Information Transfer Analysis Research Articles

Theoretical and Practical Analysis of MIMO Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transfer Over Inductively Coupled Circuits

The number of wireless devices continues to increase, and this growth will be further fueled by the Internet of Things (IoT). There is an urgent need to develop new techniques to both wirelessly transfer power to and communicate with these devices. Recently, inductive power transfer has gained much attention as a potentially efficient wireless powering solution for short and medium distance charging scenarios. In this paper, we consider multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) using inductive coupling. While an analysis of SWIPT requires a model that correctly captures transmit power, harvested power, and information capacity, the vast majority of previous studies have overlooked the relationship between the mathematical signal representations and the real-world physical quantities. To overcome this challenge, we propose a framework in which signals and channels are represented by traveling waves and scattering parameters. The optimal covariance matrices of the transmit traveling waves are derived for three different working scenarios. We propose a simple estimation procedure to determine unknown scattering parameters and noise distribution. The rate-energy regions and the magnetic field strengths are computed for two inductively-coupled MIMO models based on the finite element method.

Relativistic electron ([formula omitted]) flux driving parameters over geostationary orbit using 30 years of data

The relativistic electron population at MeV energy in the Earth’s outer radiation belt at geostationary (GOE) orbit largely varies in association with solar wind disturbances. Although more researches have been done to understand the influence of different mechanisms that cause the variations in the relativistic electron flux in the region, but still the underlying physics is often complex and unclear. The present study uses relativistic electron (E>2MeV) fluxes data of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) geosynchronous satellites to understand the variations and its relationship with the driving parameters. The study examines the relativistic electron fluxes variations associated with the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) and solar wind parameters using daily averaged data from 01 January 1990 to 31 December 2018. The results indicated that the information transfer from solar wind and IMF parameters into relativistic electrons flux is dependent on the kind of driving parameter. The result identifies the rank of driving parameters based on their maximum values in the cross correlation and information transfer analysis. Thus, AE index and vsw are the dominant driving parameters for the dynamics of relativistic electrons flux at GEO orbit. The peak values of coefficient (correlation coefficients, mutual information and entropy transfer) are observed at similar lag times (τpeak). For instance, in the case of AE and Je, we have observed the maximum coefficient (associated with lag time) as follows; maximum correlation coefficient; CCmax=0.846(5days), maximum mutual information; MImax=0.803(5days), maximum transfer entropy; TEmax=0.892(5days). Such dependency analysis can help to select the model parameters that influence the relativistic electrons fluxes and improve the existed models of the dynamical system.

Neurophysiological correlates of tactile width discrimination in humans.

Tactile information processing requires the integration of sensory, motor, and cognitive information. Width discrimination has been extensively studied in rodents, but not in humans. Here, we describe Electroencephalography (EEG) signals in humans performing a tactile width discrimination task. The first goal of this study was to describe changes in neural activity occurring during the discrimination and the response periods. The second goal was to relate specific changes in neural activity to the performance in the task. Comparison of changes in power between two different periods of the task, corresponding to the discrimination of the tactile stimulus and the motor response, revealed the engagement of an asymmetrical network associated with fronto-temporo-parieto-occipital electrodes and across multiple frequency bands. Analysis of ratios of higher [Ratio 1: (0.5-20 Hz)/(0.5-45 Hz)] or lower frequencies [Ratio 2: (0.5-4.5 Hz)/(0.5-9 Hz)], during the discrimination period revealed that activity recorded from frontal-parietal electrodes was correlated to tactile width discrimination performance between-subjects, independently of task difficulty. Meanwhile, the dynamics in parieto-occipital electrodes were correlated to the changes in performance within-subjects (i.e., between the first and the second blocks) independently of task difficulty. In addition, analysis of information transfer, using Granger causality, further demonstrated that improvements in performance between blocks were characterized by an overall reduction in information transfer to the ipsilateral parietal electrode (P4) and an increase in information transfer to the contralateral parietal electrode (P3). The main finding of this study is that fronto-parietal electrodes encoded between-subjects' performances while parieto-occipital electrodes encoded within-subjects' performances, supporting the notion that tactile width discrimination processing is associated with a complex asymmetrical network involving fronto-parieto-occipital electrodes.

