Infrared Heat Lamp Research Articles

Assessing textural changes of breaded deep‐fat fried chicken nuggets during post‐frying holdings under infrared heat‐lamp using acoustic‐mechanical techniques

SummaryTexture is a multi‐parameter attribute and one of the prime quality attributes of fried products. This study examined the influence of post‐frying holdings under a heat lamp on the texture of breaded fried chicken nuggets. Chicken nuggets were deep‐fat fried (2, 4, 6, and 8 min) in canola oil at 180 °C. The fried samples were kept under an infrared heat lamp for up to 1 h, and the textural characteristics were compared with samples not exposed to post‐frying holdings. Textural characteristics were analysed through mechanical‐acoustic approach. The mechanical‐acoustic parameters related to crispiness analysed included maximum force (Fmax, N), number of force peaks (NFP), the area under force‐deformation curves (AF, N.sec), sound pressure level (SPL, dB), number of sound peaks (AUX) and the area under the amplitude‐time plots (AS, dB.sec). The mechanical parameters (Fmax: 19.11–48.96 N; NFP: 5–40; AF: 43–135 N.sec) of chicken nuggets increased with frying time, and these attributes were decreased during post‐frying holding. Similarly, acoustic parameters (SPL: 64.75–90.67 dB; AUX: 180–795; AS: 63–98 dB.sec) of chicken nuggets increased with frying time, and these attributes were decreased during post‐frying holding. Considering the studied parameters, 6 min of frying was found as optimal frying time. However, the post‐frying infrared heat lamp treatment affected the mechanical textural parametres more than the acoustic parameters. Findings from this study will be useful to food industries in optimising textural retention during post‐frying heat lamp holdings of fried products.

Noncontact Respiratory Motion Detection in Anesthetized Rodents.

Small animal physiology studies are often complicated, but the level of complexity is greatly increased when performing live-animal X-ray imaging studies at synchrotron radiation facilities. This is because these facilities are typically not designed specifically for biomedical research, and the animals and image detectors are located away from the researchers in a radiation enclosure. In respiratory X-ray imaging studies one challenge is the detection of respiration in free-breathing anaesthetised rodents, to enable images to be acquired at specific phases of the breath and for detecting changes in respiratory rate. We have previously used a Philtec RC60 sensor interfaced to a PowerLab data acquisition system and custom-designed timing hub to perform this task. Here we evaluated the Panasonic HL-G108 for respiratory sensing. The performance of the two sensors for accurate and reliable breath detection was directly compared using a single anesthetized rat. We also assessed how an infrared heat lamp used to maintain body temperature affected sensor performance. Based on positive results from these comparisons, the HL-G108 sensor was then used for respiratory motion detection in tracheal X-ray imaging studies of 21 rats at the SPring-8 Synchrotron, including its use for gated image acquisition. The results of that test were compared to a similar imaging study that used the RC60 for respiratory detection in 19 rats. Finally, the HL-G108 sensor was tested on 5 mice to determine its effectiveness on smaller species. The results showed that the HL-G108 is much more robust and easier to configure than the RC60 sensor and produces an analog signal that is amenable to stable peak detection. Furthermore, gated image acquisition produced sequences with substantially reduced motion artefacts, enabling the additional benefit of reduced radiation dose through the application of shuttering. Finally, the mouse experiments showed that the HL-G108 is equally capable of detecting respiration in this smaller species.

Intelligent Temperature Control of a Stretch Blow Molding Machine Using Deep Reinforcement Learning

Stretch blow molding serves as the primary technique employed in the production of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles. Typically, a stretch blow molding machine consists of various components, including a preform infeed system, transfer system, heating system, molding system, bottle discharge system, etc. Of particular significance is the temperature control within the heating system, which significantly influences the quality of PET bottles, especially when confronted with environmental temperature changes between morning and evening during certain seasons. The on-site operators of the stretch blow molding machine often need to adjust the infrared heating lamps in the heating system several times. The adjustment process heavily relies on the personnel’s experience, causing a production challenge for bottle manufacturers. Therefore, this paper takes the heating system of the stretch blow molding machine as the object and uses the deep reinforcement learning method to develop an intelligent approach for adjusting temperature control parameters. The proposed approach aims to address issues such as the interference of environmental temperature changes and the aging variation of infrared heating lamps. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach achieves automatic adjustment of temperature control parameters during the heating process, effectively mitigating the influence of environmental temperature changes and ensuring stable control of preform surface temperature within ±2 ℃ of the target temperature.

