Infragravity Energy Research Articles

INVESTIGATIONS OF BORE-BORE CAPTURE ON A MACROTIDAL BEACH

The aim of better understanding the mechanisms of extreme runup events has led to increasing interest into bore-bore capture statistics and drivers. Bore-bore capture occurs when a broken wave (bore) travels over the front of another broken wave on approach to the shore. A similar but distinct process is shoreline capture which is where a broken wave travels over an uprush swash lens (therefore located in the swash zone), Bore-bore capture events occur in the surf and outer swash zones and have been shown to greatly influence runup statistics on natural beaches (Stringari and Power, 2020). Garcia-Medina et al. (2017) investigated bore-bore capture on a dissipative beach using numerical modelling and found that bore-bore capture was correlated to the largest runup events. Stringari and Power (2020) expanded on this by investigating bore-bore capture on 7 different beaches and found that bore-bore capture was responsible for over 97 percent of extreme shoreline maximas. The exact mechanisms behind bore-bore capture which result in extreme runup events in the form of energy transfer, however, are yet to be investigated. Whilst the relationship between infragravity energy at the shoreline and the probability of bore capture has been identified (Stringari and Power, 2020), the influence of infragravity energy on runup elevations resulting from captured and non-captured waves is yet to be fully quantified.

Supratidal inundation on an incipient marine terrace

Co-seismic uplift of the Kaikōura Peninsula emerged the shore platform at Mudstone Bay upwards by 0.96 m, transforming the formerly intertidal platform. The post-uplift morphology now contains ~90 m of a supratidal zone that represents an incipient marine terrace that has the potential to be preserved in the geological record. This paper investigates wave conditions that drive supratidal inundation, thereby influencing post-uplift terrace development processes. Wave hydrodynamics during austral summer and winter under moderately energetic offshore conditions showed that only 24 % of swell energy propagated to the inner platform compared to 84 % during fair weather swell. Infragravity energy increased inland during storms and dominated the energy spectra (70 %) on the incipient marine terrace. Wave attenuation increased under storm conditions as the effective intertidal width elongated and merged with the incipient marine terrace. Wave propagation under higher energy conditions (offshore significant wave heights of 3.5 m) were sufficient to partially inundate the supratidal terrace up to 9 cm in water depth but only for 2 h. Storm waves when congruent with high tide were used to develop a frequency model of inundation, which suggests that for the post-uplift period 13 % of tides could inundate portions of the supratidal terrace, but full inundation to the cliff toe occurs for <0.05 % of tides. Hence, the new supratidal marine terrace is vulnerable to inundation from annual storm events but protects the cliff toe from wave action.

SWAN SurfBeat-1D

The Simulating WAves Nearshore (SWAN) model has been extended with an infragravity module to predict the Wave-Group-Forced (WGF) infragravity response to a frequency-directional sea-swell spectrum at a mildly sloping alongshore uniform beach. To that end the SWAN model has been extended with an WGF-infragravity source term denoted Ssb where the subscript denotes surfbeat. The corresponding WGF infragravity energy model has been verified with a set of benchmark tests using the infragravity amplitude model of Reniers et al. (2002). Next the implementation of the energy balance in SWAN has been validated with both prototype-scale laboratory experiments and field observations, showing a good comparison with observations not affected by the nodal structure of the (partially) standing infragravity waves. This suggests that the model is capable of providing improved infragravity boundary conditions in relatively shallow water compared to the typical assumption of equilibrium forcing conditions using for instance Hasselmann’s equilibrium theory (Hasselmann, 1962). These infragravity boundary conditions can subsequently can be used by other more sophisticated models to compute runup, overtopping and dune erosion.

Free Infragravity Waves in the North Sea

AbstractInfragravity waves are low‐frequency surface waves that can impact a variety of nearshore and oceanic processes. Recent measurements in the North Sea showed that significant bursts of infragravity energy occurred during storm events. Using a spectral wave model, we show that a substantial part of this energy was radiated from distant shorelines where it was generated by the incident sea‐swell waves. These radiated infragravity waves can cross the North Sea basin and reach distant shorelines. The origin of the infragravity wave energy varied between the different storms, and particularly depends on where largest sea‐swell waves made landfall. Along the coastlines of the North Sea, shoreward directed infragravity waves that originate from a remote source were non‐negligible during storm events. This suggests that radiated infragravity waves can potentially contribute to coastal dynamics and hazards away from their region of generation.

