Infrared Light Sensor Research Articles

Retraction Note: DCC-net network model for motion data management based on infrared light sensor

Retraction Note: DCC-net network model for motion data management based on infrared light sensor

Real Time State Monitoring Simulation of Image Recognition Based on Infrared Light Sensors and Wireless Networks in High-Intensity Training

Real Time State Monitoring Simulation of Image Recognition Based on Infrared Light Sensors and Wireless Networks in High-Intensity Training

Traffic Signal Controller System and Vehicle Count-Based Road Congestion Detection

Abstract: Traffic congestion is one of the major modern-day crisis in every big city in the world. Recent study of World Bank has shown that average vehicle speed has been reduced from 21 km to 7 km per hour in the last 10 years in Dhaka. Inter metropolitan area studies suggest that traffic congestion reduces regional competitiveness and redistributes economic activity by slowing growth in county gross output or slowing metropolitan area employment growth. As more and more vehicles are commissioning in an already congested traffic system, there is an urgent need for a whole new traffic control system using advanced technologies to utilize the already existent infrastructures to its full extent. Since building new roads, flyovers, elevated expressway etc. needs extensive planning, huge capital and lots of time; focus should be directed upon availing existing infrastructures more efficiently and diligently. Previously different techniques had been proposed, such as infra-red light sensor, induction loop etc. to acquire traffic date which had their fair share of demerits. In recent years, image processing has shown promising outcomes in acquiring real time traffic information using CCTV footage installed along the traffic light. Different approaches have been proposed to glean traffic data. Some of them count total number of pixels , some of the work calculate number of vehicles .These methods have shown promising results in collecting traffic data.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: DCC-net network model for motion data management based on infrared light sensor

RETRACTED ARTICLE: DCC-net network model for motion data management based on infrared light sensor

Infrared and Visible Image Fusion Technology and Application: A Review

The images acquired by a single visible light sensor are very susceptible to light conditions, weather changes, and other factors, while the images acquired by a single infrared light sensor generally have poor resolution, low contrast, low signal-to-noise ratio, and blurred visual effects. The fusion of visible and infrared light can avoid the disadvantages of two single sensors and, in fusing the advantages of both sensors, significantly improve the quality of the images. The fusion of infrared and visible images is widely used in agriculture, industry, medicine, and other fields. In this study, firstly, the architecture of mainstream infrared and visible image fusion technology and application was reviewed; secondly, the application status in robot vision, medical imaging, agricultural remote sensing, and industrial defect detection fields was discussed; thirdly, the evaluation indicators of the main image fusion methods were combined into the subjective evaluation and the objective evaluation, the properties of current mainstream technologies were then specifically analyzed and compared, and the outlook for image fusion was assessed; finally, infrared and visible image fusion was summarized. The results show that the definition and efficiency of the fused infrared and visible image had been improved significantly. However, there were still some problems, such as the poor accuracy of the fused image, and irretrievably lost pixels. There is a need to improve the adaptive design of the traditional algorithm parameters, to combine the innovation of the fusion algorithm and the optimization of the neural network, so as to further improve the image fusion accuracy, reduce noise interference, and improve the real-time performance of the algorithm.

Body volume and mass estimation of southern elephant seals using 3D range scanning and neural network models

AbstractDirect measures of body mass of marine mammals are logistically complicated to obtain even for pinnipeds. An alternative method for mass estimation based on 3D imaging technology and automated processing algorithms, was tested in southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina). Two models of artificial neural networks (ANN)—nonlinear neural network and self‐organizing maps—were trained to compute the volume and to estimate the mass of the digital models, previously obtained by scanning individuals with an infrared light sensor. Body mass estimates were as accurate (mean % error = 4.4) as estimates in previous photogrammetry studies in southern elephant seals and the mass predictive ability of the trained ANN was higher (99% of the variance explained) than other predictive models using photogrammetry in pinniped studies. While this method has proven to produce accurate body mass estimates, it also overcame some of the constraints of other indirect techniques, avoiding animal disturbance caused by physical restraint or chemical immobilization, minimizing risks, and capitalizing on the time working in the field. The results of these estimations were promising, which shows that the proposed methodology can provide adequate results with lower logistic and computational requirements.

Circadian Analysis of Rodent Locomotor Activity in Home Cages.

