The paper concludes with limitation and destiny developments, paving the way for similarity development of drone firefighting generation.

Multilevel Information Encryption Mediated by Reconfigurable Thermal Emission in Smart Bilayer Material

AbstractSmart thermal emission, which is response to external stimuli, has provided an unparalleled approach to exploiting optical devices that allows for tunable photon radiance. Here, an approach of implementing information encryptions using a smart thermal emission material that exhibits non‐volatile, multifunctional, and on‐chip‐integrable properties is reported. The smart material is a bilayer structure, consisting of a tungsten (W)‐doped vanadium dioxide (VO2) thin film layer and a self‐assembled polystyrene (PS) microsphere layer. Significant differences between the phase transition temperatures of differently doped VO2 films enable reconfigurable thermal emission in response to heat. Levels of information recorded by the patterning of these VO2 films are thus encrypted thermo‐radiatively. Additionally, the structural color of PS layer, as a result of photonic crystal bandgap effect, shades the encoded patterns from visible observation, and provides an anti‐counterfeiting function. Notable observation angle independence and device‐friendly encoding processes are also demonstrated. Based on these thermo‐tunable emission characteristics, the concept of multilevel data encryption via infrared radiation detection, temperature dependence, and visible anti‐counterfeiting, is realized by the smart bilayer material.

Review on optical visual sensor technology

视觉传感是人类感知外界、认知世界的主要途径，研究表明人类获取的外界信息大约有80%来自于视觉。作为感知外界信息的“电子眼球”，视觉传感器是消费电子、机器视觉、安防监控、科学探测和军事侦察等领域的核心器件。近年来视觉传感器技术发展迅速，不同类型的传感器从不同维度提供丰富的视觉数据，不断增强人类感知与认知能力，视觉传感器研究工作具有重要的理论与应用需求。本报告以典型光学视觉传感器技术为主线，通过综合国内外文献和相关报道，从CCD图像传感器、CMOS图像传感器、智能视觉传感器以及红外图像传感器等研究方向，梳理论述近年来光学视觉传感器技术的发展现状、前沿动态、热点问题和趋势。;Visual sensing technique is essential for human to perceive and understand the world around them. An electronic eyeball can be melted into outdoor-related visual information, and visual sensors are equipped with such domains like consumer electronics, machine vision, surveillance, and academic researches. Visual sensor technology-based multiple sensors can be used to richer multi-dimension visual data, which can enhance human-related perceptive and cognitive ability. This literature review is focused on the growth of optical visual sensor technology, including such image sensors in relevance to CCD, CMOS, intelligent-visual, and infrared-context. The CMOS image sensor chip is produced in terms of CMOS technology, in which image acquisition unit and signal processing unit can be integrated into the same chip. It can be massproduced to a certain extent. Cost-effective applications can be oriented to such aspects in related to small size, light weight, low cost and low power consumption. With the rapid development of autonomous driving, intelligent transportation, machine vision and other fields, multi-functional and intelligent CMOS image sensors with small size will become the focus of research. The emerging CCD sensor technology and its applications have been facilitating as well. The potentials of CCD image sensor can be applied for such domains in related to remote sensing, astronomy, low light detection. In the future, the multi-spectral TDI CCD architecture based on CCD and CMOS fusion technology will be widely used. Infrared image sensor is configured and set that infrared radiation detection can be converted into physical quantity. The high-performance digital signal processing function can be integrated on the infrared focal plane. The newly infrared image sensor can be focused on larger array, higher resolution, wider spectrums, more flexible sensitivity, multi-band, and system-level chip further.

Effect of Ce and Sm doping on optoelectronic and thermoelectric properties of Bi2Te3 alloy

Metallic materials attracted much attention in the field of optoelectronics for several applications such as infrared radiation detection. In present study, electronic, optical and thermoelectric spectra of Sm and Ce co doped Bi2Te3 materials have been studied using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Electronic study of the studied material indicates metallic and good optical and thermoelectric properties. Optical spectra of the doped Bi2Te3 show that absorption lies in visible and near UV region of the radiation. Thus, it seems to have potential applications in optoelectronics. Thermoelectric properties favor the semiconducting nature with high Seebeck coefficient and dominant character of p-type charge carriers.