Estimation of Irregular Wave Runup on Intermediate and Reflective Beaches Using a Phase-Resolving Numerical Model

Accurate wave runup estimations are of great interest for coastal risk assessment and engineering design. Phase-resolving depth-integrated numerical models offer a promising alternative to commonly used empirical formulae at relatively low computational cost. Several operational models are currently freely available and have been extensively used in recent years for the computation of nearshore wave transformations and runup. However, recommendations for best practices on how to correctly utilize these models in computations of runup processes are still sparse. In this work, the Boussinesq-type model BOSZ is applied to calculate runup from irregular waves on intermediate and reflective beaches. The results are compared to an extensive laboratory data set of LiDAR measurements from wave transformation and shoreline elevation oscillations. The physical processes within the surf and swash zones such as the transfer from gravity to infragravity energy and dissipation are accurately accounted for. In addition, time series of the shoreline oscillations are well captured by the model. Comparisons of statistical values such as R2% show relative errors of less than 6%. The sensitivity of the results to various model parameters is investigated to allow for recommendations of best practices for modeling runup with phase-resolving depth-integrated models. While the breaking index is not found to be a key parameter for the examined cases, the grid size and the threshold depth, at which the runup is computed, are found to have significant influence on the results. The use of a time series, which includes both amplitude and phase information, is required for an accurate modeling of swash processes, as shown by computations with different sets of random waves, displaying a high variability and decreasing the agreement between the experiment and the model results substantially. The infragravity swash SIG is found to be sensitive to the initial phase distribution, likely because it is related to the short wave envelope.

Source Regions of Infragravity Waves Recorded at the Bottom of the Equatorial Atlantic Ocean, Using OBS of the PI‐LAB Experiment

AbstractInfragravity waves are generated along coasts, and some small fraction of their energy escapes to the open oceans and propagates with little attenuation. Due to the scarcity of deep‐ocean observations of these waves, the mechanism and the extent of the infragravity waves energy leakage from the coasts remains poorly understood. Understanding the generation and pathways of infragravity wave energy is important among others for understanding the breakup of ice‐shelves and the contamination of high‐resolution satellite radar altimetry measurements of sea level. We examine data from 37 differential pressure gauges of Ocean Bottom Seismometers (OBS) near the equatorial mid‐Atlantic ridge, deployed during the Passive Imaging of the Lithosphere‐Asthenosphere Boundary (PI‐LAB) experiment. We use the beamforming technique to investigate the incoming directions of infragravity waves. Next, we develop a graph‐theory‐based global back‐projection method of noise cross‐correlation function envelopes, which minimizes the effects of array geometry using an adaptive weighting scheme. This approach allows us to locate the sources of the infragravity energy. We assess our observations by comparing to a global model of infragravity wave heights. Our results reveal strong coherent energy from sources and/or reflected phases at the west coast of Africa and some sources from South America. These energy sources are in good agreement with the global infragravity wave model. In addition, we also observe infragravity waves arriving from North America during specific events that mostly occur during October–February 2016. Finally, we find indications of waves that propagate with little attenuation, long distances through sea ice, reflecting off Antarctica.

In-situ Observations of Infragravity Response during Extreme Storms on Sand and Gravel Beaches

Billson, O.J.; Russell, P.; Davidson, M.; Poate, T.; Amoudry, L.O., and Williams, M.E., 2020. In-situ observations of infragravity response during extreme storms on sand and gravel beaches. Global Coastal Issues of 2020. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 95, pp. 382–386. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.Infragravity waves (frequency = 0.005 – 0.05 Hz) play a key role in coastal storm impacts such as flooding and beach/dune erosion. They are known to dominate the inner surf zone on low-sloping sandy beaches during storms. However, in large wave conditions, their importance on different beach types, of variable swell and wind-waves dominance, is largely unknown. Here, a new dataset is presented comprising in-situ observations during storm wave conditions (significant wave height of 3.3 m, peak periods of 18 s and return periods up to 1 in 60 years) from two contrasting sites: a low-sloping sandy beach and a steep gravel beach. Wave measurements were collected seaward of the breakpoint by wave buoys and bed-mounted acoustic Doppler current profilers, and through the surf zone using arrays of pressure transducers. Wave spectra showed contrasting evolution from the shoaling zone to the inner surf zone at the two sites. At the sandy beach, gravity band energy dissipated gradually as depth reduced, while infragravity band energy simultaneously increased, resulting in strongly infragravity-dominated wave spectra in the inner surf zone. At the steep gravel site, a rapid drop in short wave energy was observed, with limited growth of infragravity energy so that inner surf zone spectra showed a low energy peak in the infragravity band. The normalized bed slope parameter indicated whether infragravity waves were generated by bound long wave release or breakpoint forcing, showing that the former (latter) was dominant on the sandy (gravel) beach. In spite of these differences, the shoreline wave spectra under storm wave conditions were infragravity-dominated on both the sandy and gravel beaches.