Noncontact Respiratory Motion Detection in Anesthetized Rodents

Small animal physiology studies are often complicated, but the level of complexity is greatly increased when performinglive-animal X-ray imaging studies at synchrotron radiation facilities. This is because these facilities are typically not designedspecifically for biomedical research, and the animals and image detectors are located away from the researchers in a radiationenclosure. In respiratory X-ray imaging studies one challenge is the detection of respiration in free-breathing anaesthetisedrodents, to enable images to be acquired at specific phases of the breath and for detecting changes in respiratory rate. Wehave previously used a Philtec RC60 sensor interfaced to a PowerLab data acquisition system and custom-designed timinghub to perform this task. Here we evaluated the Panasonic HL-G108 for respiratory sensing. The performance of the twosensors for accurate and reliable breath detection was directly compared using a single anesthetized rat. We also assessedhow an infrared heat lamp used to maintain body temperature affected sensor performance. Based on positive results fromthese comparisons, the HL-G108 sensor was then used for respiratory motion detection in tracheal X-ray imaging studies of21 rats at the SPring-8 Synchrotron, including its use for gated image acquisition. The results of that test were compared toa similar imaging study that used the RC60 for respiratory detection in 19 rats. Finally, the HL-G108 sensor was tested on 5mice to determine its effectiveness on smaller species. The results showed that the HL-G108 is much more robust and easierto configure than the RC60 sensor and produces an analog signal that is amenable to stable peak detection. Furthermore,gated image acquisition produced sequences with substantially reduced motion artefacts, enabling the additional benefit ofreduced radiation dose through the application of shuttering. Finally, the mouse experiments showed that the HL-G108 isequally capable of detecting respiration in this smaller species.

Noncontact Respiratory Motion Detection in Anesthetized Rodents

Small animal physiology studies are often complicated, but the level of complexity is greatly increased when performinglive-animal X-ray imaging studies at synchrotron radiation facilities. This is because these facilities are typically not designedspecifically for biomedical research, and the animals and image detectors are located away from the researchers in a radiationenclosure. In respiratory X-ray imaging studies one challenge is the detection of respiration in free-breathing anaesthetisedrodents, to enable images to be acquired at specific phases of the breath and for detecting changes in respiratory rate. Wehave previously used a Philtec RC60 sensor interfaced to a PowerLab data acquisition system and custom-designed timinghub to perform this task. Here we evaluated the Panasonic HL-G108 for respiratory sensing. The performance of the twosensors for accurate and reliable breath detection was directly compared using a single anesthetized rat. We also assessedhow an infrared heat lamp used to maintain body temperature affected sensor performance. Based on positive results fromthese comparisons, the HL-G108 sensor was then used for respiratory motion detection in tracheal X-ray imaging studies of21 rats at the SPring-8 Synchrotron, including its use for gated image acquisition. The results of that test were compared toa similar imaging study that used the RC60 for respiratory detection in 19 rats. Finally, the HL-G108 sensor was tested on 5mice to determine its effectiveness on smaller species. The results showed that the HL-G108 is much more robust and easierto configure than the RC60 sensor and produces an analog signal that is amenable to stable peak detection. Furthermore,gated image acquisition produced sequences with substantially reduced motion artefacts, enabling the additional benefit ofreduced radiation dose through the application of shuttering. Finally, the mouse experiments showed that the HL-G108 isequally capable of detecting respiration in this smaller species.

Augmented impulsive behavior in febrile seizure-induced mice.