Localised states in defective CdTe/CdZnTe multi-quantum wells

ABSTRACT The current paper presents a theoretical study of the transmission rate and band structure for a multi-quantum wells (MQWs) composed of periodic arrangement of barrier () and well () materials, containing a defect barrier layer. The theoretical calculations of this study are based on the transfer matrix method (TMM) formalism. First, we consider a barrier of thickness d 1 bounded by two semi-infinite substrates. This barrier has its Eigen states with both a high transmission rate and a low quality factor. Then, we take the perfect MQWs system (without defect), whose structure exhibits passbands separated by electronic band gaps (EBGs). These EBGs move towards high energies when the Zn concentration in the barrier increases. Hence the proposed system, behaves like an electronic mirror able to control and manipulate the transfer of electrons by modifying the concentration of the barrier. On the other hand, the insertion of barrier defect induces localised states located in the band gaps, which depends clearly on the concentration (x 0) and the thickness (d 0) of the barrier defect layer made of material. These induced localised states shift to lower energies when increasing the defect thickness. Due to the symmetry of our system, the transmission rates of these localised states reach maximum values and very high quality factors when the defect layer is placed in the middle of the structure. This finding is useful for applications such as light-emitting diodes, semiconductor micro-lasers or in infrared radiation detectors.

First-principles calculations of structural, electronic, magnetic, thermoelectric, and thermodynamic properties of BaMn2P2 in the Anti and ferromagnetic phase

The materials that possessing narrow band-gap had got great attention in the field of thermoelectric especially in the field of optoelectronics for a number of applications like as in infrared radiation detection. In this study, thermodynamical, optoelectronic and thermoelectric properties of BaMn2P2 have been studied using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. We did different sides e.g., for the nonmagnetic, antiferromagnetic, and ferromagnetic phase. The antiferromagnetic study directs narrow bandgap (less than 1 ​eV, closed results with the literature value) and upright optoelectronic and thermoelectric properties. Optical spectra display that absorption lies in visible as well as in UV region of the radiation. As a result, it looks to have probable applications in optoelectronics. Thermoelectric properties indulged the semiconducting nature with high Seebeck coefficient and dominant character of p-type charge carriers. Furthermore, we have computed both pressure and temperature-dependent thermodynamic parameters for this compound using quasi-harmonic Debye approximation.

Impact of conductivity type change in InAs/GaSb superlattice on low frequency noise of photoconductive long-wavelength infrared detectors

This Letter focuses on the 1/f noise properties of InAs/GaSb superlattice (SL), which is a promising material for infrared radiation detection and represents one of the alternatives to well-established bulk HgCdTe material. The InAs/GaSb SL material changes the conductivity type at temperature T ≈ 190 K, which has been correlated with measured 1/f noise. It was shown that 1/f noise comes from resistance fluctuations of linear noise sources. According to the electronic transport and 1/f noise models, the observed 1/f noise is connected with the hole conductivity component rather than the electron conductivity component, which is absent or at least immeasurable, even though electron conductivity governs the total conductivity of the InAs/GaSb SL. In the high-temperature region, the 1/f noise of InAs/GaSb SL is significantly smaller than that of InAs/InAsSb SL. The results favor InAs/GaSb SL material over InAs/InAsSb SL for photoconductive infrared detectors operating at room temperature.