Bound infragravity wave observations at the Nowshahr beaches, southern Caspian Sea

This paper presents the results of bound infragravity observation at the Nowshahr beach located in the southern part of the Caspian Sea. The water level data were measured at 6 stations along a transect perpendicular to the coastline. The bispectral method was utilized to show that the extreme values for the bound infragravity energy fraction (bii) were occurring when dimensionless values of wave height to depth ratio, relative depth, and wave steepness were in the range of 0.18‒0.22, 0.4‒0.5 and 0.015‒0.017, respectively. These detailed results could be equivalently summarized with the condition of having the Ursell number of peak waves within the range of 30‒40. The corresponding short wave groupiness factor (G.F.) values for waves with high values of bii were between 0.5 and 0.55. Also, it was revealed that the wave groupiness envelope had a positive correlation with infragravity wave energy level, but its correlation with the bound infragravity wave was negative when G.F. > 0.55. On the other hand, the low values of bii against the spectrum peakedness parameter for breaking waves followed an exponential relationship. The correlation of bound and free infragravity waves with wind waves was also studied. For non-breaking condition, the correlations of bound infragravity waves with swell and sea waves were considerable. The correlation of free waves with swells was also significant. In contrast, for breaking waves, a negligible correlation was observed between bound infragravity waves and wind waves.

Infragravity Wave Energy Partitioning in the Surf Zone in Response to Wind-Sea and Swell Forcing

An alongshore array of pressure sensors and a cross-shore array of current velocity and pressure sensors were deployed on a barred beach in southwestern Australia to estimate the relative response of edge waves and leaky waves to variable incident wind wave conditions. The strong sea breeze cycle at the study site (wind speeds frequently &gt; 10 m s−1) produced diurnal variations in the peak frequency of the incident waves, with wind sea conditions (periods 2 to 8 s) dominating during the peak of the sea breeze and swell (periods 8 to 20 s) dominating during times of low wind. We observed that edge wave modes and their frequency distribution varied with the frequency of the short-wave forcing (swell or wind-sea) and edge waves were more energetic than leaky waves for the duration of the 10-day experiment. While the total infragravity energy in the surf zone was higher during swell forcing, edge waves were more energetic during wind-sea periods. However, low-frequency (0.005–0.023 Hz) edge waves were found to be dominant in absence of wind-sea conditions, while higher-frequency (0.023–0.050 Hz) edge waves dominated when wind-sea conditions were present.

Infragravity Wave Generation by Wind Gusts

AbstractThrough the analysis of propagation times of infragravity wave packets along ray paths, reanalysis data, and our field measurements in the East Mediterranean, we find evidence of deep water infragravity wave generation by offshore storms. We confirmed the results also using deep water pressure cell measurements in the Pacific. The known nearshore generation mechanism showed large discrepancies with the observed infragravity energy near Aogashima, Japan, during winter. A new model of deep water infragravity wave generation is developed, based on nonlinear interactions of wind wave triads with submesoscale wind oscillations. The observed underprediction of infragravity waves is resolved using this new gustiness‐based model. The new source term is found to be of importance during strong storms in the open ocean and underlines the importance of accounting for submesoscale wind oscillations in wind wave models.

Storm Waves at the Shoreline: When and Where Are Infragravity Waves Important?