Rhythmic locomotor activity is a commonly used readout of general circadian function in animals. For instance, measuring the activity of rodents in their home cages can provide information about circadian phase and period in response to genetic, pharmacological, and environmental manipulations. Herein, the use of infrared light sensors to measure circadian locomotor activity is described. Furthermore, we provide information about data handling, analysis and software use as well as points to consider when performing the experiment.

Infrared light sensors permit rapid recording of wingbeat frequency and bioacoustic species identification of mosquitoes

Recognition and classification of mosquitoes is a critical component of vector-borne disease management. Vector surveillance, based on wingbeat frequency and other parameters, is becoming increasingly important in the development of automated identification systems, but inconsistent data quality and results frequently emerge from different techniques and data processing methods which have not been standardized on wingbeat collection of numerous species. We developed a simple method to detect and record mosquito wingbeat by multi-dimensional optical sensors and collected 21,825 wingbeat files from 29 North American mosquito species. In pairwise comparisons, wingbeat frequency of twenty six species overlapped with at least one other species. No significant differences were observed in wingbeat frequencies between and within individuals of Culex quinquefasciatus over time. This work demonstrates the potential utility of quantifying mosquito wingbeat frequency by infrared light sensors as a component of an automated mosquito identification system. Due to species overlap, wingbeat frequency will need to integrate with other parameters to accurately delineate species in support of efficient mosquito surveillance, an important component of disease intervention.

Is Experience in Hemodialysis Cannulation Related to Expertise? A Metrics-based Investigation for Skills Assessment.

Cannulation is not only one of the most common medical procedures but also fraught with complications. The skill of the clinician performing cannulation directly impacts cannulation outcomes. However, current methods of teaching this skill are deficient, relying on subjective demonstrations and unrealistic manikins that have limited utility for skills training. Furthermore, of the factors that hinders effective continuing medical education is the assumption that clinical experience results in expertise. In this work, we examine if objective metrics acquired from a novel cannulation simulator are able to distinguish between experienced clinicians and established experts, enabling the measurement of true expertise. Twenty-two healthcare professionals, who practiced cannulation with varying experience, performed a simulated arteriovenous fistula cannulation task on the simulator. Four clinicians were peer-identified as experts while the others were designated to the experienced group. The simulator tracked the motion of the needle (via an electromagnetic sensor), rendered blood flashback function (via an infrared light sensor), and recorded pinch forces exerted on the needle (via force sensing elements). Metrics were computed based on motion, force, and other sensor data. Results indicated that, with near 80% of accuracy using both logistic regression and linear discriminant analysis, the objective metrics differentiated between experts and the experienced, including identifying needle motion and finger force as two prominent features that distinguished between the groups. Furthermore, results indicated that expertise was not correlated with years of experience, validating the central hypothesis of the study. These insights contribute to structured and standardized medical skills training by enabling a meaningful definition of expertise and could potentially lead to more effective skills training methods.

Design of a Low-cost Eye-movement-controlled Wheelchair Based on Near Infrared Light Sensor and Arduino

Design of a Low-cost Eye-movement-controlled Wheelchair Based on Near Infrared Light Sensor and Arduino

Carbon Nanotube Circuit Integration up to Sub-20 nm Channel Lengths

Carbon nanotube (CNT) field-effect transistors (CNFETs) are a promising emerging technology projected to achieve over an order of magnitude improvement in energy-delay product, a metric of performance and energy efficiency, compared to silicon-based circuits. However, due to substantial imperfections inherent with CNTs, the promise of CNFETs has yet to be fully realized. Techniques to overcome these imperfections have yielded promising results, but thus far only at large technology nodes (1 μm device size). Here we demonstrate the first very large scale integration (VLSI)-compatible approach to realizing CNFET digital circuits at highly scaled technology nodes, with devices ranging from 90 nm to sub-20 nm channel lengths. We demonstrate inverters functioning at 1 MHz and a fully integrated CNFET infrared light sensor and interface circuit at 32 nm channel length. This demonstrates the feasibility of realizing more complex CNFET circuits at highly scaled technology nodes.