Review: The Development of Infrared Radiation Applications in Medical Field

The aim of the study is to demonstrate that infrared imaging can be used as a stand-alone phase in addition to health surveillance and medical evaluation. The advancement of infrared radiation techniques in the medical field in general, and breast cancer applications in particular, necessitates a review of this subject. The medical employ of thermography by infrared began in Germany shortly after 1950, where the single thermal picture of the individuals affected was shown long before (1928). Single Infrared radiation detectors were used at the outset. For a long time, thermal photography cameras soon taken from combat operations operation from low (thermal rather than spatial) resolution, and extraordinarily high product value. In addition, the decrease in laptop hardware value and software value putters. Since about 1980, better medical-suitable technology has been available hot thermocouple scale Fractional Preferential Attachment (FPA) processes have become more reachable, primarily LN2 cooled MCT scanners and then used widely after 2000, and have been widely used in medicine, despite some methodological concerns leading to medical misinterpretation. Individual medical thermal photography processes received certification in 2007, allowing them to be used as medical instruments for thermal measurement. Following European Health Regulations. Other instruments that do not have a CE health certificate are prohibited because photography is not allowed. Measurement functions that aren't used for temperature recording. Qualified medical infrared imaging can be used for a variety of purposes: rheumatology and orthopaedics, female breast region containing sensitive to thermal effort measures thermal radiation, neurology, cardiac photography (swing-libration vascular thrombosis), lab tests, surgical procedures, and completing body picturing.

Результаты эксплуатации аппаратуры МСУ-ГС на КА «Электро-Л» № 3 и перспективы ее дальнейшего развития

The paper is devoted to the description of the technical evolution of the MSU-GS equipment installed on spacecraft of the Elektro-L series. The MSU-GS equipment is designed for imaging the Earth from a geostationary orbit in the visible and infrared spectral ranges with a resolution of 1 to 4 km at intervals of up to 15 minutes. The problems identified during the operation of the equipment on the Elektro-L No. 2 spacecraft are described. The main problem was the insufficient cooling of infrared photodetectors. The operation of the passive system for radiation cooling of infrared radiation detectors is described in detail. The modernization of this system made it possible to reach the required photodetector temperature values on the Elektro-L No. 3 spacecraft. The main results of MSU-GS operation on the Elektro-L No. 3 spacecraft are presented. The modernization of the equipment made it possible to significantly improve the quality of information from infrared channels in comparison with the Elektro-L No. 2 spacecraft. Much attention is paid to assessing the possibility of improving the scanning efficiency. Possible future upgrades of the MSU-GS equipment and the Elektro-L series spacecraft can improve the full Earth disk coverage characteristic to up to 5 minutes, which exceeds the characteristics of best foreign counterparts.

High-order nonlinear response correction method for infrared radiation detector

The infrared detector can generate nonlinear response error when the Fourier transform infrared spectrometer is used for implementing the radiometric calibration or observing the high temperature targets. Based on the relationship between the incident radiation intensity and the electron concentration in the optical conduction band, the mechanism of the nonlinear response error caused by the high incident photon flow is analyzed. According to Planck radiation law and interference principle, the effect of nonlinear error on spectrum is studied by simulating blackbody radiation data with nonlinear error. It is found that the nonlinear response with a different order has a different influence region, and the higher-order nonlinear response has a wider influence range and generates a larger nonlinear response error. By the general nonlinear response correction method the nonlinear response coefficient is obtained through constructing the nonlinear response model of the interference data and then the spectral distortion produced by the detector is corrected. According to the convolution iteration method, the polar orbit meteorological satellite CrIS constructs the convolution equation to correct the second-order nonlinear response by taking the low-wave number band of 50－500 cm<sup>–1</sup> as the characteristic region. The European Meteorological Agency’s Airborne Infrared Interferometer Evaluation System (ARIES) selected two feature areas, 50－500 cm<sup>–1</sup> and 2000－2500 cm<sup>–1</sup>, and iteratively corrected the second-order and third-order nonlinear response. The gradient descent method is often used to solve the optimization problems of unconstrained multivariate functions. Based on the gradient descent algorithm, an iterative method suitable for correcting the high-order nonlinear response errors is proposed in this paper. In this method, the information about the iteration point is obtained by constructing the nonlinear response function of the high-order detector and setting the appropriate iteration initialization. According to the initial value of the iteration and the information about the known iteration point, the gradient of the iteration variable is calculated to determine the iteration value of the next unknown variable, thus quickly searching for the global minimum point and determining the nonlinear response coefficient. We use Fourier transform infrared spectrometer to carry out radiometric calibration experiment and compare the effects of three correction methods: convolution, cross iteration and gradient descent method. The results show that the three correction methods can effectively reduce the nonlinear error, and improve the fitting extent by 0.15%, 0.29% and 0.39% respectively. The spectral data corrected by gradient descent method are more accurate.