Mixed RF/FSO SWIPT-Based OSLMD Coded AF Cooperative Communication System: Performance Analysis

In this paper, the performance analysis of simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) using time switching (TS) protocol-based amplify-and-forward (AF) dual-hop mixed radio-frequency/free-space optic (RF/FSO) coded and uncoded communication system (CC and UC) is investigated. Specifically, we look at using the One-Step Majority-Logic Decodable (OSMLD) codes at the source and a majority logic decoding algorithm (MLGD) at the destination, jointly with the use of maximal-ratio combining and SWIPT/TS techniques at the relay. Furthermore, the RF link undergoes Nakagami- <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$m$ </tex-math></inline-formula> model, while the second-hop is subject to Máalaga- <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mathcal {M}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> atmospheric turbulence with the effect of pointing errors. Closed-form and asymptotic formulations for the average bit error probability (ABEP) are obtained in terms of the system parameters for both CC and UC scenarios in addition of the average channel capacity analysis. Computer-based Monte Carlo simulations were used to numerically validate all of the obtained mathematical formulations. Expectedly, it is shown that significant coding gains are achieved using OSMLD codes in comparison with UC. In addition, above a specific threshold of energy efficiency, the system performance gets steady in the high signal-to-noise-ratio regime. Moreover, the decoding method used in this work has been shown to be suitable for the SWIPT/TS-assisted RF/FSO coded AF cooperative communication system where high performance alongside low computational complexity are required.

Optimization of Protograph LDPC Codes via Surrogate Channel for Unequal Power Allocation

This paper investigates the possibilities of optimizing existing protograph low-density parity-check (PLDPC) codes and designing optimal PLDPC codes on both AWGN and Rayleigh channels under binary modulation with unequal power allocation (UPA) for nonuniform sources. While the binary UPA modulation achieves a power gain, it also results in unequal error protection on the coded bits in systematic codewords during transmission. For irregular codes, it is possible to best protect the information bits by optimizing the classification of variable nodes (VNs). Those VNs represent the coded bits in protograph that allows exploiting jointly the degree irregularity and the power differentiation. An algorithm for UPA-based protograph extrinsic information transfer (UPA-PEXIT) analysis on the Rayleigh channel is proposed with the concept of surrogate channel which circumvents the channel asymmetry problem with UPA. With the RJA code as example, it is shown that classification optimization does improve the decoding threshold when the source entropy is small. To design optimal codes, a UPA-based differential evolution (UPA-DE) algorithm is proposed in conjunction with the UPA-PEXIT analysis. A family of optimized codes are illustrated for three typical nonuniform source distributions and compared with the RJA and NND codes by simulations in error rate performance.

Global Design of Double Protograph LDPC Codes for Joint Source-Channel Coding

In this letter, a global design of double protograph low-density parity-check (DP-LDPC) codes is proposed for joint source-channel coding (JSCC) system. The maximum number of degree-2 variable nodes (VNs), which is very important for the performance of the system, is determined from a global perspective that considers the joint protograph as a whole. Based on the allocation of degree-2 VNs, the new guidelines with this more comprehensive perspective are summarized and the global optimized DP-LDPC codes are designed. The simulation results that are in consistent with the joint protograph extrinsic information transfer (P-EXIT) analysis indicate that the optimized DP-LDPC codes have better performance compared with the existing re-designed DP-LDPC codes.

Quantile transfer entropy: Measuring the heterogeneous information transfer of nonlinear time series

Due to the existence of the nonlinear mechanism in complex systems, a large event is more likely to arise the impacts substantially different from those of a small event. Although this opinion is widely accepted, detecting their differences have been few reported, especially on the information transfer analysis. In this paper, we consider the heterogeneous information transfer between two nonlinear time series, and propose a new method called quantile transfer entropy (QTE). The QTE method involves two main steps: (i) the quantile decomposition, and (ii) the detection of the nonlinear information transfer. It is a more generalized case of the symbolic transfer entropy (STE), which can give many more details regarding to the information transfer induced by large events and small events. We design the Monte Carlo simulations, which verify the accuracy and the robustness of our new method. The stock price–volume relationship is revisited by the QTE method at low and high frequencies, where the information transfer is found to be heterogenous in emerging markets.

