Formation Source Research Articles

The Kinomatics Australian Film Production Dataset: A Curated Dataset Describing Australian Feature Film Titles and Personnel 1975–2022

Abstract This article presents a novel, extensive, and thoroughly documented dataset describing Australian feature films and the personnel filling ten key production roles on those films. The dataset is curated from public information in multiple sources and draws on further supplemental resources to verify, validate and consolidate this information. In total, the data describes 22,720 roles filled by 9,397 distinct people across 1,877 films, covering an important 47-year period in the Australian film industry. The authors outline how the dataset solves several problems for scholars interested in data that provides a historical record of the collaborative filmmaking process. In particular, to address concerns about known coverage problems with popular sources such as the Internet Movie Database, this dataset has undergone extensive manual checking to ensure that it is reliable as a source of information on a national film industry. Moreover, the authors have carefully and manually linked each person appearing in the dataset, which allows the dataset to provide a rich source of information for exploring the relationality of filmmaking collaborations. The inclusion of ten key filmmaking roles further expands the utility of the dataset beyond existing datasets which tend to focus on actors and/or directors, writers and producers.

Some Notes on Aeolian Neonteichos and Temnos

According to Herodotus, the Aeolians, who migrated to the coast of Western Anatolia in waves, established 12 cities in the region. Among these, Neonteichos and Temnos played key roles in terms of geostrategic importance, especially during the rule of the Pergamon Kingdom. These settlements later became strongholds during Persian attacks. However, Neonteichos, situated between the cities of Temnos and Larisa, did not have a significant presence in historical events and is therefore rarely mentioned in ancient sources. The fact that the raw material for the coins minted in Neonteichos was copper indicates the city's passive development, as it remained overshadowed by its neighboring cities. Neonteichos was initially founded as a military base to capture Larisa, which hindered its growth into a well-established urban center. In contrast, Temnos gained a well-deserved reputation as a garrison city frequently mentioned in historical geography. Its strategic position overlooking the Hermos River, the absence of powerful nearby cities, and its location on important routes from the coast to the interior positively influenced its economy. Additionally, the city was the center of worship for the cult of Apollo Kynneios, which elevated its status to a level that could rival the city of Gryneion, a key city of the Aeolian League. This article analyzes the developmental trajectories of Neonteichos and Temnos—cities for which there is little comprehensive information in historical sources and which have not been sufficiently studied in modern literature due to the lack of archaeological research—focusing on their socio-cultural, economic, and political dimensions.

Design procedure of reach stacker control system

Reach stackers are efficient and maneuverable machinery for an overload of overall containers in cargo terminals and ports today. Such machinery design determines the practical interest of the engineering industry specialists. However, the lack of information in open sources about structural or kinematic diagrams of equipment control mechanisms and recommendations for their calculation does not allow an effective approach to the creation and update of reach stackers. We developed the design procedure of the reach stacker control system, which considers the kinematic and geometric parameters of the container spreader, as a result of the conducted research. It can be used in the design stages of mechanisms for spreader lateral displacement, extension of the spreader sections, spreader inclination in the vertical plane, container fixation by spreader, spreader rotation, lifting-lowering and telescoping of the boom, as well as during the real operation modes of reach stackers in cargo terminals and ports.

Patterns of belief and trust in climate change information

AbstractA crucial hurdle to addressing climate change is science denial. While research suggests that science denial is related to judgments individuals make about the credibility of information sources, less is known about how source credibility and characteristics of the individual interact to affect science denial. In the present study, we examined the extent to which individuals' belief in climate change claims and trust in the sources of these claims were influenced by the interaction between the political leaning of information sources (i.e., conservative media vs. liberal media vs. scientific institutions), individuals' political ideologies, and individuals' epistemic beliefs (beliefs about the nature of knowledge and knowing). We found that both individuals' belief in climate change information and trust in sources were predicted by interactions between these variables. For example, participants who believed that facts are not politically constructed were more likely to believe in climate information and trust scientific sources, regardless of the participant's partisanship. These findings suggest that epistemic profiles associated with deference to scientific sources might protect against climate change denial. Therefore, cultivating such epistemic beliefs and the skills to critically evaluate sources could be instrumental to combating climate change denial.