Febrile seizure (FS) is one of the most prevalent etiological events in childhood affecting 2-5% of children from 3months to 5years old. Debates on whether neurodevelopmental consequences rise in later life following a febrile seizure or not are still ongoing however there is limited evidence of its effect, especially in a laboratory setting. Moreover, the comparative study using both male and female animal models is sparse. To examine the effect of FS on the behavioral features of mice, both sexes of ICR mice were induced with hyperthermic seizures through exposure to an infrared heat lamp. The mice were divided into two groups, one receiving a single febrile seizure at postnatal day 11 (P11) and one receiving three FS at P11, P13, and P15. Starting at P30 the FS-induced mice were subjected to a series of behavioral tests. Mice with seizures showed no locomotor and motor coordination deficits, repetitive, and depressive-like behavior. However, the FS-induced mice showed impulsive-like behavior in both elevated plus maze and cliff avoidance tests, which is more prominent in male mice. A greater number of mice displayed impaired CAT in both males and females in the three-time FS-induced group compared to the single induction group. These results demonstrate that after induction of FS, male mice have a higher susceptibility to consequences of febrile seizure than female mice and recurrent febrile seizure has a higher chance of subsequent disorders associated with decreased anxiety and increased impulsivity. We confirmed the dysregulated expression of impulsivity-related genes such as 5-HT1A and tryptophan hydroxylase 2 from the prefrontal cortices of FS-induced mice implying that the 5-HT system would be one of the mechanisms underlying the increased impulsivity after FS. Taken together, these findings are useful in unveiling future discoveries about the effect of childhood febrile seizure and the mechanism behind it.

Light from heat lamps affects sow behaviour and piglet salivary melatonin levels

The light environment regulates animal physiology and behaviour. As widely used supplementary heat sources in creep areas, the effect of visible light radiated by infrared heat lamps on pigs is worth investigating. To investigate the effects of light from heat lamps on the behaviour of sows and piglets and possible endocrine mechanisms, 24 primiparous sows were randomly assigned to three supplementary heat source treatments: (1) 250 W non-luminous ceramic heat lamps (CE, n = 8), (2) 175 W red heat lamps (RL, n = 8), and (3) 175 W transparent heat lamps (TL, n = 8). All heat lamps were turned off on Day 15 postpartum. Piglets were weighed on days 3 and 21 postpartum. The number and duration of suckling within 24 h were analysed via video recordings on days 4, 8, and 16 postpartum. Sow posture changes during the day and night were detected using the YOLOv4 target detection network model. One marked piglet from six litters randomly selected from each treatment was used for saliva collection. Saliva samples were collected at 0800, 1400, 2000, and 0200 (+1 d) on days 10 and 20 postpartum. The results showed that the mean postural change frequency of TL sows was higher than that of CE sows (P < 0.05), while that of RL sows was not different from that of CE and TL sows. However, the duration of the sows being in each posture was not affected by the treatment. The total suckling duration of TL piglets was significantly longer than that of CE piglets, but there was no significant difference in the performance of the piglets. The melatonin concentrations in the saliva of piglets at 10 and 20 days of age in the three treatments showed different diurnal rhythms, but there was no significant difference in the levels of melatonin in TL piglets between night and day. Differences in salivary cortisol levels only appeared between the CE and RL groups at 20 days of age. Based on the present results, the illuminance and spectrum of the transparent heat lamps were sufficient to stimulate sow activity and inhibit melatonin levels in piglets. However, the stimulating effect on suckling was not sufficient to significantly improve the performance of piglets. Exposure to red heat lamps, rather than ceramic lamps, resulted in the strongest circadian rhythm of salivary melatonin in piglets.

Proper Installation Distance for Heating Effect of Nano-Carbon Fiber Infrared Heating Lamp for Stable Production of Watermelon Grafted Seedlings in Winter Season

Proper Installation Distance for Heating Effect of Nano-Carbon Fiber Infrared Heating Lamp for Stable Production of Watermelon Grafted Seedlings in Winter Season

A molecularly imprinted electrochemical biosensor based on hierarchical Ti2Nb10O29 (TNO) for glucose detection.