Visualization of Speech Perception Analysis via Phoneme Alignment: A Pilot Study.

Objective: Speech tests assess the ability of people with hearing loss to comprehend speech with a hearing aid or cochlear implant. The tests are usually at the word or sentence level. However, few tests analyze errors at the phoneme level. So, there is a need for an automated program to visualize in real time the accuracy of phonemes in these tests.Method: The program reads in stimulus-response pairs and obtains their phonemic representations from an open-source digital pronouncing dictionary. The stimulus phonemes are aligned with the response phonemes via a modification of the Levenshtein Minimum Edit Distance algorithm. Alignment is achieved via dynamic programming with modified costs based on phonological features for insertion, deletions and substitutions. The accuracy for each phoneme is based on the F1-score. Accuracy is visualized with respect to place and manner (consonants) or height (vowels). Confusion matrices for the phonemes are used in an information transfer analysis of ten phonological features. A histogram of the information transfer for the features over a frequency-like range is presented as a phonemegram.Results: The program was applied to two datasets. One consisted of test data at the sentence and word levels. Stimulus-response sentence pairs from six volunteers with different degrees of hearing loss and modes of amplification were analyzed. Four volunteers listened to sentences from a mobile auditory training app while two listened to sentences from a clinical speech test. Stimulus-response word pairs from three lists were also analyzed. The other dataset consisted of published stimulus-response pairs from experiments of 31 participants with cochlear implants listening to 400 Basic English Lexicon sentences via different talkers at four different SNR levels. In all cases, visualization was obtained in real time. Analysis of 12,400 actual and random pairs showed that the program was robust to the nature of the pairs.Conclusion: It is possible to automate the alignment of phonemes extracted from stimulus-response pairs from speech tests in real time. The alignment then makes it possible to visualize the accuracy of responses via phonological features in two ways. Such visualization of phoneme alignment and accuracy could aid clinicians and scientists.

Construction of Protograph-Based Partially Doped Generalized LDPC Codes

In this paper, we propose a new code design technique, called partial doping, for protograph-based generalized low-density parity-check (GLDPC) codes. While the conventional construction method of protograph-based GLDPC codes is to replace some single parity-check (SPC) nodes with generalized constraint (GC) nodes applying to multiple variable nodes (VNs) that are connected in the protograph, the proposed technique can select any VNs in the protograph to be protected by GC nodes. In other words, the partial doping technique facilitates finer tuning of doping, which in turn enables a sophisticated code optimization with higher degree of freedom. We construct the proposed partially doped GLDPC (PD-GLDPC) codes using the partial doping technique and optimize the PD-GLDPC codes by the protograph extrinsic information transfer (PEXIT) analysis. In addition, we propose a condition guaranteeing the linear minimum distance growth of the PD-GLDPC codes and use the condition for the optimization. Experimental results show that the optimized PD-GLDPC codes outperform the conventional GLDPC codes and have competitive performance compared to the state-of-the-art protograph-based LDPC codes without the error floor phenomenon over the binary erasure channel (BEC).

Driving Parameters for Multi‐MeV Electrons Flux Variations in Outer Radiation Belt

AbstractThe Earth's outer radiation belt is highly dynamic and the variations of multi‐MeV electrons flux in the region depend on solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field () parameters. This study attempts to characterize the causality and timing of the solar wind and IMF parameter activities on the outer radiation belt environment based on three tools: time shifted cross correlation, mutual information, and transfer entropy statistical analysis. The Van Allen Probes mission measurements of multi‐MeV (3.4–6.3 MeV) electrons flux data in the period from January 01, 2017 to December 31, 2018 have been used. The results indicate that the information transfer from solar wind and IMF parameters into multi‐MeV electrons flux is dependent on the kind of driving parameter, range of L‐shell, and energy of electrons. The result identifies the rank of driving parameters based on their maximum values in the correlation and information transfer analysis. Thus, solar wind velocity is the dominant driving parameter for the variation of multi‐MeV electrons flux in the outer radiation belt. Given three ranges of L‐shell (, and ), with decreasing L‐shell values the maximum information transfer from driving parameters into electron flux decreases and the lag time increases. Such dependency analysis can help to select the model parameters that influence the variation of multi‐MeV electrons flux and improve the existed models of the dynamical system.

