Information Communication Technology Sector Research Articles

Comparison of Methods for Calculating Indirect Upstream Carbon Emissions from Information and Communication Technology Manufacturing

The use of Information Communication technology (ICT) is rapidly increasing in an age of digitalization. Measurement of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) emissions from ICT is crucial for reducing them. Most ICT organizations focus on Scope 1 and 2 emissions as they have greater control over them, commonly ignoring Scope 3 emissions. Scope 3 Category 1 (S3C1) emissions occur throughout the raw material acquisition and manufacturing stages of an ICT product's life cycle accounting for a large portion of the sector's overall CO2e emissions and energy consumption. By not reporting Scope 3 emissions, companies lose the ability to reduce their overall CO2e corporate emissions. Although Category 1 and 11 under Scope 3 account for 85% of ICT's worldwide CO2e emissions, the methodologies for calculating S3C1 emissions in ICT are understudied. This study focuses on these emissions in the framework of Sustainable Development Goals 9, 12, and 13. Product life cycle assessment (PLCA) and Spend-based methods have been used to analyze S3C1 emissions in the ICT sector with two case examples of laptop computers and smartphones. The Excel Management Life Cycle Assessment (EMLCA) tool has been used for the S3C1 emissions estimation. PLCA and Spend-based methods are compared on their ability to calculate CO2e emissions. It is concluded that the Spend-based is faster than PLCA for predicting ICT emissions with modest uncertainty for smartphone and laptop components. Furthermore, this work explores the advantages and downsides of both methods.

Research on the Items of Importance and Satisfaction for Employability in the Korean Information Communication Technology Sector

This study discusses the employability of the workforce in relation to information communication technology. There is a difference in understanding in terms of items of importance/satisfaction during/after employment processes when considering organizations related to the information technology workforce. An empirical analysis of Korean employability based on literature from Asia was conducted. It indicated that differences in the perception of the 12 items comprising importance and satisfaction related to employability could potentially lead to job mismatch. We acquired an adequate sample of 296 respondents, consisting of various organizational employees. The sample was balanced in terms of gender and large or small/medium organizations. After establishing the rank of preferences among items, a difference analysis between/among groups through demographic variables was conducted. As a result, the need for additional disciplines or courses, the arrangement of preferred rank, and methods for enhancing skills from university or education/practice institutes for “interpersonal or team-working skills” and to “communicate effectively” with a higher rank among the general skills of importance/satisfaction were derived. Therefore, technology did not replace human personalities, communication skills, and human attributes such as human cooperation. This study can help address labor shortages and support sustainable employment in organizations, even if an empirical test is rare compared to descriptive statistical analyses.

A workplace mindfulness training program may affect mindfulness, well-being, health literacy and work performance of upper-level ICT-managers: An exploratory study in times of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Mindfulness-based interventions have gained more importance in workplace health promotion due to increased psychological distress in the digital era. Although managers in the information communication technology sector (ICT)-sector are at risk for lower mental health, few studies have evaluated the effects of workplace mindfulness trainings (WMT) on upper-level ICT-managers. By applying a mixed methods approach, the study aimed at exploring differences in upper-level ICT-managers' mindfulness, well-being, health literacy and work performance at the beginning of a WMT (t0), immediately after (t1) and 3 months after (t2) a WMT. Thirteen groups of managers (n = 56) completed the training and three corresponding surveys consecutively from October 2019 to April 2021. Managers rated their mindfulness (MAAS), well-being (WHO-5), health literacy, and work performance (HPQ). During the COVID-19-pandemic the training switched from a live on-site mode to a hybrid mode and finally to a digital mode. Repeated measures ANOVAs and Bonferroni-adjusted post hoc analyses were used for data analysis. Open-ended responses were content analyzed. We found significant differences in managers' mindfulness [F(2.106) = 3.376, p = 0.038, ηp 2 = 0.06, n = 54], well-being [F(2.106) = 73.019, p < 0.001, ηp 2 = 0.17, n = 54], health literacy [F(2.108) = 9.067, p < 0.001, ηp 2 = 0.15, n = 55], and work performance [F(2.80) = 7.008, p = 0.002, ηp 2 = 0.15, n = 41] between t0 and t2. Significant differences between t0 and t1 were also found for well-being, health literacy and work performance, but not for mindfulness. Qualitative findings demonstrated positive training effects, barriers and facilitators to daily application of mindfulness practice. The results suggest that compared to the beginning of the WMT, the post and follow-up measurements showed outcome improvements. The workplace mindfulness training may thus be a promising program to facilitate mental health and working capabilities among upper-level ICT-managers. Contextual workplace factors need to be considered to sustain long-term mindfulness practice of managers.