Infragravity waves (frequency, f = 0.005–0.05 Hz) are known to dominate hydrodynamic and sediment transport processes close to the shoreline on low-sloping sandy beaches, especially when incident waves are large. However, in storm wave conditions, how their importance varies on different beach types, and with different mixes of swell and wind-waves is largely unknown. Here, a new dataset, comprising shoreline video observations from five contrasting sites (one low-sloping sandy beach, two steep gravel beaches, and two compound/mixed sand and gravel beaches), under storm wave conditions (deep water wave height, H0 up to 6.6 m, and peak period, Tp up to 18.2 s), was used to assess: how the importance and dominance of infragravity waves varies at the shoreline? In this previously unstudied combination of wave and morphological conditions, significant infragravity swash heights (Sig) at the shoreline in excess of 0.5 m were consistently observed on all five contrasting beaches. The largest infragravity swash heights were observed on a steep gravel beach, followed by the low-sloping sandy beach, and lowest on the compound/mixed sites. Due to contrasting short wave breaking and dissipation processes, infragravity frequencies were observed to be most dominant over gravity frequencies on the low-sloping sandy beach, occasionally dominant on the gravel beaches, and rarely dominant on the compound/mixed beaches. Existing empirical predictive relationships were shown to parameterize Sig skillfully on the sand and gravel beaches separately. Deep water wave power was found to accurately predict Sig on both the sand and gravel beaches, demonstrating that, under storm wave conditions, the wave heights and periods are the main drivers of infragravity oscillations at the shoreline, with the beach morphology playing a secondary role. The exception to this was the compound/mixed beach sites where shoreline infragravity energy remained low.

Observations of surface-gravity-wave scattering and dissipation by an isolated shoal related to a cuspate foreland

Inner-shelf and shoreline morphology exert control on the variability of gravity waves. Although gravity waves can influence nearshore morphodynamics, their behavior is not well understood at inner-shelves close to cuspate forelands with complex bathymetry. In order to study the effects of cape shoals on gravity wave variability, water level and velocity data were collected during Fall 2013, Spring 2014, and Fall 2014 within the swales on either side of Shoal E, near Cape Canaveral, Florida. Short wave energy fluxes (periods from 3 to 20 s, or frequencies from 50 to ~300 mHz) were calculated from time series of spectral densities, whereas cross-shoal infragravity energy fluxes (periods from 20 to 500 s, or frequencies from 2 to 50 mHz) were calculated from cross-spectra of pressure and cross-shoal velocities. Ratios of short-gravity-wave energy fluxes between inner and outer swales of Shoal E ranged from 0.5 to 3. Values < 1 were typically associated to large (wave heights > 1 m) and short waves (periods < 5 s) likely related to dissipation. Ratios > 1 were exhibited by large and long (periods > 10 s) waves because of refraction. Values close to 1 were related to small waves regardless of the wavelength. In addition, infragravity reflection coefficients were quantified as the ratio of seaward to landward infragravity energy fluxes. Reflection coefficients and spatial variations in infragravity fluxes indicate that instruments were located in the shoaling zone during Fall 2013 and Fall 2014. Infragravity energy flux differences between inner and outer swales further suggest Shoal E may have acted as a source of infragravity energy. Differences in reflection between swales on either side of Shoal E could be attributed to asymmetric short-wave shoaling and breaking, partial infragravity reflection, and infragravity energy trapping near the shoal. However, instrument configuration did not allow for along-shoal calculations, which hindered resolution of edge waves that might develop over the shoal. Our results provide evidence, albeit incomplete, of surface-gravity-wave energy scattering and dissipation over cape-related shoals. Such wave transformations, including infragravity energy forcing, may provide a positive feedback for the long-term stability of cuspate forelands by preventing the full complement of deep water wave energy from reaching the shoreline.

Numerical modeling of wave runup on steep and mildly sloping natural beaches

Runup on ocean beaches includes steady wave setup and oscillating swash, often decomposed into wind generated sea-swell (SS), and lower frequency infragravity (IG) waves. We show that the numerically fast, open-source numerical model 1D SWASH predicts accurately the bulk properties of runup observed on two natural beaches (one steep and one shallow sloped) for a range of incident wave conditions. The runup tongue shape was measured with a scanning lidar, and the waterline location was defined in both the observations and model with a 10 cm depth threshold. Runup is reasonably accurately predicted with energetic (e.g. 5 m significant height) incident waves, even though the assumption of 1D bound waves significantly overpredicts infragravity energy at the offshore boundary in 10 m depth. The model-data comparisons are limited by statistical chatter, often larger in runup than offshore because runup energy is concentrated in the relatively narrow infragravity IG band with low effective degrees of freedom.