Selection of unmanned aerial vehicle systems for border monitoring using the MPSI-SPOTIS method

PurposeThe present paper assesses the decision problem of selecting Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems (SARP) by the hybrid MPSI-SPOTIS approach for deployment in border control and transborder illicit combat.Design/methodology/approachBy the hybrid MCDA MPSI-SPOTIS approach, and from the database available in Gettinger (2019), models were filtered by Endurance, Range, Maximum Take-Off Weight (MTOW), and Payload, fitting within the classification of Categories EB 0 and 2. Category EB 1 was not considered in this study due to the limited number of models in the data source.FindingsThe use of the Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) tool MPSI-SPOTIS allowed the determination of weights by stochastic criteria, applied in a ranking method resistant to reverse ordering. The application of the method identified the Raybird-3 (Cat EB 0) and Searcher (Mk3) (Cat EB 2) models as the best alternatives. From a proposed clustering, other selection possibilities with close performance in the evaluation were presented. The cost criterion was not taken into consideration due to the absence of information in the data source employed. Future studies are suggested to include criteria related to the life cycle and acquisition cost of the models.Research limitations/implicationsThe cost criterion was not taken into consideration due to the absence of information in the data source used. Future studies are suggested to include criteria related to the life cycle and acquisition cost of the models.Originality/valueThis paper aims to propose a technology selection method applied to complex defense acquisitions when multiple factors influence the decision makers and it is hard to obtain a major optimum solution in multitask and multi-mission platform.

Some issues of improving the statistical accounting of domestic violence in the Republic of Kazakhstan

The article is devoted to the analysis of quantitative and qualitative indicators of domestic violence, highlighted in the official statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Today, our country uses the maximum possible arsenal of means to solve the problem of domestic violence, demonstrates its readiness to identify its causes and neutralize them. The authors used historical and statistical methods of cognition of legal reality, considered the normative provisions of the Kazakh legislation, which forms the legal basis for the prevention of this negative phenomenon. An objective assessment is given of the development of the system of assistance tovictims of violence, improvement of information and statistical accounting of domestic violence. Discrepancies were identified and specific comments were made (in particular, on units of measurement, data sources, and the reporting period) when posting statistical information in open sources in accordance with the Methodology for forming a system of basic and additional indicators of gender statistics. To determine the real state of domestic violence, the authors recommend conducting a specific sociological study, and using official data, the results of expert surveys, as well as victims of domestic violence as an empirical database. The article argues for a change in the form of statistical reporting, which includes a list of criminal offenses committed in the family and household sphere, rather than their definition, which is a consolidation of the totality of their signs. The necessity of conducting analytical studies of domestic violence on a regular basis is substantiated.

From Virality to Veracity: Understanding User Engagement and Information Accuracy in Breaking Events

This research explores the intricate dynamics of user engagement, information virality, and accuracy during breaking events within the timeframe of 2017-2022. Employing a mixed-methods approach, we analyze user behaviors on social media platforms, exploring the quantitative metrics of likes, shares, and comments, while also unraveling the qualitative dimensions through participant interviews. The study uncovers a nuanced spectrum of user engagement, ranging from information-seeking tendencies to profound emotional responses, unveiling the complex interplay that shapes digital interactions during critical moments. The investigation into information virality reveals the significant impact of emotional appeal, novelty, and alignment with societal concerns on the dissemination of information. A meticulous dissection of network dynamics elucidates the influential roles played by influencers and the intricate dance of user sharing patterns. Simultaneously, the scrutiny of information accuracy establishes a positive correlation between accurate information and trust in traditional sources, unveiling the multifaceted consequences of misinformation. In the broader context of existing literature, our findings align with the growing body of research emphasizing the pivotal role of social media in shaping narratives during breaking events. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the challenges posed by the digital landscape and highlights the need for adaptive strategies that balance information dissemination and accuracy.

The current state of the problem of diagnosis and therapy of depressive disorders (a literature review)

The article presents the results of an analytical review of current literature data on the problem of diagnosis and treatment of depressive disorders. The issues of a high incidence and polymorphism of the clinical presentation of these disorders are considered. The tendency towards formalization and objectification in the process of diagnosing depressive disorders in modern psychiatric discourse is covered, in particular, through the use of neuroimaging, neurophysiological and biochemical methods with the involvement of machine learning and artificial intelligence technologies. The classic method of a structured or semi-structured interview, as a tool for diagnosing clinical depression, currently remains one of the most common, but it has certain limitations and disadvantages, the most significant of which are a considerable degree of the method subjectivity and its dependence on the perception by specialists conducting the diagnosis, that causes low sensitivity and specificity of this method. The significant role of a general practitioner as a key link in the identification and treatment of the described phenomena, which automatically presents to these specialists a number of professional, qualification and personal requirements, such as knowing pathogenesis of depressive disorders, the features of their pharmacotherapy, skills to build compliant relationships with patients, is highlighted apart. The article also emphasizes the lack of information in available sources about measures to assess the risk of depressive episode recurrence, as well as insufficient attention to the methods of neurophysiological examination and their narrow arsenal. Thus, based on the results of the review, it has been found that a promising direction to improve diagnosis and assessment of therapeutic measure effectiveness, as a part of follow-up among patients with depression, in addition to classical psychodiagnostic tools, is the development and implementation of ethological and neurophysiological methods of examination for objectifying evaluation of patients’ condition and elimination of subjective factors associated with specialists’ perception of patients, as well as symptoms of anosognosia or aggravation.