Current Status of Electronic Waste in Information Communication Technology (ICT) and its Environmental Management

The production of electronic devices in the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) sector has seen a massive increase in the past few decades due to changes in the lifestyle of individuals across the globe. The Covid-19 pandemic has been like a catalyst in this process, where the demand has reached its peak due to work-from-home activities. A huge amount of electronic waste generated is by the ICT sector which is not efficiently managed and ultimately risks human health and the environment. The challenges arise in the pathway of efficient and sustainable recycling of electronic waste due to improper defined rules and regulations, unskilled personnel handling electronic waste, high cost of recycling, poor coordination between manufacturers, customers, and government bodies, and the prevailing of informal sector. The present review investigates the current scenario of electronic waste around the globe, strategies developed to manage the electronic waste and methods to be adopted for achieving sustainable goals in managing waste from the ICT sector. An attempt is also made to cover the data related to the approaches made by manufacturers to overcome the issue of electronic waste management.

Exploring the optical impact of information communication technology and economic growth on CO2 emission in BRICS countries

The growing trend of modernism, Internet surveillance (IS), determinants of environmental deteriorated Information communication technology (ICT) functions, inefficient resources of agrarian production, quantum circular economy growth ignorance, and their impact on environmental sustainability are all calling for transitions toward sustainable practices. This research aims to explore the implications of internet surveillance (IS), information communication technology (ICT), and agricultural production (AG) on CO2 emission and economic growth for the BRICS group of countries. Dynamic optics in econometric methods, i.e., Pedroni Panel Cointegration, Dynamic Ordinary Least Square, and Quantile Regression Analysis, are approached to check the long and short-run relationship among variables. The results of applying analytical approaches confirmed a long-run relationship between CO2 emissions, IS, ICT, EG, and AP. IS, EG and AP are the enhancers of CO2 emission, while ICT behaves oppositely. A bidirectional significant positive relationship between CO2 emission and EG indicated that BRICS countries should transit their economies into the circular economy, which is parallel performed for a better environment and rapid growth of the economy but in struggling position yet. The ICT sector of BRICS countries should be re-structured by considering an efficient environmentally friendly setup with low cost, cyber & ICT green configuration systems and innovative business opportunities to decrease the burden of economy.

Significance of Entrepreneurship Education of Small and Micro Businesses in Communication and Information Technology Sector in Pretoria region in South Africa

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of entrepreneurship training on performance of small and micro enterprises in Information Communication Technology sector in Pretoria town.&#x0D; Methodology: Mixed method research design was used to collect qualitative and quantitative data. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Qualitative data collected from the open-ended questions was analyzed through content analysis.&#x0D; Results: The study revealed that lecture method was mostly used during trainings and trainees preferred discussions or participatory methods. Business characteristics statistically significantly moderate the relationship between entrepreneurship training and firm performance. That is, as age of the business, size of the business and education level of the owner of the business increases, the more positive impact the entrepreneurship training has on firm performance.&#x0D; Conclusion: The government needs to regulate and broaden the curriculum of entrepreneurship training.&#x0D; Recommendation: The study recommends that trainers should conduct training needs assessments before conducting entrepreneurship trainings. Trainers should give equitable emphasis on entrepreneurial skills, managerial skills, and technical skills training. Still, trainers need to review their training methods in line with the training needs and the trainees’ expectations.

Towards developing innovation management framework (IMF) for ICT organizations at Pakistan

Various aspects of innovation management have been discussed in literature over the past few decades. Most of the innovation management frameworks have been formulated by undertaking studies in the developed world and lack the industry/culture specific focus. In this paper, we revisit the generic innovation management studies to develop an innovation management framework for highlighting the factors affecting innovation specifically at the Information Communication Technology (ICT) sector of Pakistan. A detailed literature review has been conducted to identify the factors included in the past innovation management models. To identify the factors specific for Pakistan, senior-level professionals, working at the Pakistani ICT organizations were interviewed based on a survey. A comparative analysis of the innovation management frameworks for Pakistan against those previously found in literature revealed interesting similarities and differences. Based on the study findings, an innovation management framework is developed that highlights the present factors which are important for innovation in the ICT sector for Pakistan. This framework can be used by Pakistan and other underdeveloped countries for improving their innovation in ICT sectors in particular and other sectors in general.

