Information Outage Probability Research Articles

Performance Analysis of RIS-Assisted Wireless Communications With Energy Harvesting

In this paper, we investigate a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-assisted wireless communication system with energy harvesting. In the single information user (IU) scenario, we consider the power control of base station (BS) and the random deployment of energy users (EUs). To this end, we first characterize the statistical features of the channel gains over BS-RIS-IU and BS-RIS-EU cascaded links. Then, we derive a closed-form expression of the information outage probability (IOP) of the IU and show an upper bound of the energy outage probability (EOP) of EUs by invoking the Jensen's inequality. Furthermore, we consider two more general extensions, namely, the existence of imperfect phase alignment and multiple IUs. Finally, the correctness of the analysis results is verified by Monte-Carlo simulation.

Age of Information Aware Resource Allocation and Packet Sampling Control in Vehicular Networks

In this letter, we analyze the age of information (AoI) outage probability for the D/Geo/1 queueing system. Then, we formulate a problem of resource allocation and packet sampling rate optimization to maximize the sum ergodic capacity of V2N links while guaranteeing the AoI outage probability of V2V links in vehicular communication networks. For each possible V2N-V2V spectrum reusing pair, the optimal power allocation and packet sampling rate are obtained by a low-complexity algorithm. Afterwards, spectrum allocation is optimized by bipartite matching. Simulation results validate our AoI analysis and show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

Reliability and age of information analysis of 5G IoT for intelligent communication

Device-to-Device (D2D) communication in fifth generation (5G)-Internet of Things (IoT) Networks suffer from high-power outage and interference with cellular spectrum. To address these issues, a problem is formulated to minimize the outage power for the maximization of throughput. We investigate Outage Probability (OP) and Age of Information (AoI) to propose fairness-based power control (FOPA) technique. In the first stage, throughput gets maximized by minimizing the outage power. Since a lower value of AoI is a desirable trait, it should be minimized with the help of OP in the second stage. Results confirm that the proposed FOPA technique improves performance by 14.28% and 20% in terms of throughput and spectrum efficiency, respectively. AoI is minimized by 16%-38% compared to the benchmark schemes. System reliability exhibits a low variance of 0.0856, 0.0429 and 0.0383. The proposed work may be used in spectrally efficient IoT devices and scalable communication systems beyond 5G.

Information Outage Probability and Constrained Capacity of Moderate-Length Codes over AWGN Channels

We study the information outage probability (IOP) and constrained capacity of moderate-length codes over AWGN channels based on M-ary phase-shift keying signals. The IOP provides an important benchmark for performance evaluation of moderate-length codes. We analytically compute the IOP and compare

Performance Analysis of Clustered Wireless-Powered Ad Hoc Networks via β-Ginibre Point Processes

We consider a wireless-powered ad hoc network with clustered Power Beacons (PBs). The wireless-powered transmitters (WP-Txs) only activate stochastically deployed PBs within the circles centered at their locations. The PBs transmit radio frequency (RF) signals, which are harvested by the WP-Txs to transmit information to their target receivers. The nodes are modeled as following <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\beta $ </tex-math></inline-formula> -Ginibre Point Processes ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\beta $ </tex-math></inline-formula> -GPP), which incorporate repulsion among PBs or active WP-Txs. Lacking analytical mathematical tools to describe the distribution of clustered PBs, we establish lower and upper bounds on the energy outage probability, as well as an approximated expression of it. We then derive the information outage probability, an approximate expression of it by approximating the reduced Palm distribution of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\beta $ </tex-math></inline-formula> -GPP as an inhomogeneous Poisson point process (IPPP), and an analytical approximate expression of it by further ignoring the small-scale fading of interfering WP-Tx links. Finally, the transmission capacity is obtained based on the overall outage probability. The simulation results show that the derived theoretical expressions accurately reflect the performance of the wireless-powered ad hoc networks and the performance gap introduced by approximations is negligible. Transmission capacity optimization based on the derived expressions is also possible and demonstrated.