Method distribution of package delivery time

When analyzing the problems of organizing the effective functioning of distributed data transmission networks with packet switching, it becomes clear that it is necessary to improve existing models of individual network structures, develop new models for studying effects, factors and mechanisms that have not been considered previously, and create, on their basis, non-laborious methods for selecting network parameters according to various criteria of optimality. An analytical review of the results achieved in the study of various structural formations made it possible to reveal the degree of elaboration of the issues of organizing the effective operation of the network, to formulate unsolved problems and to outline the main directions of research. In this case, the peculiarity of end-to-end data transportation over a multi-link virtual connection is clearly not taken into account, and the question of the adequacy of the assigned distributions to the real information transfer process is not considered and remains open. An approach to the construction of the distribution of the transmission time of an information packet in a virtual channel with distortions is proposed, on the basis of which the analysis of the influence of the duration of the end-to-end time-out of non-receipt of a receipt on the operational characteristics of the data transport process is carried out. A model of a data transmission path with distortions in individual sections of the transfer in the form of a stochastic conveyor is proposed, and auxiliary relations necessary for the analysis of stochastic information transfer are obtained. The parameters of the line protocols largely determine the potential of inter-node connections, the requirements for the buffer memory of the switching nodes and the end-to-end delay of subscriber messages. The known methods for the formal selection of these parameters are focused mainly on the unconditional preference of the criterion for the throughput of inter-node connections and require time-consuming numerical calculations. Since the problem of redefining network parameters often arises in real networks due to changes in operating conditions, then there is a need to develop non-laborious engineering methods for their selection according to various criteria of optimality.

Performance Analysis of Millimeter Wave SWIPT System Using Ginibre Point Process

This paper deals with the coverage probability analysis of mmWave simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) system using stochastic geometry. mmWaves are higher frequency waves results in dense deployment of base stations (BS) leading to a higher data rate. Stochastic geometry provides a mathematical model to the randomly distributed nodes in the network. The Poisson point process (PPP) is the most analytically tractable and widely used model for the location of BSs, but it fails to capture the underlying separation between the BSs of cellular networks. Ginibre point process (GPP) model is used for the repulsion between the two nodes and provides a realistic model compared to PPP. In this paper, mmWave interfering base stations are considered to be GPP for deriving the coverage probability analysis. The proposed model considers the interfering base stations for analyzing the coverage probability. The closed form expression for the coverage probability is derived and is analyzed. The theoretical results are validated through simulation results.

End-to-End Transmission Analysis of Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transfer Using Resonant Beam

Integrating the wireless power transfer (WPT) technology into the wireless communication system has been important for operational cost saving and power-hungry problem solving of electronic devices. In this paper, we propose a resonant beam simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (RB-SWIPT) system, which utilizes a gain medium and two retro-reflecting surfaces to enhance and retro-reflect energy, and allows devices to recharge their batteries and exchange information from the resonant beam wirelessly. To reveal the SWIPT mechanism and evaluate the SWIPT performance, we establish an analytical end-to-end (E2E) transmission model based on a modular approach and the electromagnetic field propagation. Then, the intra-cavity power intensity distribution, transmission loss, output power, and E2E efficiency can be obtained. The numerical evaluation illustrates that the exemplary RB-SWIPT system can provide about 4.20W electric power and 12.41bps/Hz spectral efficiency, and shorter transmission distance or larger retro-reflecting surface size can lead to higher E2E efficiency. The RB-SWIPT presents a new way for high-power, long-range WPT, and high-rate communication.