An assessment tool for stakeholder integration excellence and project delivery optimisation

PurposeThe aim of this study was to appraise the delivery of information communication technology (ICT) projects and identify key determinants for stakeholder integration.Design/methodology/approachGiven that empirically, little was known about stakeholder integration in the ICT sector and its influence or effect on project delivery; qualitative method was used. Forty-seven semi-structured interviews were carried out to derive senior project practitioners and policymakers' constructs of stakeholder integration and infrastructure performance improvement of ICT projects. The verification and validation of the proposed assessment tool were achieved through the use of focus group discussion.FindingsAs established in this research study, there is a need for project delivery teams to evaluate the level of stakeholder integration, the formulation of a project business case, the project processes and issues of compliance and regulation in ICT projects. What is evident in the findings of the study is that the management model adopted for the stakeholders in the Kenyan ICT sector ought to make communication the fulcrum of their engagement.Originality/valueThe inferences made herein are critical in contributing to knowledge regarding the ICT infrastructure project management terrain in developing countries. There is evidence in the study to conclude that the concept of stakeholder management and integration has implications for the sustainability of ICT projects. One of the issues that predominantly featured in the research was the input of stakeholder integration in terms of project sustainability.

Business incubation initiatives and innovation capabilities of micro-sized enterprises: Exploring the software ICT value chain

Promoting innovative capabilities in Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SMEs) is crucial if African countries are to progress in terms of being active in the Global Value Chain (GVC) and achieve inclusive development. Enhancing innovative capabilities in the Information Communication Technology (ICT) sector has been identified as strategic to Nigeria tapping into the GVC and deepening industrial sustainable development. Despite increasing awareness that enhanced innovative capabilities can foster the integration of SMEs into the GVC, there still exists scanty evidence of SMEs’ innovative capabilities, especially in the ICT sector and software sub-sector in Nigeria. This paper broadly explores SMEs’ innovative capabilities in the ICT–Software Incubator sub-sector in Lagos metropolis. Specifically, the paper seeks to understand what limits SMEs’ innovative capabilities and the kinds of government support required to mitigate the effects of these factors. The study used 200 SMEs and 10 key incubator hubs operating in the sub-sector as a case study as well as in-depth interviews with the owners/managers. Our findings show that there is improvement in the software sector’s knowledge and development and its value chain in the country; most businesses copy innovative concepts from abroad, adopting about 30% local innovation content due to the high demand for foreign software innovations by clients; overall most incubation hubs are underperforming in their core services to incubating firms; and poor educational infrastructure, brain drain and poor support from the government are key challenges facing the sector. We recommend a strong peer review among the innovation hubs and a check on the brain drain in the sector.

To Assess the Influence of Policy and Legal Framework On ICT Innovation

A study to assess the influence of policy and legal framework on Information Communication Technology (ICT) innovations in Kenya. The objective was to analyze the legal factors affecting the innovation of ICT products in Kenya with a focus was on Government regulations, Policy and Industry related factors, Copyright Infringement and Enforcement regime. Purposive sampling was used for the study while the instrument for data collection was structured questionnaires. The findings are Competition amongst major industry players’ influences innovation as every player wants to have a competitive advantage of other market players. Additionally, the government plays a key role in innovation through laying rules and regulation that govern industry players. Issuance of license to industry players this sets the terms of reference between the government and the entities. In view of the findings, Government regulation of ICT sector is of uttermost importance it protects the rights of players in the market, the environment as well as hold the players accountable. Forces of demand and supply regulate the available market for the innovations as innovators have the same target market hence how they position their items enable them get clients.

Corporate Sustainability Assessments in the Information Communication Technology Sector in Malaysia

The United Nations’ 2030 Agenda has further propelled the need for the private sector to engage with sustainable development. Corporate sustainability research seeks to specifically address this; however, extant literature highlights a paucity of research on how this occurs. In this study, we utilise an emerging process that has been identified to support managers in addressing sustainability—the corporate sustainability assessment (CSA). Utilising an in-depth case study and qualitative data collection, this study highlights how CSAs are a systematic and comprehensive approach to guide managers in how they can address sustainability. This study empirically examines three distinct but interconnected aspects of the CSA including the sustainability governance system, measurement of sustainability performance and sustainability reporting. With scant empirical studies on both CSAs and multinational enterprises (MNEs) operating in emerging markets, this study provides unique insights into two key traits of MNEs to understand the interplay between home- and host-country contexts and the industrial sector the MNE is operating within.