Impacts of Nonlinear Energy Harvesting and Residual Self-Interference on the Performance of Full-Duplex Decode-and-Forward Relay System

In this paper, we investigate the usage of a nonlinear energy harvester at a full-duplex (FD) relay, which can harvest the energy from radio frequency (RF) signals transmitted from the source. We mathematically derive the exact closed-form expressions of outage probability (OP), throughput, and average symbol error rate (ASER) of the nonlinear energy harvester-wireless information and power transfer-FD relaying (N-WIPT-FDR) system over Rayleigh fading channels. Unlike linear energy harvester, nonlinear energy harvester results in more computational complexity. Furthermore, it makes the outage floor happen faster even when self-interference cancellation (SIC) techniques are effectively applied due to the saturation power threshold of the nonlinear energy harvester. The combination of nonlinear energy harvester characteristic and residual self-interference (RSI) has significant impacts on the OP, throughput, and ASER of the considered N-WIPT-FDR system. On the other hand, there is an optimal energy harvesting (EH) time duration, which minimizes the OP. This optimal value depends on the transmission power of the source and the saturation power threshold of the nonlinear energy harvester. Monte-Carlo simulations are conducted to validate the derived mathematical expressions.

System Outage Probability of PS-SWIPT Enabled Two-Way AF Relaying With Hardware Impairments

In this paper, we investigate the system outage probability of a simultaneous wireless information, and power transfer (SWIPT) based two-way amplify-and-forward (AF) relay network, where transceiver hardware impairments (HIs) are considered. The energy-constrained relay node processes the received signals based on a power splitting protocol, and the two terminals employ a selection combining (SC) scheme to exploit the signals from the direct and relaying links. Assuming independent but non-identically distributed Nakagami-m fading channels, we derive the system outage probability in a closed-form, which enables us to identify two crucial ceiling effects on the system outage probability caused by HIs in the high data rate regions, i.e., relay cooperation ceiling (RCC) and overall system ceiling (OSC). Specifically, the RCC prevents the relaying link from participating in cooperative communications, while the OSC leaves the overall system in outage. Furthermore, we derive the achievable diversity gain of the considered network, which shows that the diversity gain equals either the shape parameter of the direct link or zero. Computer simulations are provided to validate the correctness of our analytical results, and study the effects of various system parameters on the system outage performance and the optimal power splitting ratio, as well as the energy efficiency.

Unified Performance Analysis of Multi-Hop FSO Systems Over Double Generalized Gamma Turbulence Channels With Pointing Errors

Free space optical (FSO) communication systems provide high bandwidth in unregulated spectrum and act as a powerful line-of-sight wireless connectivity solution. The performance of FSO systems can be seriously impaired by fading as a result of atmospheric turbulence and/or pointing errors due to misalignment. In the context of FSO systems, relaying was proposed as an effective fading mitigation technique due to the fact that the variance is distance-dependent in turbulence channels. In this article, we present a unified performance analysis of multi-hop FSO systems over Double Generalized Gamma (DGG) turbulence channels with pointing error impairments. We assume amplify-and-forward relaying and consider both heterodyne detection and intensity modulation with direct detection. We derive tight closed-form expressions for the outage probability and bit error probability of both fixed-gain and channel state information (CSI)-assisted relaying in terms of the bivariate Fox-H functions and Fox-H functions, respectively. We further analyze asymptotic behavior of the outage probability in terms of simple elementary functions and obtain the achievable diversity orders. Diversity gain is found to be a function of atmospheric turbulence parameters, pointing error, detection type and the number of hops. Monte Carlo simulation results are further provided to verify the accuracy of the derived expressions.

Coded Redundant Message Transmission Schemes for Low-Power Wide Area IoT Applications

We propose a novel transmission scheme, suitable to Internet of Things, which sends coded redundant information in independent packets. The results indicate that this scheme outperforms, in terms of reliability, transmit power, and coverage, the typical direct transmission strategy, schemes based on replications, and methods that embed coded redundant information in packets that contain new information. Moreover, we demonstrate the impact of selecting the most appropriate transmission scheme according to the target information outage probability and node location.

Outage and Throughput of WPCN-SWIPT Networks with Nonlinear EH Model in Nakagami-m Fading

This paper analyzes outage probability and reliable throughput performance of a multi-user wireless-powered communication network-simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (WPCN-SWIPT) network with the logistic function-based (LG) nonlinear energy-harvesting (EH) model in Nakagami-m fading. Power-splitting (PS) receiver architecture is considered. The closed-form expressions of the system outage probability and the system reliable throughput are derived, and then the corresponding asymptotic expressions are also provided to achieve simpler calculation in the high-transmit power scenarios. Simulation results demonstrate the correctness of our derived analytical results and show that the systems under the LG nonlinear and linear EH models have very different performance behaviors. Moreover, since the LG nonlinear EH model is closer to the features of practical EH circuit than the linear one, using the LG nonlinear EH model can avoid the false output results of the system performance evaluation.