Coded Random Access Technique Based on Repetition Codes for Prioritizing Emergency Communication

This research uses repetition codes based on Coded Random Access (CRA) to support Internet of Things (IoT) to give priority to emergency commutations in super-dense networks. Degree distribution for emergency group and general group are obtained with extrinsic information transfer (EXIT) analysis to achieve small error performance shown by the very small gap between emergency group curve and general group curve. This research also evaluates performance by observing throughput and packet-loss rate (PLR) parameters from every groups. Offered traffic in PLR for emergency group user is G= 0,7 packet/slot without fading and G= 0,65 packet/slot with fading, while for public group is G=0,699 packet/slot without fading and G=0,42 packet/slot with fading. Peak throughput for emergency group is G= 0,737 packet/slot without fading and G= 0,729 packet/slot with fading. Peak Throughput for public group is G= 0,699 packet/slot without fading and G=0,685 packet/slot with fading. Throughput values of emergency group are higher than those of the general group, indicating successful process of giving priority for emergency group.

Ergodic sum capacity analysis of NOMA‐SWIPT enabled IoT relay systems

Instead of using the participating relay node only for relaying the data of the source node, in this letter, we have also considered transmitting the data of the IoT relay node (IoTR) along with the source node data based on time switching (TS), power splitting (PS) relaying and NOMA. Therefore, in this context, we investigate the ergodic sum capacity (ESC) analysis of simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) based non‐orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) for the Internet of Things (IoT) relay systems. Furthermore, we also study the effect of both perfect successive interference cancellation (pSIC) and imperfect SIC (ipSIC) on the proposed system. Analytical expressions for the ESC under both pSIC and ipSIC scenarios are mathematically derived and corroborated through Monte‐Carlo simulations. Our result demonstrates that the PS relaying with NOMA is more energy‐efficient than TS relaying with NOMA for the proposed system.

Distinctive communication networks in inactive states of β2 -adrenergic receptor: Mutual information and entropy transfer analysis.

Mutual information and entropy transfer analysis employed on two inactive states of human beta-2 adrenergic receptor (β2 -AR) unraveled distinct communication pathways. Previously, a so-called "highly" inactive state of the receptor was observed during 1.5 microsecond long molecular dynamics simulation where the largest intracellular loop (ICL3) was swiftly packed onto the G-protein binding cavity, becoming entirely inaccessible. Mutual information quantifying the degree of correspondence between backbone-Cα fluctuations was mostly shared between intra- and extra-cellular loop regions in the original inactive state, but shifted to entirely different regions in this latest inactive state. Interestingly, the largest amount of mutual information was always shared among the mobile regions. Irrespective of the conformational state, polar residues always contributed more to mutual information than hydrophobic residues, and also the number of polar-polar residue pairs shared the highest degree of mutual information compared to those incorporating hydrophobic residues. Entropy transfer, quantifying the correspondence between backbone-Cα fluctuations at different timesteps, revealed a distinctive pathway directed from the extracellular site toward intracellular portions in this recently exposed inactive state for which the direction of information flow was the reverse of that observed in the original inactive state where the mobile ICL3 and its intracellular surroundings drove the future fluctuations of extracellular regions.

Joint Component Design for the JSCC System Based on DP-LDPC Codes

The joint base matrix ${{{{B}}_{{\mathrm{J}}}}}$ of the joint source-channel coding (JSCC) system based on double protograph low-density parity-check (DP-LDPC) codes consists of four components, namely, the source code ${{{{B}}_{{\mathrm{s}}}}}$ , the channel code ${{{{B}}_{{\mathrm{c}}}}}$ , the type-1 connection edge ${{{{B}}_{{ \textit {L1}}}}}$ and the type-2 connection edge ${{{{B}}_{{ \textit {L2}}}}}$ , each having a non-negligible influence on the system performance. Different from the traditional component-specific design approach, we propose a joint design and optimization algorithm based on the idea of multi-objective differential evolution (MODE). Specifically, we consider the optimization of the DP-LDPC JSCC system through joint design of three components ${{{{B}}_{{\mathrm{s}}}}}$ , ${{{{B}}_{{\mathrm{c}}}}}$ , ${{{{B}}_{{ \textit {L1}}}}}$ and all four components ${{{{B}}_{{\mathrm{s}}}}}$ , ${{{{B}}_{{\mathrm{c}}}}}$ , ${{{\mathbf{B}}_{{ \textit {L1}}}}}$ , ${{{{B}}_{{ \textit {L2}}}}}$ , respectively. The proposed algorithm has low search complexity due to the reduction in size and element value of base matrices. The joint protograph extrinsic information transfer (JPEXIT) analyses and the simulation results demonstrate that the resulting JSCC system is free from a high error floor, requires fewer number of iterations for reaching the same bit error rate (BER) and achieves significant coding gains as compared to the state-of-the-art. Our DP-LDPC JSCC system is also shown to outperform its separation-based counterpart by a wide margin.