Swash Oscillations in a Microtidal Dissipative Beach

ABSTRACT Conde-Frias, M.; Otero, L.; Restrepo, J.C.; Ortiz, J.C.; Ruiz, J., and Osorio, A.F., 2017. Swash oscillations in a microtidal dissipative beach. This paper evaluates the relationship between gravity and infragravity energy with swash oscillations as well as the model's ability to reproduce the transformation of the wave as it approaches the shore on a dissipative beach. For this purpose, numerical experiments were conducted in a dissipative beach from Cartagena, Colombia. Mean free surface measurements were carried out for 2 days in February 2014 by installing a cross-shore array of pressure sensors, as well as a Fourier analysis from these measurements to identify frequency components that characterize the waves and the energy associated with them. To implement the numerical modelling, the SWASH model (The Simulation WAves till Shore is a numerical model that resolves nonlinear shallow-water equations) was set up by using the bathymetric profile of Bocagrande Beach obtained during the field camp...

Wave transformation across a macrotidal shore platform under low to moderate energy conditions

AbstractWe investigate how waves are transformed across a shore platform as this is a central question in rock coast geomorphology. We present results from deployment of three pressure transducers over four days, across a sloping, wide (~200 m) cliff‐backed shore platform in a macrotidal setting, in South Wales, United Kingdom. Cross‐shore variations in wave heights were evident under the predominantly low to moderate (significant wave height &lt; 1.4 m) energy conditions measured. At the outer transducer 50 m from the seaward edge of the platform (163 m from the cliff) high tide water depths were 8+ m meaning that waves crossed the shore platform without breaking. At the mid‐platform position water depth was 5 m. Water depth at the inner transducer (6 m from the cliff platform junction) at high tide was 1.4 m. This shallow water depth forced wave breaking, thereby limiting wave heights on the inner platform. Maximum wave height at the middle and inner transducers were 2.41 and 2.39 m, respectively, and significant wave height 1.35 m and 1.34 m, respectively. Inner platform high tide wave heights were generally larger where energy was up to 335% greater than near the seaward edge where waves were smaller. Infragravity energy was less than 13% of the total energy spectra with energy in the swell, wind and capillary frequencies accounting for 87% of the total energy. Wave transformation is thus spatially variable and is strongly modulated by platform elevation and the tidal range. While shore platforms in microtidal environments have been shown to be highly dissipative, in this macro‐tidal setting up to 90% of the offshore wave energy reached the landward cliff at high tide, so that the shore platform cliff is much more reflective. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Generation of Free Infragravity Waves by Time-Varying Breakpoint with Real Wave Conditions

Contardo, S. and Symonds, G., 2016. Generation of free infragravity waves by time-varying breakpoint with real wave conditions. In: Vila-Concejo, A.; Bruce, E.; Kennedy, D.M., and McCarroll, R.J. (eds.), Proceedings of the 14th International Coastal Symposium (Sydney, Australia). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue, No. 75, pp. 836–840. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.Breakpoint forcing is one of the major mechanisms for generation of free infragravity waves in the surf zone. Steep bed slopes, normalised to the incident sea-swell wavelength, are recognized to favor breakpoint forcing, but no study assesses the infragravity energy generated by breakpoint forcing in real conditions. We extend the breakpoint forcing model from bichromatic to spectral forcing and dimenzionalize the model output, and we estimate the sensitivity of the model to various spectral parameters on a plane beach. Steep beaches and short period waves (wind-sea) are favourable to breakpoint forcing, as expected. We also find that more energy is generated with real, multipeak, spectral forcing than with Jonswap spectra. The predicted infragravity response is consistent with observations on a barred beach suggesting breakpoint forcing is a major mechanism for the generation of free infragravity waves in the surf zone.

