Information Communication Infrastructure Research Articles

Do green trade and technology-oriented trade affect economic cycles? Evidence from the Chinese provinces

This paper explores the determinants of economic cycles in Chinese provinces, examining factors like information accessibility, communication infrastructure, technical innovation, and energy usage patterns. The research unveils a negative impact of green exports on economic cycles, potentially influenced by China's recent stringent environmental regulations. The findings suggest that basic communication facilities and energy consumption structure pose initial hindrances to economic cycles. Yet, they foster information dissemination and technical innovation. Despite the negative influence of green imports and specific technology-oriented trade segments on economic cycles, the study underscores the imperative of prioritizing long-term sustainability. It emphasizes the adverse association between energy consumption structure and economic cycles, highlighting the necessity of transitioning to cleaner energy sources despite short-term financial implications. The outcomes are in harmony with the evolving nature of these associations, underscoring the pivotal role of flexible policies and holistic development strategies in steering China's quest for green and sustainable economic development.

Teaching practice efficacy for preservice student teachers under COVID-19: A case study of Chitungwiza schools.

This qualitative case study aimed to evaluate pre-service student teachers’ conceptions of the quality of teaching practicum on their preparedness for service. The establishment of teaching practice efficacy under pandemic induced circumstances can inform teacher education on developing new models of supervision. The COVID-19 outbreak around November 2019 created extensive interruption across all human activities. Lockdowns and movement restrictions to curb the spread of the disease had a profound impact on access to education in general and in particular pre-service student teachers' teaching practice. Focus group discussions and semi-structured individual interviews were used to solicit views from a sample of twenty students attached to two primary schools and their mentors and six teaching practice lecturers from two primary school training colleges. Data were analysed thematically. The results indicated that pre-service student teachers and the entire education sector were caught unprepared by the sudden demand for online education. The study found infrastructure and human capacity deficit to ensure the provision of quality education effectively. A prolonged school absence meant students could not thoroughly test theoretical knowledge through practice. The study established that pre-service student teachers need support through further training on emerging online teaching and learning technologies after the practicum. Mentors also need urgent in-service training on the use of information communication technologies. Lastly, the government must start developing policies that promote and enhance support information communication infrastructure availability. Further research might look into the well-being of pre-service students in a pandemic environment.

Evaluating the impact of generative adversarial models on the performance of anomaly intrusion detection

AbstractWith the increasing rate and types of cyber attacks against information systems and communication infrastructures, many tools are needed to detect and mitigate against such attacks, for example, Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs). Unfortunately, traditional Signature‐based IDSs (SIDSs) perform poorly against previously unseen adversarial attacks. Anomaly‐based IDSs (AIDSs) use Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL) approaches to overcome these limitations. However, AIDS performance can be poor when trained on imbalanced datasets. To address the challenge of AIDS performance caused by these unbalanced training datasets, generative adversarial models are proposed to obtain adversarial attacks from one side and analyse their quality from another. According to extensive usage and reliability criteria for generative adversarial models in different disciplines, Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs), Bidirectional GAN (BiGAN), and Wasserstein GAN (WGAN) are employed to serve AIDS. The authors have extensively assessed their abilities and robustness to deliver high‐quality attacks for AIDS. AIDSs are constructed, trained, and tuned based on these models to measure their impacts. The authors have employed two datasets: NSL‐KDD and CICIDS‐2017 for generalisation purposes, where ML and DL approaches are utilised to implement AIDSs. Their results show that the WGAN model outperformed GANs and BiGAN models in binary and multiclass classifications for both datasets.

Research trends of digital tourism: a bibliometric analysis

Purpose Discussions about digital tourism continue to increase among scholars as Information Communication and Technology (ICT) infrastructure develops. Dynamic changes due to technological aspects have given rise to various developments in the tourism industry. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the scientific structure of the development of digital tourism topics through a bibliometric analysis approach. In total, 102 publications from research on digital tourism were taken from Scopus database between 2001 and 2021, for further bibliometric analysis using the VOSviewer application. Interesting findings describe the most cited digital tourism publications, the contribution of digital tourism by various authors, institutions, countries, co-citation analysis, bibliographic coupling, and co-occurrence for the main trends of digital tourism. This study compiles a detailed review of digital tourism research. This article adds substantial value to the digital tourism topic by analyzing bibliometric data. It provided scientific information regarding digital tourism for other researchers and future research.