On Searching for Political Groups in the Highest Levels of Power in PRC Based on Quantitative Analysis of the Articles of Renmin Ribao (2014-2018) Devoted to the Belt and Road Initiative

The paper is focused on the problem of identifying political groups inside the top levels of the PRC leadership, overcoming the main methodological hardships that emerge usually when an attempt at a classification of political actors is made. One possible way to do it would be to use the methods of quantitative analysis to locate a pattern in how the chief Chinese official mass media Renmin Ribao mentions the political actors in their publications and articles, in studying the distribution of such mentions. The articles on the Belt and Road Initiative were selected for this research. The distribution of the mention of personalities in publications on this topic allows us to distinguish two groups. The first is formed around Chinese President Xi Jinping, the second around Li Keqiang, Premier of the State Council of the PRC. The principles of the approach to the analysis of information in media publications used in this study were generally formulated by V.G. Gelbras. The methods of distributing personalities into groups are based on the works of D.V. Deopik related to classification problems. The result of the study was a quantitatively substantiated grouping of political actors and formulation of a method to determine the political affiliation not only of figures from the highest echelons of power in the PRC, but also of those who are at lower levels, that is, those about whom there is little information in the open sources.

СИСТЕМА МІР ВАГИ ВЕЛИКОБРИТАНІЇ, КРАЇН ПІВНІЧНОЇ АМЕРИКИ І ОКЕАНІЇ

The territory of the islands of Britain and Ireland was inhabited by people in prehistoric times. Numerous megalithic monuments remain from this culture. In the first millennium BC, Celtic tribes moved there from continental Europe, who later mixed with the local population. The maritime trade of the ancient civilisations of the Mediterranean with the population of the British Isles is reported by some historical sources of the antiquity. This trade was conducted by exchanging goods for goods. There is no information in historical sources about the measures, in particular weights, used by the ancient population of the British Isles in production and trade. In the first century BC, the Romans conquered the territory of Britain. They established their own system of measures, including weights, and their own monetary system. After the fall of the Roman Empire in the V century, Germanic tribes such as the Angles, Saxons, and Utes invaded Britain. At first, they created several kingdoms here, and in the IX century, they united into a single Anglo-Saxon state. It was during the Anglo-Saxon period from the V to the XI centuries that the foundations of the modern British System of Measures and Monetary System were laid. In the formation of the British weight system, units of weight measures of the Celts, Romans and Germans were used. Norms of weight measures were approved in the laws of the Anglo-Saxon kings of the X–XI centuries, which have survived to this day. The conquest of Britain in 1066 by the Norman Duke William did not make changes to the system of weight measures used here. Over the centuries, from time to time, for the purpose of improvement, royal decrees and laws amended these measures. The transformation of the weight measurement system for a thousand years can be studied precisely by analysing the materials of English legislation. In the XVI–XX centuries, Great Britain became a colonial power, whose possessions covered vast territories in the North America, Africa, Asia and Oceania. Here, the colonial administration introduced the British system of weight measures, but the local population used their own measures along with the British ones. After the gradual disintegration of the British colonial empire, some new states that were formed on the site of its former possessions – the USA, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand – continued to use British standards of weight measures. The British system of weight measurements is made public in the USA. Nowadays, the British system of weight measures, along with the metric, is officially considered the state in the United Kingdom.