On the Secrecy Performance of SWIPT Receiver Architectures with Multiple Eavesdroppers

Physical layer security (PLS) has been shown to hold promise as a new paradigm for securing wireless links. In contrast with the conventional cryptographic techniques, PLS methods exploit the random fading in wireless channels to provide link security. As the channel dynamics prevent a constant rate of secure communications between the legitimate terminals, the outage probability of the achievable secrecy rate is used as a measure of the secrecy performance. This work investigates the secrecy outage probability of a simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) system, which operates in the presence of multiple eavesdroppers that also have the energy harvesting capability. The loss in secrecy performance due to eavesdropper collusion, i.e., information sharing between the eavesdroppers to decode the secret message, is also analyzed. We derive closed-form expressions for the secrecy outage probability for Nakagami-m fading on the links and imperfect channel estimation at the receivers. Our analysis considers different combinations of the separated and the integrated SWIPT receiver architectures at the receivers. Numerical results are provided to validate our analysis.

Optimization of Multimedia Progressive Transmission Over MIMO Channels

This paper studies the optimal transmission of multimedia progressive sources, which require unequal target error rates in their bitstream, over multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) channels. First, we derive the information outage probability expression of a space–time code for an arbitrarily given piecewise-linear diversity–multiplexing tradeoff (DMT) function and the conditions for the existence of a crossover point of the information outage probability curves of the space–time codes. We prove that as long as the crossover point of the outage probabilities exists, as spectral efficiency increases, the crossover point in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) monotonically increases, whereas that of the outage probability monotonically decreases. This analysis can be applied to any space–time code, receiver, and propagation channel with a given DMT function. As a specific example, we analyze the two-layer diagonal Bell Labs space–time architecture (D-BLAST) with a group zero-forcing receiver, the vertical BLAST (V-BLAST) with a minimum mean-square error receiver, and orthogonal space–time block codes (OSTBCs), and prove the monotonic behavior of the crossover point for those codes. Based on that, with respect to D-BLAST, V-BLAST, and OSTBC, we derive a method for the optimal space–time coding of a sequence that contains numerous progressive packets. We show that by employing the optimization method rather than exhaustive search, the computational complexity involved with optimal space–time coding can be exponentially reduced without losing any peak SNR performance.

MIMO Block-Fading Channels With Mismatched CSI

We study transmission over multiple-input multiple-output block-fading channels with imperfect channel state information (CSI) at both the transmitter and receiver. In particular, based on mismatched decoding theory for a fixed channel realization, we investigate the largest achievable rates with independent and identically distributed inputs and the nearest neighbor decoder. We then study the corresponding information outage probability in the high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regime and analyze the interplay between estimation error variances at the transmitter and receiver to determine the optimal outage exponent, defined as the high-SNR slope of the outage probability plotted in a logarithmic-logarithmic scale against the SNR. We demonstrate that despite operating with imperfect CSI, power adaptation can offer substantial gains in terms of outage exponent.

Optimal Transmission of Progressive Sources Based on the Error Probability Analysis of SM and OSTBC

This paper studies the optimal design of multimedia progressive communication systems that are combined with low-complex open-loop multiple-input multiple-output techniques. First, we analyze the behavior of the crossover point of the error probability curves for orthogonal space-time block codes (OSTBC) and spatial multiplexing (SM) with a zero-forcing linear receiver. We mathematically prove that, in the high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regime, for both the information outage probability and the uncoded bit error rate, as data rate increases, the crossover point for the error probability monotonically decreases, and the crossover point for the SNR monotonically increases. We prove that this holds, regardless of the numbers of transmit and receive antennas and the spatial multiplexing rate of OSTBC. We next show how those results can be exploited for the optimal transmission of progressive sources, such as embedded image, which require unequal target error rates in their bitstream. That is, the computational complexity involved with the optimal space-time coding of progressive bitstream can be decreased.

Outage Probability for Multiple Relay Networks with Supplementary Non-Broadcast Links

Recent large system analyses have shown that the per-node throughput of purely broadcast wireless networks goes to zero as the size of the network increases. Importantly, the problem appears to be physical in nature, i.e., it cannot be overcome through clever protocols, codes, or modulations. This fundamental problem, along with the proliferation of wireless devices that are able to communicate over multiple independent communication modes (frequency bands, channels), motivates the study of a novel kind of communication network composed of conventional wireless nodes along with "multimodal" nodes that can communicate simultaneously over broadcast wireless and other non-broadcast point-point modes, e.g., wires, infrared, acoustic, or free-space optical links. Here, we provide an information outage probability analysis of multiple relay networks with an arbitrary number of supplementary non-broadcast links. We find that the non-broadcast links provide benefits over a wide range of broadcast/non-broadcast power allocations.