The Intellectual Capital, Firm Performance and the Moderating Role of Manager Skills

The purpose of this article was to explore the moderating role of the manager skills on the relationship between the intangible capitals and firm performance. Specific aims included (a) to synthesize the prior literatures and definitions related to human, organizational and social capital, firm performance and manager skills, (b) to refine conceptual definitions of the human and social capital with associated conceptual antecedent, organizational capital, and consequences, firm performances, (c) to propose a synthesized conceptual framework guiding the mediated moderation of the manager skills on the relationship between intangible capitals and firm performance. The analysis include data collected from a survey with the total of 370 information communication technology (ICT) firm’s managers. The mediating and moderating techniques are used to analyze the indirect effects of organizational capital on firm performance via human and social capital and the moderating role of manager skills on the relationship between intangible capitals and firm performance. The results show that all intangible capital dimensions have direct impacts on firm performance. In addition, there is the existences of the mediating role of the human and social capital on the relationship between firm performance and organizational capital and moderating role of the manager skills on the relationship between intellectual capital dimensions and firm performance. This is the first paper to examine comprehensively the conceptual framework of the moderating role of manager skills on relationships between intangible capitals and firm performance in ICT sector in a developing country like Vietnam.

Economic Impact of Digital Taxation: A Case on Information Communication Technology Industry Sri Lanka.

The principle intention of this study is to diagnose the possible impact of digital taxation on the economic factors like, investment, consumption and export related facts. For this purpose researcher has identified the Information Communication Technology sector as the main sector as most of the digital products are created in this sector. Literature review has been used to identify the history and the evolution of the digital goods taxation practices and has identified the policies related to digital taxation in USA and EU. The methodology of the research was emphasized on Qualitative approach. And the induction taken place in the research is mainly supported with qualitative interpretation with data collected through interviews and survey questions. Sri Lanka was diagnosed as a low taxed country in Export oriented ICT industry. Also it was found out that Foreign MNCs investment intentions are encouraged with this approach, increasing investment flow to the country. The related case comparison with USA and EU zones has proven that Sri Lankan demand for digital goods are stimulated with no taxed environment. B2B ICT services like Telecommunication to web design and development are directly benefited from the non-tax environment of the country. Disadvantages like loss of income through digitally imported goods are also discussed in the study. This paper would contribute to the academia of finance through the unique finding on the digital taxation. Further it would identify the necessary policy gaps of digital taxation that would enlighten the policy makers in the country. Lastly this research contributes towards the business fraternity and would throw some light on their future involvement in Digital media in their business activities.

Intellectual capital and financial performance in the Serbian ICT industry

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to examine whether intellectual capital (IC) creates value in the Serbian information communication technology (ICT) sector. More specifically, it examines the degree to which IC and its key components affect the financial performance of selected ICT companies compared to effects on physical and financial capital.Design/methodology/approach– The analysis included 13,989 Serbian ICT companies during 2009-2013. Value-added intellectual coefficient (VAIC) was used to measure the level of IC contribution to value creation. Measures of financial performance used in the study were return on equity, return on assets, return on invested capital, profitability, and asset turnover.Findings– Results indicate that, when using firm size and leverage as control variables, only capital-employed efficiency has significant effect on financial performance. Finally, the research confirms that there were no significant differences in financial performance among different ICT subsectors.Research limitations/implications– Main research limitation is related to the disadvantages of VAIC as the measure of IC’s contribution to value creation.Practical implications– Owners and managers of Serbian ICT companies must recognize the importance of managing both the physical capital and the intangible resources embedded in their employees and processes.Originality/value– This is the first paper to examine comprehensively the impact of IC on financial performance in the ICT sector in a transitional economy. This study differs from prior studies in that the authors analyzed every company that operated in Serbian ICT sector.