Anovel molecularly imprinted electrochemical biosensor for glucose detection is reportedbased on a hierarchical N-rich carbon conductive-coated TNO structure (TNO@NC). Firstly, TNO@NC was fabricated by a novel polypyrrole-chemical vapor deposition (PPy-CVD) method with minimal waste generation. Afterward, the electrode modification with TNO@NC was performed by dropping TNO@NC particles on glassy carbon electrode surfaces by infrared heat lamp. Finally, the glucose-imprinted electrochemical biosensor was developed in presence of 75.0mM pyrrole and 25.0mM glucose in a potential range from + 0.20 to + 1.20V versus Ag/AgCl via cyclic voltammetry (CV). The physicochemical and electrochemical characterizations of the fabricated molecularly imprinted biosensor was conducted by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) method, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and CV techniques. The findings demonstrated that selective, sensitive, and stable electrochemical signals were proportional to different glucose concentrations, and the sensitivity of molecularly imprinted electrochemical biosensor for glucose detection was estimated to be 18.93 μA μM-1cm-2 (R2 = 0.99) at + 0.30V with the limit of detection (LOD) of 1.0 × 10-6M. Hence, it can be speculated that the fabricated glucose-imprinted biosensor may be used in a multitude of areas, including public health and food quality.

Traditional Chinese Medicine ointment combined with infrared heat lamp in the treatment of systemic sclerosis and related nursing management: A case report

Traditional Chinese Medicine ointment combined with infrared heat lamp in the treatment of systemic sclerosis and related nursing management: A case report

Traditional Chinese Medicine ointment combined with infrared heat lamp in the treatment of systemic sclerosis and related nursing management: A case report

Traditional Chinese Medicine ointment combined with infrared heat lamp in the treatment of systemic sclerosis and related nursing management: A case report

Design and application of a multifunctional infrared wind heating medical rewarming equipment

Hypothermia can have adverse effects on various systems of trauma patients, and significantly increase the mortality. All of the current rewarming equipments are contact rewarming equipment, which have the shortcomings of single function and poor effect. The medical staff of the First People's Hospital of Chenzhou designed a multi-functional infrared heating medical rewarming equipment, and obtained the National Utility Model Patent of China (ZL 2018 2 1705172.9). By integrating the infrared heating lamp tube and the air heating device and controlling them independently, the equipment can not only treat the wound by infrared alone, but also keep the wound warm by using the air heating function at low room temperature. In addition, it can also warm the patients with hypothermia separately. The device's dual functions of promoting wound healing and rewarming by infrared therapy and wind-heating are accurate. It is easy to operate with good controllability, and contributes to individualized precision treatment, which is worthy of transformation and promotion.

A wireless intelligent thermal control and management system for piglet in large-scale pig farms

Indoor temperature is a critical environmental factor for piglets that affects the health, welfare, and production efficiency of domesticated pigs. However, there are limited reports about wireless intelligent thermal control and management system for piglets in large-scale pig farms, and evaluation energy saving. This paper presents an Automatic Thermal Control and Management System (ATCMS) of micro-environment for piglets, that could provide a suitable production environment and reduce the energy consumption. ATCMS includes automatic temperature control system (ATCS), multipoint temperature management system (MTMS) and remote access. The infrared heating lamps are chosen in the ATCS for their good performance in heating rate and heating distribution. In order to meet a scientific temperature requirements of piglet growth, the suitable thermal ranges of each growth-stage (STREG) are employed as intelligent control strategies to generate an automatic and precise heating control. MTMS is responsible for communicating with ATCSs and transmitting information to database server for record based on wireless technology. Remote access offers information services for remote administrators by smart phones and clients via Internet. The experiments of ATCMS were carried out both in winter and summer at Binsheng Breeding Piggery Farm, Acheng City, Heilongjiang Province, China. Results showed that the temperature provided by ATCS had been kept in STREG of piglets during the whole winter period. When the indoor temperature during summer period were in or above STREG, heating lamps were turned off by ATCS for a long time. The energy consumption of ATCS were 63.60% in winter and 39.35% in summer with continuous heating system operation. Therefore, ATCMS could take the suitable thermal ranges of each growth-stage as an intelligent control principle to give an automatic and precise control to heating devices in order to meet a scientific temperature requirements of piglet growth.