Identification of anthropogenic source of Pb and Cd within two tropical seagrass species in South China: Insight from Pb and Cd isotopes

Seagrass beds are susceptible to deterioration and heavy metals represent a crucial impact factor. The accumulation of heavy metal in two tropical seagrass species were studied in South China in this study and multiple methods were used to identify the heavy metal sources. E. acoroides (Enhalus acoroides) and T. hemperichii (Thalassia hemperichii) belong to the genus of Enhalus and Thalassia in the Hydrocharitaceae family, respectively. Heavy metal concentrations in the two seagrasses followed the order of Cr > Zn > Cu > Ni > As > Pb > Co > Cd based on the whole plant, and their bioconcentration factors were 31.8 ± 29.3 (Cr), 5.7 ± 1.3 (Zn), 7.0 ± 3.8 (Cu), 3.0 ± 1.9 (Ni), 1.2 ± 0.3 (As), 1.7 ± 0.9 (Pb), 9.1 ± 11.1 (Co) and 2.8 ± 0.6 (Cd), indicating the intense enrichment in Co and Cr within the two seagrasses. The two seagrasses were prone to accumulate all the listed heavy metals (except for As in E. acoroides), especially Co (BCFs of 1124) and Cr (BCFs of 2689) in the aboveground parts, and the belowground parts of both seagrasses also accumulated most metals (BCFs of 27) excluding Co and Pb. The Pb isotopic ratios (mean 208Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb and 206Pb/204Pb values of 38.2054, 15.5000 and 18.3240, respectively) and Cd isotopic compositions (δ114/110Cd values ranging from –0.09‰ to 0.58‰) within seagrasses indicated the anthropogenic sources of Pb and Cd including coal combustion, traffic emissions and agricultural activities. This study described the absorption characteristics of E. acoroides and T. hemperichii to some heavy metals, and further demonstrated the successful utilization of Pb and Cd isotopes as discerning markers to trace anthropogenic origins of heavy metals (mainly Pb and Cd) in seagrasses. Pb and Cd isotopes can mutually verify and be helpful to understand more information in pollution sources and improve the reliability of conclusion deduced from concentrations or a single isotope.

Finding the Guardians of Royal Blood: Observations on the Supply of eunuchs to the Harem in the Ottoman Empire and the Crimean Khanate through case studies and documents

Research objectives: The first aim of this study, which deals with the supply process of the eunuchs, who formed the backbone of the harem organization in the Ottoman Empire and the Crimean Khanate, is to determine how the career of the eunuchs began in the palace of the sultan or the khan. Research materials: The main sources of data for this research are documents held within the Department of Ottoman Archives of the Presidency of the Republic of Turkey Directorate of State. Upon these documents, Ottoman and Crimean chronicles of the period were examined and evaluated. Research and novelty of the research: Both the Ottoman Empire and the Crimean Khanate established harem organizations and started employing eunuchs soon after the foundation of the state. These people, who were called eunuchs or castrates and had lost their masculinity due to natural or unnatural causes, were the backbone of the harem organization. It was found that the main method for supplying eunuchs to the harem was purchasing them from specialized merchants. Both states made efforts to identify children who had lost their masculinity due to natural causes and employ them in the harem. More over, in a very rare event in Ottoman history, Gazanfer and Cafer Aghas volunteered to be castrated out of a desire to be close to the Sultan during the reign of Selim II. The Ottoman administration paid special attention to social as well as physical characteristics of the eunuchs to be employed, and, for example, preferred that they learn Turkish in the Ottoman harem, under their own supervision. It was also observed that the Crimean Khanate attached great importance to the harem organization as in the Ottoman Empire. However, it has been revealed that the institutionalization in the harem organization was underdeveloped than in the Ottoman harem and that at least some of the eunuchs were part of the khan’s entourage and moved away from the palace when the khan was dethroned. It’s also been revealed that sometimes the information in the primary sources contradicts with the documents produced by the bureaucracy of the period. It’s been determined that a special emphasis was placed on the shaping of the eunuchs with the Ottoman high culture, and those who somehow lost their manhood, even if they were Muslims, lost their individual identity and were transformed into an officer belonging to the state.

Türkiye’de Erken İslâm Mimarisi Eğitimi ve Araştırmaları Açısından K.A.C. Creswell’in Kitaplarının Önemi

In Turkey, since 1948, the auxiliary resource books used in teachings of History of Islamic Arts and Architecture studies in higher education are the ones, prepared through summarised translations from certain European authors’ publications. The contents of these books provide very little information and visuals on important buildings of Early Muslim Architecture. In addition, the information given from the works of those authors on these buildings are conveyed as the only and the most accurate available in the market, without mentioning anything about the existence of alternative views of other researchers. Although K.A.C. Creswell presented substantial alternative information in his book titled Early Muslim Architecture which he revised and published as two volumes (three books) in 1969, but the valuable information he presented were not incorporated in the Turkish supplementary books.
 Insufficient information and visual materials in sources of Early Muslim Architecture sources in Turkiye, are analyzed in comparison to K.A.C. Creswell’s aforamentioned publicatiıns in this research article. Further more, it will be demonstrated that Creswell’s books contain a substantial amount of information and visual materials, sufficient to address many of the deficiencies present in Turkish educational resources.