What's in it for the Provider? The Case of a Telecom Vendor's Value Capturing from the Transition to Product-Service Systems

In adopting highly integrated Product-Service Systems (PSS), incentive structures change and the value attainable for providers throughout the lifecycle becomes an issue of growing complexity. Nonetheless, value for PSS providers has up to now not been considered in a multidimensional fashion. In an effort to move towards a characterization of provider's value, an offering in the information communication technology sector was examined through an investigation with ten staff-members of Ericsson, Sweden. This led to a value-categorization, which can be utilized in the PSS design process to enhance the value captured throughout the lifecycle beyond immediate monetary benefit. In an effort to provide general learnings, the results are discussed with a focus on PSS business models, PSS design and management communication. Overall, the results presented provide a more comprehensive picture of what a provider has to gain from a PSS offering throughout its entire lifecycle.

The Influence of Policy Environment on Growth of Information Communication Technology (ICT) Firms in Nairobi, Kenya

Entrepreneurship plays an important role in the socio-economic development of the country. Its significance can be seen in terms of contribution towards economic growth, employment creation, poverty reduction and development of an industrial base. Kenya is going through a paradigm shift from an industry based economy to a knowledge based economy anchored on ICT. The government has reiterated the development of ICT industry in the country given its strategic importance. These commitments manifest in the various policies and strategies that the government has put in place over time, aimed at the growth and expansion of ICT in the country. Despite the policy and strategy pronouncements, there are various constraints that are currently facing the growth and expansion of ICT in the country especially amongst ICT providers. The Purpose of the study was to establish the factors affecting growth of ICT Firms in Nairobi. The specific objective of the study was; To establish the influence of policy environment on growth of ICT firms in Nairobi. The study involved a case study of ICT firms in Nairobi. The target population constituted ICT service providers located in Nairobi. The study targeted 92 firms out of 304 registered ICT service providers in the CCK database. The sampling frame used was acquired from the CCK directory of licensed ICT providers 2012. Stratified random sampling technique was used based on categories of ICT service providers registered by CCK. Questionnaires were used to collect data from a sample of 92 ICT Firms. The respondents were owner/ managers and selected employees. The study findings indicate that ICT policy environment significantly affects growth of ICT firms negatively or positively. Regarding ICT policy environment; The government has fully liberalized ICT sector in the country, there is effective and fair regulation of the ICT sector in the country, the policy environment is conducive for the growth and expansion ICT in the country, the government has favorable ICT policy to promote growth and expansion of ICT, the government has effectively promoted ICT infrastructure in the country and Government supports capacity building in ICT sector. Despite the existence of a conducive policy environment, there are no sufficient policy incentives to enhance investment in ICT. The study recommends the following regarding Policy Environment; The government should strive to improve the effectiveness of the existing institutions by strengthening the Department of Micro and Small Enterprise Development (DMSED) and MSE Associations, establishing National Council for Small Enterprises and legislating a Micro and Small Enterprises Act. The government should undertake to invest in ICT research centres that nurture innovation and networking of entrepreneurs, streamline licensing procedures and enhance capacity building initiatives in ICT firms especially on emerging technologies and monetization strategies for application developers.

Christian Community Computer Centers (C4s): Transforming Communities through Information Sharing and Technology

The author has been involved in Christian Community Computer Centers or C4s since 1993 and has been researching the possibility of C4s' growth as part of a strategy in addressing the socio-economic situation in Africa. He asks if C4s, within the Information Communication Technology sector, can facilitate transformation in communities. The main thesis of this paper is that C4s play a significant role in community transformation as they have their greatest impact in poorer communities where more commercially orientated enterprises are reluctant to invest in technological services. The author suggests that the one area that needs further attention concerns the question of making the Centers part of an intentional program of transforming communities especially supported by churches.

The Axis and Nexus of e-Health Alliances in 2020

Strategic partnerships between the health care and Information Communication Technology (ICT) sectors are the wave of the future, as e-health systems are implemented. Divergent perspectives between ICT and health care executives impose central challenges in forging productive strategic alliances. Bridging these perceptual differences requires strong leadership and vision, financial resources, and care provider support. Together these form the axis upon which tomorrow's e-health alliances will rest. The growth of e-health systems is inexorable. The strength of governance leadership continues to influence its rate of growth and positive impact on health care systems. The extent to which strategic partnerships with the ICT sector will evolve into dynamic e-health alliances is directly related to the quality of national and regional governance leadership--the ultimate nexus of evolving e-health systems of 2020.

Comment and Discussion

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