Experimental Investigation of Heat Flux Characteristics on the Thermally Induced Vibration of a Slender Thin-Walled Beam

The spacecraft with large flexible space structures may be subject to the thermally induced vibration (TIV) due to the rapidly changed solar heat flux when it enters and leaves the eclipse, which would lead to certain spacecraft failure. This paper reports a laboratory experiment that aims to study the impact of transient characteristics of heat flux on the ground experiment of TIV. In the experiments on the TIV of a slender thin-walled beam, two different methods of providing transient heat flux were considered, and the process of entering and leaving eclipse was simulated, respectively. The experimental results demonstrate that different transient characteristics of heat flux will have large impact on the TIV of the specimen, and the ideal theoretical estimation of thermal characteristic time has limitations in practical engineering. In addition, it is found that the traditional way of simulating solar heat flux by turning on/off infrared heat lamps is not suitable for the TIV ground experiment. Instead, a transient heat flux simulation method by moving the baffle is recommended.

In Situ Measurement of Carbon Nanotube Growth Kinetics in a Rapid Thermal Chemical Vapor Deposition Reactor With Multizone Infrared Heating

Abstract Understanding and controlling the growth of vertically aligned carbon nanotube (VACNT) forests by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is essential for unlocking their potential as candidate materials for next generation energy and mass transport devices. These advances in CNT manufacturing require developing in situ characterization techniques capable of interrogating how CNTs grow, interact, and self-assemble. Here we present a technique for real-time monitoring of VACNT forest height kinetics applied to a unique custom designed rapid thermal processing (RTP) reactor for CVD of VACNTs. While the integration of multiple infrared heating lamps enables creating designed spatiotemporal temperature profiles inside the reactor, they pose challenges for in situ measurements. Hence, our approach relies on contrast-adjusted videography and image processing, combined with calibration using 3D optical microscopy with large depth-of-field. Our work enables reliably measuring VACNT growth rates and catalytic lifetimes, which are not possible to measure using ex situ methods.

Controlling substrate temperature with infrared heating to improve mechanical properties of large-scale printed parts

Additively manufactured parts made with polymer extrusion techniques can be 50–75 % weaker in the z-direction (across layers) than in the x- and y-directions. This has been attributed to poor mobility of polymer chains and a low degree of entanglement across a cold deposition interface. This is particularly a challenge when printing large-scale parts, such as with the Big Area Additive Manufacturing (BAAM) system, because layer times can exceed several minutes. The current work presents a method for controlling the temperature of the substrate material on the BAAM just prior to deposition using infrared heating lamps. Long layer times were also simulated by actively cooling the material following deposition of each layer. The effect of substrate temperature on the z-direction mechanical properties of 20 % carbon fiber reinforced acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) was measured for an initial temperature ranging from 50 °C to 150 °C and a preheated temperature ranging from 150 °C to 220 °C. Infrared preheating proved to be very effective when applied to substrates that had cooled considerably, almost doubling the tensile strength and increasing the fracture toughness by a factor of 7x.

Low-Temperature Burn on Replanted Fingers and Free Flaps in Hand.

Patients who have undergone microsurgery for reconstruction with a free flap or finger replantation are vulnerable to heat injury. Moreover, some of these injuries can occur at low temperatures. Although the temperature does not reach the threshold to cause burns in the adjacent normal tissues, burns can occur in the areas that underwent microsurgery. On the other hand, this type of burn is not completely understood and there are few reports of the clinical prognosis. The medical records of patients who received warm therapy using an infrared heat lamp with the appropriate temperature after hand surgery from January 2009 to December 2016 were reviewed. The patients were classified into 2 groups. Group A comprised patients who underwent free flap or replantation surgery of the hand. Group B comprised patients who underwent other hand surgeries without microsurgery, such as tenorrhaphy, tenolysis, or joint surgery. Through the medical records, all patients with second- or third-degree thermal burns were selected. The relationship between the 2 types of surgery and thermal injury and the timing of the burn after microsurgery were analyzed. Groups A and B were composed of 370 (mean age, 48.2 years) and 7010 patients (mean age, 44.5 years), respectively. Burns requiring treatment occurred in 4 patients in group A and in 1 patient in group B. The proportion of low-temperature burns was 4 of 370 in group A and 1 of 7010 in group B. The occurrence of low-temperature burns was more associated with patients who had undergone microsurgery for a hand reconstruction with free flap or finger replantation (P < 0.05). In the patients who underwent microsurgery, all 4 patients had thermal burns within 1 year after surgery. Low-temperature thermal burns can occur in patients who have undergone microsurgery for a hand reconstruction. This is believed to be related to a disruption of the thermoregulatory function of the skin and poor nerve regeneration, as well as more heat accumulation in the surgical area after microsurgery.