Exploit Network Coding Over GF(2 q ) for Multi-user Cooperative Wireless Networks

In this paper, we present a decode-and-forward network coded (DFNC) scheme over GF(2q) for the multi-user cooperative communication systems. In particular, we consider a cooperative network with m users transmitting independent packets to the same destination. These users form a cooperation set to help each other by using linear network coding. We propose a coding coefficients construction method which can efficiently reduce the transmission overhead from m(q + log2m) to m bits compared with conventional random network coding. Furthermore, we propose a novel decoding algorithm—credit-based updating algorithm in order to improve the solvability of decoding set of equations at the destination. The proposed decoding algorithm is combined with channel decoding and is applied on symbol-level. It can fully make use of the error recovery property of network coding while conventional decoding algorithms (e.g., Gaussian elimination) overlook it. We theoretically analyze the diversity performance in terms of information outage probability, and the results show that diversity order of m + 1 can be achieved for a m-user cooperation system. Moreover, we conduct extensive simulations to show that DFNC outperforms other transmission schemes in terms of symbol error rate and achieves higher diversity order. We also demonstrate that the proposed decoding algorithm provides significant performance gain over conventional decoding algorithm.

On the Performance of Hybrid-ARQ with Incremental Redundancy and with Code Combining over Relay Channels

In this paper, we consider a relay network consisting of a source, a relay, and a destination. The source transmits a message to the destination using hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ). The relay overhears the transmitted messages over the different HARQ rounds and tries to decode the data packet. In case of successful decoding at the relay, both the relay and the source cooperate to transmit the message to the destination. The channel realizations are independent for different HARQ rounds. We assume that the transmitter has no channel state information (CSI). Under such conditions, power and rate adaptation are not possible. To overcome this problem, HARQ allows the implicit adaptation of the transmission rate to the channel conditions by the use of feedback. There are two major HARQ techniques, namely HARQ with incremental redundancy (IR) and HARQ with code combining (CC). We investigate the performance of HARQ-IR and HARQ-CC over a relay channel from an information theoretic perspective. Analytical expressions are derived for the information outage probability, the average number of transmissions, and the average transmission rate. We illustrate through our investigation the benefit of relaying. We also compare the performance of HARQ-IR and HARQ-CC and show that HARQ-IR outperforms HARQ-CC.

Finite-SNR Diversity-Multiplexing Tradeoff for Rayleigh MIMO Channels

In this paper, exact diversity-multiplexing tradeoff (DMT) at finite signal to noise ratio (SNR) for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems with dual antennas at the transmitter (2 x N_r) and/or at the receiver (N_tx 2) is derived over Rayleigh fading channels. We derive the outage probability of the mutual information between transmitted and received signals versus SNR. It is shown that at realistic SNRs, achievable diversity gains are significantly lower than asymptotic values. While space-time codes (STCs) for MIMO systems are conventionally designed to achieve the asymptotic DMT frontier, this finite-SNR DMT could provide a new insight to design STCs for practical MIMO systems optimized at operational SNRs.

Performance of a Radio Transmission System with Spectrum Pooling and Unequal User Priorities

We examine a radio transmission system based on spectrum pooling, whereby the spectrum owned by the primary user is divided into subchannels, and some users are allowed privileged access to the most reliable unused subchannels. By assuming that a powerful error-control code is used, performance is evaluated by computing the information outage probability. It is shown that choosing the best channels improves considerably the performance of the privileged users, while the remaining (unprivileged) users are penalized only marginally.

Outage Probability of CSI-Assisted Opportunistic Amplify-and-Forward Relaying with MRC Reception

The outage probability of the channel state information assisted opportunistic amplify-and-forward relaying system with a maximal ratio combining receiver at the destination is investigated, and the exact outage probability expression is presented. The asymptotic equivalence of two different opportunistic relay selection criterions (maxSNR and maxmin) is proved too. Monte Carlo simulation results show that the derived expression is in excellent agreement with the outage probability of systems based on the maxSNR criterion, and also provides a good approximation to the outage probability of systems based on the maxmin criterion.