Influence of Availability of Information Communication and Technology Infrastructure on the Use of Student Management Information System in Teacher Training Programmes by Distance Learning in Universities in Kenya

Influence of Availability of Information Communication and Technology Infrastructure on the Use of Student Management Information System in Teacher Training Programmes by Distance Learning in Universities in Kenya

Smart Mobility Development in Lampung Province? Analysis based on Medium Term Development Plan 2019-2024

This study aims to determine the development of smart mobility in Lampung province with an analysis based on the Medium-Term Development Plan 2019-2024. The method used is qualitative with analysis using Computer Assigned Data Qualitative Software Nvivo 12plus. Data visualization using theme identification analysis and crosstab analysis. The results showed that the Lampung provincial government is concerned in building smart mobility based on the Medium-Term Development Plan 2019-2024 with the classification of Information Communication and Technology (ICT) Infrastructure, Innovative and Safe Transportation System, Local Accessibility, and Sustainable. Of the four indicators, local accessibility is the main program of Lampung Province in building local networks and inter-regional transportation because access to social mobility is still difficult as many as 252 KM of roads are still in damaged condition. Then ICT infrastructure which is due to the still very minimal network and telecommunications by positioning ICT Lampung to 30 of the total provinces in Indonesia. Furthermore, Innovative and safe sustainable transportation is less detailed in the Medium-Term Development Plan document because the main focus is physical infrastructure.

Learning the Price Response of Active Distribution Networks for TSO-DSO Coordination

The increase in distributed energy resources and flexible electricity consumers has turned TSO-DSO coordination strategies into a challenging problem. Existing decomposition/decentralized methods apply divide-and-conquer strategies to trim down the computational burden of this complex problem, but rely on access to proprietary information or fail-safe real-time communication infrastructures. To overcome these drawbacks, we propose in this paper a TSO-DSO coordination strategy that only needs a series of observations of the nodal price and the power intake at the substations connecting the transmission and distribution networks. Using this information, we learn the price response of active distribution networks (DN) using a decreasing step-wise function that can also adapt to some contextual information. The learning task can be carried out in a computationally efficient manner and the curve it produces can be interpreted as a market bid, thus averting the need to revise the current operational procedures for the transmission network. Inaccuracies derived from the learning task may lead to suboptimal decisions. However, results from a realistic case study show that the proposed methodology yields operating decisions very close to those obtained by a fully centralized coordination of transmission and distribution.

Multi-Disciplinary Approaches to Learning and Teaching in Kenya: Use of Video Games in Education

Education is one sector that tries to be consistent despite facing several changes. Vari- ous factors and emerging trends have affected the sector both positively and negatively. The scope of the digital divide is more pronounced in the developing countries and the COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated the technological struggles in Africa more than before. Technology is an enabler in education but not in all contexts because it also causes other challenges that increase the vulnerability of learners and educators in diverse circumstances. The proliferation of digital devices, especially mobile and smart devices, has brought in new changes and innovative ideas that have impacted the sectors input, output, and outcome. Leaners have demonstrated various degrees of adoption and absorption of new devices, and simultaneously educators have integrated and adapted to new pedagogies that resonate with the situation. As a continent, Africa has experienced an emerging trend with digital and non-digital devices interconnected for educational purposes on demand whenever needed. In developing countries like Kenya, more innovative ways of learning have been harnessed for learning and teach- ing purposes .With the penetration of the World Wide Web, the internet of things, availability of electronic devices, and improvement in information communication and technology infrastructure. Video games, which can be played on many platforms and electronic devices, can easily be leveraged for teaching and learning purposes. This study was conducted among learners and educators in an urban setting in Nairobi County, Kenya. The study investigated the potential of video games in education as used by leaners and teachers. The findings indicated that most leaners targeted had personal mobile devices. This gave them easy access to video games, which led to the popularity of these games. The findings also indicated that the leaners were not allowed to use digital devices like mobile phones in the classroom at school but had limited access to video games through desktops and laptops available in their institutions. The findings also showed that the majority of teachers were not keen on using video games for teaching and learning purposes, and this scenario presented a disparity in and a barrier to using multi-disciplinary approaches and integrating technology in teaching and learning. The study recommended that, with more electronic devices available for leaners and other education stakeholders, it is necessary to harness video games for learning and teaching purposes to allow for innovation, discovery, critical thinking, and experiential learning among learners.

Deployment of Software-Controlled Distributed Laboratory Complex for a Higher Educational Institution

The intensive development of information systems and communication infrastructures has led to the emergence of new approaches and new tools for their management. Cloud services, virtualization technologies and software-based management tools are actively used today for building modern information systems which provides additional opportunities for managing components of these systems and for expanding such systems abilities. The use of such approaches and tools can provide a solution to the complex of problems faced by education institutions today, presenting new methods of distance learning and new forms of practical training. The balanced use of virtualization technologies and software-based control tools allows building distributed laboratory complexes of a new generation which will provide new possibilities for using the equipment that is available in educational institutions. The use of such complexes in the educational process allows not only to instill in students the skills of managing the confgura-tions of communication infrastructures that are especially relevant today, but also to organize, in addition to traditional laboratory work, new forms of contactless practical classes. When conducting such classes, students get the opportunity to fully-functional remote access to the virtual and physical components of the complex, which is especially important for organizing the educational process in modern conditions associated with the COVID-19 pandemic.The article discusses modern approaches to the construction of software-controlled communication infrastructures, tools for software-based management of their components and also, an example of the implementation of these approaches and such tools usage in the construction of a distributed laboratory complex for a higher educational institution. The main advantages of the approach based on the use of hypervisors and emulators are presented, the experience of its deployment in the modernization of the laboratory complex for a IRIT-RTF UrFU is considered.