State estimation and advanced control of the 2D temperature field in an experimental oscillating annealing device

Annealing plays a crucial role in industrial steel strip production lines. Laboratory annealing devices are experimental furnaces that allow the simulation of the annealing process in large-scale production lines and are employed, e.g., to design new or improve existing heat treatment cycles. The furnace considered in this paper is equipped with individually controlled infrared heaters. It is used to reheat flat specimens of steel strips accurately and homogeneously in space according to predefined temperature trajectories. In view of the complex furnace geometry with highly specular surfaces and thermal radiation as the main heat transfer mode, the operation of this furnace constitutes a 2-dimensional nonlinear distributed-parameter thermal control problem. The basic control inputs are the electric powers of infrared heating lamps, which are controlled by six phase-fired thyristors. For temperature tracking, a two-degree-of-freedom control concept is applied, which comprises an optimal feedforward controller and a state feedback controller. The feedforward controller is based on the solution of a dynamic optimization problem. The feedback part contains a Linear–Quadratic–Gaussian controller, which requires knowledge of the actual temperature field of the specimen. Since in the considered annealing device, this temperature field cannot be completely measured, an extended Kalman filter is used for the estimation of spatial temperature profiles. This estimation is based on just three local measurements of the surface temperature of the specimen. The proposed control approach was implemented and experimentally validated in several annealing runs. The effect of an oscillating motion of the specimen on the temperature homogeneity is investigated by comparisons of measurement results with a fixed specimen position. It is shown that the temperature inhomogeneity can be significantly reduced if the specimen oscillation is systematically taken into account in the mathematical model, the state estimation, and the control design.

Near-infrared heat lamp therapeutic effect on paraoxonase 1 and myeloperoxidase as potential biomarkers of redox state changes induced by γ-irradiation in albino rats

Infrared radiation has a potential therapeutic effect in some diseases. The aim of this study was to estimate the therapeutic role of near infrared heat lamp (NIRHL) on the variations of the activity of paraoxonase 1 (PON1) and myeloperoxidase (MPO), in relation to lipid disorders, associated with oxidative stress in rats gamma-irradiated. In addition, study the effect of the duration of NIRHL treatment. Animals were divided into six groups. The results revealed that irradiated rats treated with NIRHL 20 min/once/day showed positive modulation of PON1 and MPO linked to significant improvement of lipid disorders evidenced by lower triglycerides, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), oxidized low density lipoprotein cholesterol (oxLDL-C) and higher density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) as well as significant amelioration of redox state, manifested by markedly increase of glutathione (GSH) content, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) associated with a noticeable decrease of pro-inflammatory cytokines. (TNF-α, IL-1 beta and IL-6), nitric oxide (NO), nitric oxide synthase (NOs), malondialdehyde (MDA), compared to irradiated rats. The results showed also that the NIRHL treatment for 20 min/twice/day had negative effects on the previous parameters and on the behavior of rats such as itching, irritability, dyspnea and death in normal as well as, irradiated rats. In conclusion, the results in this study show that NIRHL therapy for a short time can effectively prevent the lipid disorders induced by radiation through the positive modulation mechanism of PON1 and MPO enzymes and improvement of oxidative stress.

Effects of Oxygen Concentration on Radiation-Aided and Self-sustained Smoldering Combustion of Radiata Pine

Smoldering combustion is an important form of combustion in wildfires and hazard reduction burning because it plays vital roles in pollutant emission, fire re-ignition, and ecological impact. Smoldering combustion can be classified as either radiation-aided or self-sustained, depending on the nature of the reactions. The latter is often considered a more hazardous type of smoldering combustion, because it can persist for a long period of time and can transition into flaming combustion. However, there is a lack of understanding of the differences between radiation-aided and self-sustained smoldering combustion processes, especially regarding characterization. The aim of this study is to investigate and quantify the differences between radiation-aided and self-sustained smoldering combustion in biomass. Experiments were conducted using an infrared heat lamp to heat pulverize fuel samples in a reactor. The external energy input and oxygen concentration were controlled in order to achieve radiation-aided and ...