Beach steepness effects on nonlinear infragravity‐wave interactions: A numerical study

AbstractThe numerical model SWASH is used to investigate nonlinear energy transfers between waves for a diverse set of beach profiles and wave conditions, with a specific focus on infragravity waves. We use bispectral analysis to study the nonlinear triad interactions, and estimate energy transfers to determine energy flows within the spectra. The energy transfers are divided into four types of triad interactions, with triads including either one, two or three infragravity‐frequency components, and triad interactions solely between sea‐swell wave frequencies. The SWASH model is validated with a high‐resolution laboratory data set on a gently sloping beach, which shows that SWASH is capable of modeling the detailed nonlinear interactions. From the simulations, we observe that especially the beach slope affects nonlinear infragravity‐wave interactions. On a low‐sloping beach, infragravity‐wave energy dominates the water motion close to shore. Here infragravity‐infragravity interactions dominate and generate higher harmonics that lead to the steepening of the infragravity wave and eventually breaking, causing large infragravity energy dissipation. On the contrary, on a steep‐sloping beach, sea‐swell wave energy dominates the water motion everywhere. Here infragravity frequencies interact with the spectral peak and spread energy to a wide range of higher frequencies, with relatively less infragravity energy dissipation. Although both beach types have different nonlinear interaction patterns during infragravity‐wave dissipation, the amount of infragravity‐wave reflection can be estimated by a single parameter, the normalized bed slope.

Hindcasting Long Waves in a Port: An ANN Approach

Infragravity waves play an important role in port operations and many nearshore processes, and therefore their characterization is of major interest for oceanographers and coastal engineers. The lack of proper measurement networks and historic databases makes the development of hindcasting techniques essential. This work presents a fully developed infragravity wave hindcast methodology through Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) and its application to a case study. The characteristic wave-heights of the low frequency band and the swell band inside a port basin are computed for a period of eight years on the basis of the long-term offshore wave conditions, a short record of searlevel oscillations and the historic tidal harmonic constituents. Based on the results, we construct and analyze the single and the joint probability density functions of the two characteristic wave-heights studied. In addition, we study the relationships between the infragravity energy inside the port and the offshore wave parameters and explore the extreme events during which the low frequency band energy exceeds the swell energy. The findings highlight the potential of the methodology to characterize the infragravity wave conditions inside a port basin and its suitability to study other coastal problems in which these waves are involved.

Observations of runup and energy flux on a low‐slope beach with high‐energy, long‐period ocean swell

AbstractThe transformation of surface gravity waves from 11 m depth to runup was observed on the low‐sloped (1/80) Agate Beach, Oregon, with a cross‐shore transect of current meters, pressure sensors, and a scanning lidar. Offshore wave heights H0 ranged from calm (0.5 m) to energetic (&gt;7 m). Runup, measured with pressure sensors and a scanning lidar, increases linearly with (H0L0)1/2, with L0 the deep‐water wavelength of the spectral peak. Runup saturation, in which runup oscillations plateau despite further increases in (H0L0)1/2, is not observed. Infragravity wave shoaling and nonlinear energy exchanges with short waves are included in an infragravity wave energy balance. This balance closes for high‐infragravity frequencies (0.025–0.04 Hz) but not lower frequencies (0.003–0.025 Hz), possibly owing to unmodeled infragravity energy losses of wave breaking and/or bottom friction. Dissipative processes limit, but do not entirely damp, increases in runup excursions in response to increased incident wave forcing.

LONG WAVES AND ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS

Disturbances to load and unload operations caused by excessive vessel movements are a recurrent problem at the Exterior Port of Ferrol (NW Spain), where a new container terminal will be inaugurated soon. This work not only sheds light on the nature and behaviour of long waves at this port, but also investigates their influence on the vessel movements and proposes a method based on Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) to determinate their energy levels. For this purpose, the sea level oscillations in the port area and the movements of a bulk carrier at berth were measured during winter-spring 2011. The results reveal the occurrence of resonant episodes in the basin and a varying behaviour of the long wave energy across the spectrum. The long waves inside the port basin can be classified into three frequency bands: LF (Low Frequency), VLF (Very Low Frequency) and ULF (Ultra Low Frequency). The LF band exhibits a high correlation with the offshore swell energy and is associated with the socalled infragravity waves. In addition, the joint analysis of long waves and vessel movements reveals a strong correlation between the movements in the horizontal plane (sway, surge and yaw) with the wave energy and, more importantly, with the LF band energy. Proved the relevance of the long waves—and, particularly, LF oscillations—to cargo handling operations, a ANN-based method to estimate the infragravity energy levels in the basin was successfully trained, validated and tested.