Graphene-incorporated plasmo-thermomechanical infrared radiation detection

Metallic nanostructures can be used to selectively absorb a specific regime of the infrared (IR) spectrum depending on its constituent materials and geometry. In this paper, we propose and analyze a plasmo-thermomechanical detector that includes a graphene layer on top of metallic nanowires to enhance the absorption and sensitivity. The proposed device converts the free-space IR radiation to mechanical deformation of nanowires that modulates the insertion loss of the waveguide underneath the nanowires and facilitates the on-chip optical readout of the free-space radiation at room temperature. Our design takes advantage of localized surface plasmon resonances to maximize absorption at the desired IR spectrum. We provide a systematic investigation of different material combinations with and without graphene in addition to variations in detector geometry to optimize the designed IR detector. On top of the absorption enhancement, the graphene layer over the nanowires boosts thermal relaxation speed of the nanowires by 3 times due to graphene’s high thermal conductivity, in turn speeding up the response of the IR detection. Moreover, the coated graphene layer enhances the mechanical deformation by a factor of 6 and bends the suspended nanowires downward, enhancing the light–matter interaction between the nanowires and the waveguide evanescent field. Overall, incorporating graphene is beneficial for enhanced spectrum absorption, speed of the IR detection, and optical readout sensitivity.

DFT investigations on optoelectronic spectra and thermoelectric properties of barium cadmium disulphide (BaCdS2)

Narrow band gap materials attracted much attention in the field of optoelectronics for several applications such as infrared radiation detection. In present study, electronic, optical and thermoelectric spectra of BaCdS2 have been studied using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Electronic study of barium cadmium sulphide (BaCdS2) indicates narrow bandgap (less than 1 eV, underestimated relative to the literature value) and good optical and thermoelectric properties. Optical spectra of BaCdS2 show that absorption lies in visible and near UV region of the radiation. Thus, it seems to have potential applications in optoelectronics. Thermoelectric properties favor the semiconducting nature with high Seebeck coefficient and dominant character of p-type charge carriers.

A microwave radiometer for detection of forest fire under conditions of insufficient visibility

The article demonstrates a super high frequency (SHF) radiometer that can be used for detecting seats of forest fires. The analysis of current approaches and methods for forest fire monitoring is briefly discussed. Comparing to common use of optical or infrared radiation detectors, measuring instruments working at microwave range are more efficient in conditions of insufficient visibility (dense smoke, thick tree crowns, meteorological environment). The paper shows the structure and technical characteristics of the designed radiometer. The results of laboratory and field testing are also presented.

An investigation of the generalized model of pyroelectric thermal IR detectors

In our work, a compact model of an infrared radiation detector based on a LiTaO3 pyroelectric material (lithium tantalate) is presented. Based on the developed model, the time-dependent characteristics of the pyroelectric current, voltage and the surface temperature of such detector were calculated. The obtained results can be used in the development of detectors of thermal images of objects operating in the wavelength range from 3 to 15 μm.