Eusebia, Elena e l’imperatore romano Giuliano l’Apostata

Eusebia, Helena, and the Emperor Julian the Apostate The Emperor Flavius Claudius Julianus, known to posterity as the Apostate, is an extraordinary figure in the history of the Roman Empire. And although he was Caesar for only five years (355–360), and Emperor for less than two years (361–363), he became famous as a wise and just ruler, a good commander, a brave soldier, and an efficient administrator. He was also a great lover of ancient culture and a talented writer. He left behind many official letters and literary works. His writings provide valuable information both about the Roman state in the fourth century and about himself and his family. He was also one of the best educated Roman rulers, well versed in Greek and Latin literature, philosophy, and history. Two exceptional women played a particularly important role in the life of Julian the Apostate: his wife Helena and Eusebia, the wife of Emperor Constantius II, his cousin. Both were endowed with many good qualities, which are mentioned not only by Julian the Apostate himself in his writings, but also by other ancient authors, including the historians Ammianus Marcellinus, Eutropius, Zosimos, the rhetorician Libanius, and historians of the Church Socrates Scholasticus and Hermias Sozomen. Both Eusebia and Helena are very interesting figures. But, while about Eusebia there is a great deal of information in various sources, about Helena there are only brief mentions. Nevertheless, both of these empresses are worth closer attention. In my article, written in Italian, I present a picture of the virtues of Helena and Eusebia, as contained in the writings of the Emperor Julian the Apostate himself, as well as other ancient authors.

Inferring “high-frequent” mixed urban functions from telecom traffic

Precise distinction of mixed functions on urban land is essential for urban studies and planning, while existing methods are limited by high sampling bias, low observation frequency, and lack of semantic information in common data sources. In this paper, we introduce a new proxy for human behavior, the telecom traffic data as a remedy to the above limitations, and present an analytical framework which utilizes anonymized and aggregated telecom traffic data to infer mixed urban functions at spatiotemporal granularities as fine as buildings and hours. A time-series decomposition method is designed to map the mixture of urban functions, which is further refined by a hierarchical agglomerative clustering method taking urban textures as an additional source of information. In a case study in Shenzhen, China, we find the function of urban buildings can be decomposed into the mixture of three basic functions, namely dwelling, work, and recreation. We further find that the introduction of urban texture information helps identify particular forms of functional combination, which indicate special-function buildings such as urban villages and roadside shops. This study implies ways to improve urban management through methodological contributions in mixed urban function identification alongside the introduction of the telecom traffic, a kind of “high-frequency” urban data, and also helps inspire a rethinking of the form/function dichotomy in the era of “High-frequent” cities.

Music and Storytelling at Rock Art Sites? The Archaeoacoustics of the Urkosh Area (Russian Altai)

Abstract In this article, the potential of archaeoacoustics for understanding past communities is discussed by looking at a range of acoustic parameters. Our case study is the Urkosh rock art area in the Ongudai district, Republic of Altai (Russia). The rock art of this area dates possibly from the Upper Palaeolithic and definitely from the Early Bronze Age (second half of the third millennium BCE). There are important periods in the Early Iron Age (first half of the first millennium BCE) and the medieval era, after which there are later additions up to the present day. Major and minor sites were tested, as well as some with no art. The results obtained from the tests conducted using the impulse response method indicate high values for sound clarity not only in the rock art sites but also in at least one nearby panel without rock art. Although these results cannot explain why rock art was produced precisely in specific locations, they objectively describe the acoustic conditions under which particular intangible cultural practices were probably organised in them. In particular we focus on storytelling and music, cultural practices for which there is a wealth of information in the ethnographic sources written about the area.