Super-Sparse On-Off Division Multiple Access: Replacing Repetition With Idling

A very low-complexity on-off division multiple access (ODMA) scheme is proposed for $K$ -user non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) systems. At the transmission side, each user employs the same length- $m$ channel code whose coded bits, after modulation, are sent in a random time-hopping manner. Specifically, $m$ coded bits are randomly scheduled and sent using $n$ time slots with $n\gg m$ , i.e., only $m$ slots are used for signal transmission and the other $n-m$ slots are idle. The slot selection, referred to as an on-off pattern, is unique to each user, and it is the only means of user separation. Consequently, at each time slot only a very few users (i.e., 2 or 3) may simultaneously access the channel, leading to a super-sparse access system. Due to the sparse access property, a very low-complexity iterative multi-user decoding method can be implemented on an almost tree-like factor graph. Compared with existing iteratively decodable code division multiple access (CDMA) schemes, such as sparse-CDMA and interleave division multiple access (IDMA), ODMA does not rely on repetition (spreading) or user interleaving. In fact, we show that in using extrinsic information transfer (EXIT) analysis and simulation, idling is more effective than repetition in terms of enhancing the multi-user iterative decoding performance. By replacing repetition with idling, a remarkable multi-user decoding performance gain is achieved and, at the same time, the decoding complexity is significantly reduced.

Finite Block-Length Analog Fountain Codes for Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communications

In this paper, a theoretical framework for the design and evaluation of finite block-length analog fountain codes (AFC) towards ultra-reliable low latency communications (URLLC) is proposed. First, based on the achievable rate analysis and extrinsic information transfer (EXIT) analysis for AFC, we propose a weight adaptive (WA) AFC transmission scheme by introducing a limited feedback link, which can realize the lowest complexity AFC over a wide range SNRs. Further, by combining the conventional EXIT analysis and the dispersion perspective of mutual information, we propose a modified weight selection scheme for short block length WA-AFC (SWA-AFC) scheme. Simulation results show that our SWA-AFC scheme can achieve a superior performance than the existing AFC schemes, and approaching to the Polyansky-Poor-Verdu (PPV) bound.

Information Transfer between Stock Market Sectors: A Comparison between the USA and China.

Information diffusion within financial markets plays a crucial role in the process of price formation and the propagation of sentiment and risk. We perform a comparative analysis of information transfer between industry sectors of the Chinese and the USA stock markets, using daily sector indices for the period from 2000 to 2017. The information flow from one sector to another is measured by the transfer entropy of the daily returns of the two sector indices. We find that the most active sector in information exchange (i.e., the largest total information inflow and outflow) is the non-bank financial sector in the Chinese market and the technology sector in the USA market. This is consistent with the role of the non-bank sector in corporate financing in China and the impact of technological innovation in the USA. In each market, the most active sector is also the largest information sink that has the largest information inflow (i.e., inflow minus outflow). In contrast, we identify that the main information source is the bank sector in the Chinese market and the energy sector in the USA market. In the case of China, this is due to the importance of net bank lending as a signal of corporate activity and the role of energy pricing in affecting corporate profitability. There are sectors such as the real estate sector that could be an information sink in one market but an information source in the other, showing the complex behavior of different markets. Overall, these findings show that stock markets are more synchronized, or ordered, during periods of turmoil than during periods of stability.