Enhanced numerical design of two-barrier infrared detectors with III\u2013V compounds heterostructures considering the influence of lattice strain and misfit dislocations on the band gap

The goal of this work is the design of efficient infrared radiation detectors based on InAsSb compounds with two energy barriers around the absorber region. Two types of two-barrier detectors that work in the 3–5.5 μm wavelength range at 230 K is designed. Using our computer program to iteratively solve the Poisson equation, the spatial distribution of energy band edges in III–V heterostructures was calculated The influence of lattice stress, bending of the structure and doping on the energy shift of the edge of the bands is considered. Lattice strain is the cause of the formation of the misfit dislocations at the boundaries of the individual layers of the heterostructure. These dislocations partially relax the resulting stress and affect the lattice deformation in individual layers. From the minimum elastic energy condition, the density of these dislocations is determined. It has been shown that the band offset can be eliminated in the areas of both barriers in the designed two-barrier detectors.

Efficient Aggregation Processing in the Presence of Duplicately Detected Objects in WSNs

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have received increasing attention in the past decades. Owing to an enhancement of MEMS technology, various types of sensors such as motion detectors, infrared radiation detectors, ultrasonic sensors (sonar), and magnetometers can detect the objects within a certain range. Under such an environment, an object without an identifier can be detected by several sensor nodes. However, existing studies for query processing in WSNs simply assume that the sensing regions of sensors are disjoint. Thus, for query aggregation processing, effective deduplication is vital. In this paper, we propose an approximate but effective aggregate query processing algorithm, called DE-Duplication on the Least Common Ancestor∗ (abbreviated as DELCA∗). In contrast to most existing studies, since we assume that each object does not have a unique identifier, we perform deduplication based on similarity. To recognize the duplicately detected events earlier, we utilize the locality-sensitive hashing (LSH) technique. In addition, since the similarity measures are not generally transitive, we adapt three duplicate semantics. In our experiments, by using a transmission cost model, we demonstrate that our proposed technique is energy-efficient. We also show the accuracy of our proposed technique.

Pyroelectric sensor based on Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)1-xTixO3 single crystals for solid state hydrogen storage reactors

The pyroelectric effect is commonly used to construct infrared radiation detectors. To pay attention to the possibility of using this phenomenon in materials based on relaxor-ferroelectric such as Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)1-xTixO3 (lead titanium-lead magnesium niobate), single crystals from solid solution were grown using modified Bridgman method with x taken three different range (x = 0.25, 0.33 and 0.40).In this work the operation principles for pyroelectric sensor and their properties are presented, with a brief review on the temperature stability of the Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–xPbTiO3 (PMN–xPT) single crystals. It was shown that the pyroelectric and dielectric properties are strongly dependent on composition (PT content), as well as the temperature variation. The investigations have revealed that the best choice for pyroelectric performances is <111>oriented PMN–0.25 PT, although, the PMN–0.33 PT and PMN–0.40 PT owns much better temperature stability, and higher Curie temperature Tc.The PMN–xPT single crystals showed promising pyroelectric performances, they can be used as thermal sensors and may be associated with temperature management systems to improve the performance of solid state hydrogen reactors.

Experimental setup to measure thermal waves generated by X-ray absorption using pyroelectric sensor

Pyroelectric detectors are widely used for infrared radiation detection, whereas these can also be used in the X-ray region. They have multiple advantages when used at synchrotron radiation sources, such as (a) can be used with a white beam (high flux), (b) have a flat spectral response, and (c) can be used both as a detector and as a sample. However, when used in the hard X-ray region, absorption in the detector plays an important role depending upon the thickness of the detector. Hence, the estimation of the responsivity of the detector is important. In this paper, we report an improved experimental setup for the measurement of a pyroelectric signal in the hard X-ray region. The responsivity (V/W) of a pyroelectric detector for absorbed radiation in the hard x-ray region is measured. Measurements of the K-edge x-ray absorption fine structure of 10-μm copper and nickel foils are carried out using a LiTaO3 pyroelectric detector and compared with the measurements carried out using an ionization chamber as a sensor for the same foils. Absorption spectra near the Ta LIII and LII edges in LiTaO3, measured using a LiTaO3 crystal both as a sample and as a sensor, are also reported in this paper.