Study on a Suspension of a Planetary Exploration Rover to Improve Driving Performance During Overcoming Obstacles

The planetary exploration rover executes various missions after moving to the target point in an unknown environment in the shortest distance. Such missions include the researches for geological and climatic conditions as well as the existence of water or living creatures. If there is any obstacle on the way, it is detected by such sensors as ultrasonic sensor, infrared light sensor, stereo vision, and laser ranger finder. After the obtained data is transferred to the main controller of the rover, decisions can be made to either overcome or avoid the obstacle on the way based on the operating algorithm of the rover. All the planetary exploration rovers which have been developed until now receive the information of the height or width of the obstacle from such sensors before analyzing it in order to find out whether it is possible to overcome the obstacle or not. If it is decided to be better to overcome the obstacle in terms of the operating safety and the electric consumption of the rover, it is generally made to overcome it. Therefore, for the purpose of carrying out the planetary exploration task, it is necessary to design the proper suspension system of the rover which enables it to safely overcome any obstacle on the way on the surface in any unknown environment. This study focuses on the design of the new double 4-bar linkage type of suspension system applied to the Korea Aerospace Research Institute rover (a tentatively name) that is currently in the process of development by our institute in order to develop the planetary exploration rover which absolutely requires the capacity of overcoming any obstacle. Throughout this study, the negative moment which harms the capacity of the rover for overcoming an obstacle was induced through the dynamical modeling process for the rocker-bogie applied to the Mars exploration rover of the US and the improved version of rocker-bogie as well as the suggested double 4-bar linkage type of suspension system. Also, based on the height of the obstacle, a simulation was carried out for the negative moment of the suspension system before the excellence of the suspension system suggested through the comparison of responding characteristics was proved.

Model-based winter road classification

An investigation of different road conditions has been conducted using a short-wave infrared (SWIR) light online sensor to examine the possibility of estimating road condition parameters such as porosity, depth and roughness. These parameters are essential for non-contact road friction estimation. The investigation show that it is possible to detect changes of depths of water and ice as well as classify different types of ice, by utilising polarised short-wave infrared (SWIR) light and a modified Hapke directional reflectance model.

Two Wheels Balancing Robot with Line Following Capability

This project focuses on the development of a line follower algorithm for a Two Wheels Balancing Robot. In this project, ATMEGA32 is chosen as the brain board controller to react towards the data received from Balance Processor Chip on the balance board to monitor the changes of the environment through two infra-red distance sensor to solve the inclination angle problem. Hence, the system will immediately restore to the set point (balance position) through the implementation of internal PID algorithms at the balance board. Application of infra-red light sensors with the PID control is vital, in order to develop a smooth line follower robot. As a result of combination between line follower program and internal self balancing algorithms, we are able to develop a dynamically stabilized balancing robot with line follower function. Keywords—infra-red sensor, PID algorithms, line follower Balancing robot

Phenology, nectar production and visitation behaviour of bats on the flowers of the bromeliad Werauhia gladioliflora in a Costa Rican lowland rain forest

We studied the interaction between the bromeliad Werauhia gladioliflora and its flower visitors in the Caribbean lowland forest of Costa Rica, in order to quantify the mutual benefits to both partners. Over 6 y, the bromeliads flowered mainly between October and December; with an individual inflorescence flowering for an average of 34 d (n = 233 inflorescences). The bromeliad showed a flexible breeding system with autogamy occurring in addition to cross-pollination. Exclusive pollinators were small nectar-feeding bats (Phyllostomidae: Glossophaginae). The average volume of nectar produced per flower was 1.1 ml (n = 25 flowers). The main visitor was the bat Glossophaga commissarisi, which approached the flowers exclusively using hovering flight. Visitation by bats, measured by infrared light sensors, occurred throughout the night with an activity peak after midnight. Median hovering duration of the bats at the flowers was 320 ms (n = 1246 visits). Hourly mean of hovering duration was negatively correlated with hourly nectar secretion rate. The flower visitation behaviour of a bat over the night seems to be shaped by a combination of intrinsic physiological factors and by nectar availability. Size of both flowers and visitors make Werauhia gladioliflora a very accessible system for quantification of factors affecting evolution of bat–plant interactions.