INFORMATISATION OF THE DIGITAL ECONOMY AS THE MAIN TREND OF EXPONENTIAL DEVELOPMENT

The relevance of studying the informatisation of the digital economy as the main trend of modern development is beyond doubt, since the digital economy represents the main trend of digitalisation. Therefore, the world's largest developed countries consider the development of the digital economy as one of the important strategies for increasing national competitiveness, promoting economic growth and social development. The digitalisation of the economy is a fundamental and transformative trend in the world of technology and business. It encompasses the convergence of digital technologies with economic activity, leading to a profound impact on industries, societies and people's lives. The purpose of the study is to examine the theoretical and practical aspects of digitalisation of the digital economy as the main trend of modern development. Metodology. The paper uses the following methods and approaches: cross-cultural, systemic, structural-functional, institutional, anthropological and axiological, as well as general scientific methods - allowing to effectively analyse the ways of using digitisation to create new benefits. The article uses a data-centric approach to the analysis of information provision at an enterprise for the purpose of change management, which includes methods of collecting, structuring, documenting and reusing basic data generated by the change management processes. Results. The article elaborates on the directions of development of the digital economy as an economic form of big data; the directions of exponential development of information and trust in information sources; reveals the informatisation of the digital economy as the main trend of modern digital development. Practical implication. The informatisation of the digital economy creates both opportunities and challenges. Companies, governments and individuals must proactively adapt to this trend by adopting technology, prioritising data management, developing digital skills and adhering to ethical and responsible practices to unlock the full potential of the digital economy. The digitalisation of the economy is a transformative force with far-reaching implications. It represents a new era of rapid change and innovation, offering opportunities for growth and efficiency, but also creating challenges that require careful navigation. As this trend continues to evolve, it will shape the future of industries, economies and societies around the world.

An open-source probabilistic record linkage process for records with family-level information: Simulation study and applied analysis.

Research with administrative records involves the challenge of limited information in any single data source to answer policy-related questions. Record linkage provides researchers with a tool to supplement administrative datasets with other information about the same people when identified in separate sources as matched pairs. Several solutions are available for undertaking record linkage, producing linkage keys for merging data sources for positively matched pairs of records. In the current manuscript, we demonstrate a new application of the Python RecordLinkage package to family-based record linkages with machine learning algorithms for probability scoring, which we call probabilistic record linkage for families (PRLF). First, a simulation of administrative records identifies PRLF accuracy with variations in match and data degradation percentages. Accuracy is largely influenced by degradation (e.g., missing data fields, mismatched values) compared to the percentage of simulated matches. Second, an application of data linkage is presented to compare regression model estimate performance across three record linkage solutions (PRLF, ChoiceMaker, and Link Plus). Our findings indicate that all three solutions, when optimized, provide similar results for researchers. Strengths of our process, such as the use of ensemble methods, to improve match accuracy are discussed. We then identify caveats of record linkage in the context of administrative data.

The Bulgarian Land Forces in the Cold War

During the Cold War, information in Western open sources about Bulgarian Land Forces’ war plans, organisation, and order of battle was absent or very general, until the last years of the 1980s. Yet there is much more information now available after 30 years, and this is a very valid topic for research. Bulgaria was drawn into Soviet war planning for the elimination of capitalism. Bulgaria’s planned part in this was helping to seize the Turkish Straits, either with or without the use of tactical nuclear weapons. It now appears that there would have been two Fronts advancing in this area, one predominantly Soviet Odessa Military District forces to seize the Turkish Straits, and the other more heavily Bulgarian in composition attacking towards central Greece. Both would have been supported by tactical air forces and, if the circumstances dictated, nuclear weapons. Later, with the commitment of strategic reserves, it was hoped to develop the offensive in depth towards the Syrian border. The forces formed to carry this mission out were reorganized repeatedly from 1945-55, as the Communist Party tightened its control over the country. The organisation of the Land Forces was much more settled after the early 1960s. Bulgarian history will be better served by more open debate over these issues.

Shaping information and knowledge on climate change technologies: A cross‐country qualitative analysis of carbon capture and storage results on Google search

AbstractCommercial search engines play a central role in shaping, defining, and promoting the information people have access to in contemporary societies. This is particularly true when it comes to emergent technologies, for which there is often limited available information in legacy media and other sources, thus having a strong bearing on public perceptions. In this article, we focus on how the Google search engine promotes information on carbon capture and storage (CCS). We explore how Google's ranking parameters and interface shape the information people access when searching for CCS through a qualitative analysis comparing the results in three countries (France, Spain, and Portugal). We focus on the content of the first search engine result pages (SERP) and consider both Google's ranking criteria and the content and format of promoted sources. The study reveals Google's influence in highlighting Wikipedia pages, Q&A‐formatted sources, and prioritizing online specialized media and private corporations. Additionally, we observe country‐specific variations in terms of actors and types of content, reflecting the level of interest and investment in the topic at the national level. These findings underscore the significant role of search engine mediations in shaping public perceptions and knowledge about emergent climate change technologies.