Real-time monitoring and automatic density control of large-scale microalgal cultures using near infrared (NIR) optical density sensors

Signals from near infrared (NIR) light transmittance sensors were used for both real-time monitoring of algal biomass density in growing mass cultures (200 l tubular biofences), and also as feedback in a system that controlled the density of the culture by automatic injection of fresh growth medium. When operated in a semi-continuous production mode between predefined density values, diurnal growth patterns were recorded on-line that provided information on the dynamics of the microalgal cultures with respect to environmental conditions. The bioreactor system was also programmed to operate in constant biomass density mode, thereby maintaining the culture at the optimal population density (OPD), and sustaining high biomass production levels. The system has potential for operating a dynamic density set point for microalgal cultures where the optimal population density varies as a function of ambient growing conditions.

Evaluation of the environmental stress index (ESI) for different terrestrial elevations below and above sea level

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the recently developed environmental stress index (ESI) for different climatic conditions and terrestrial elevations below and above sea level and to evaluate a new and relatively small (5 mm) infra-red (IR) light sensor for reliability and for measuring global radiation (GR). Meteorological measurements were taken in 3 different climatic zones (hot/wet, hot/dry and extremely hot/dry) at 6 different terrestrial elevations (−386, −200, 35, 375, 960 and 1640 m) for 9 days between 09:00 and 17:00. Meteorological data included ambient temperature, relative humidity, wet bulb temperature, black globe temperature and GR from two instruments: an IR light sensor and a pyranometer. In general, ESI successfully evaluated the impact of climate from the various locations at different terrestrial elevations. Global radiation measurements revealed no significant ( P < 0.05 ) differences between measurements by the pyranometer or the IR light sensor. High correlation was found between ESI and the wet bulb globe temperature index when GR was calculated from both the pyranometer ( R 2 = 0.933 ) and the light sensor ( R 2 = 0.939 ). In conclusion, ESI is a valid measure for different terrestrial elevations, and the IR sensors have the potential to measure GR for use in heat stress assessment incorporated in the index.

Improvement of an infrared light sensitivity in PZT photosensitive field emitter

An infrared light sensor based on principle of a field emission from Pb(Zr, Ti)O 3 (PZT) thin plate has been studied. The sensitivity is able to be improved to perform a surface polish, and the emission efficiency of polished emission plane increased to twice than that of the unpolished emission plane. On a low infrared light irradiation condition, a noise level of emission current was very large. To use a micro-channel-plate (MCP) device, the amplification of the emission electrons was carried out. The emission electrons could be multiplied 40 times, the emission electron was clearly observed under low irradiation conditions. The electron emission-type infrared light sensor is also useful to detect an infrared light on low irradiation condition.

Electron Emission Characteristic from Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 Thin Plate by Infrared Light Irradiation

A new electron-emission-type infrared light sensor, which uses the principle of electron emission from a Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT) thin plate, has been proposed. However, the electron supply route to the emission plane is not yet well understood. As pulsed infrared light was irradiated onto the sensor, the emission current increased rapidly and decreased slowly. The emission current peak value did not change during the continuous detection operation. When the infrared light is shielded, electron emission stops, the temperature of the PZT thin plate returns to the initial state, and an electric field appears due to spontaneous polarization. It is assumed that electrons are supplied through the PZT thin plate from the back-surface electrode to the emission plane via this electric field. In the pulsed infrared light irradiation experiment, we could recognize that the emission current peak value does not depend on the light shielding time. An electron supply model from the back-surface electrode through the PZT thin plate during a detection operation is proposed. In a quasi steady or thermal equilibrium state, the electron supply to the emission plane of the PZT thin plate is sufficient for a detection operation under ordinary irradiation conditions. Therefore, the proposed sensor is viable for use as an infrared sensor or imager under ordinary infrared light irradiation.

Electron emission type infrared imaging sensor using ferroelectric thin plate

We propose a novel electron emission type infrared light sensor, which is constructed with a PZT ceramics plate and an Al electrode. A quartz plate separated the Al electrode and a PZT plate. The distance between the Al electrode and the PZT plate kept about 10µm. The PZT plate acts as an infrared light detector and a cathode electrode. The Al electrode is an anode. As the PZT plate was irradiated by infrared light in a vacuum chamber, an anode current was observed, and the anode current was lineally proportional to the incident infrared light power. From these fundamental experiments, the principle of this sensor was confirmed. Using this principle, we fabricated prototype infrared imager. This imager was constructed with the PZT photocathode, a multichannel plate and a fluorescent substrate. An infrared light source was successively taken by this imager.