Artificial Intelligence and Mapping a New Direction in Laboratory Medicine: A Review.

Modern artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) methods are now capable of completing tasks with performance characteristics that are comparable to those of expert human operators. As a result, many areas throughout healthcare are incorporating these technologies, including in vitro diagnostics and, more broadly, laboratory medicine. However, there are limited literature reviews of the landscape, likely future, and challenges of the application of AI/ML in laboratory medicine. In this review, we begin with a brief introduction to AI and its subfield of ML. The ensuing sections describe ML systems that are currently in clinical laboratory practice or are being proposed for such use in recent literature, ML systems that use laboratory data outside the clinical laboratory, challenges to the adoption of ML, and future opportunities for ML in laboratory medicine. AI and ML have and will continue to influence the practice and scope of laboratory medicine dramatically. This has been made possible by advancements in modern computing and the widespread digitization of health information. These technologies are being rapidly developed and described, but in comparison, their implementation thus far has been modest. To spur the implementation of reliable and sophisticated ML-based technologies, we need to establish best practices further and improve our information system and communication infrastructure. The participation of the clinical laboratory community is essential to ensure that laboratory data are sufficiently available and incorporated conscientiously into robust, safe, and clinically effective ML-supported clinical diagnostics.

People’s Republic of China–Hong Kong Special Administrative Region: Financial Sector Assessment Program-Technical Note-Implications of Fintech for the Regulation and Supervision of the Financial Sector

he Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) is among the world’s major fintech hubs, well positioned to develop fintech initiatives from its traditional strengths in financial services. Key factors enabling the HKSAR to emerge as a fintech hub include its presence as an international financial center, its free-flowing talent and capital, a highly developed information and technology communication (ITC) infrastructure, and its most unique trait, a geographical and strategic advantage by proximity to the market in Mainland China.

Usage and Scope of ICT Applications for Sustainable Development of Urban Uttarakhand.

Urban development have seen paradigm shift in the last few decades. With the shift, technological evolution with recent development in the field of wired and wireless information communication infrastructure are making cities more sustainable and smarter. Sustainable development objective is to transform our world by 2030, where the all inhabitants benefits from development efforts. The concept of sustainable development in an endeavor to eradicate and improve the issues such as poverty, greenhouse gas emission, climate change, health care service, nutritional requirement, clean energy and building peaceful and inclusive societies. In this paper, we tried to identify the technology with respect to ICT that will help the cities of Uttarakhand to reach the goals of sustainability. We used systematic review process from various research journals, articles and reports to identify potential ICT infrastructure that can support the cities of Uttarakhand to achieve the vision of sustainability. The policy makers and administrators can use this study for successful implementation of ICT technology in the cities of Uttarakhand.

Utilization of Social Media Platforms among Information Science Students at University of Kabianga

Social media has rapidly revolutionized the information and communication domain in the world. The applicability of social media in the academic sphere is occasioned by prospects and challenges. Consequently, it has created a bone of contention within the academic realm. The study therefore reviewed social media applications and their preferential utilization by university students in knowledge sharing. This study seeks to address the research problem; the university management has endeavored in connecting the institutions with the outside world through developing information communication and technological (ICT) infrastructures. However, little is known on how students use new media technologies for academic purposes. The study adopted a descriptive research design, where closed-ended questionnaires were distributed to the respondents. The respondents comprised of 103 students in the University of Kabianga, school of information science and knowledge management. The research revealed that students use social media majorly for entertainment purposes. Subsequently, it realized that the new media affect university students both positively and negatively but without authentic studies locally. It is hoped that this study will shade more light than darkness into the application of new media formats in learning at Kenyan universities. This will open new avenues of knowledge sharing and networking for maximum utilization of mined and captured information within the academic corridors.

DEVELOPING ECONOMY OF INFORMATION SOCIETY IN RUSSIA

Today we can observe the trend of the rising role of knowledge and intangible assets, which is stipulated by the new stage of economic development, i.e. economy of information society. The issue of the information society development is directly connected with technological innovation. The article shows the essence of information society, its principle determining factors, including human capital, innovation potential, informationcommunication infrastructure, information security, information environment, etc. The author analyzes dynamics of these factors in our country and makes international comparisons. It brings us to the conclusion that Russia is lagging behind the world leaders by key indicators. Apart from that, developing economy of information society in our country is mainly identified with the use of information technologies without taking into account social components. It is underlined that the essential role in this process should be attributed to institute of trust. The author puts forward the hypothesis about future changes in economy and society, in production processes and in man himself and proposes a set of steps aimed at intensifying the process of developing economy of information society in the country and discusses the related prospects.

Probabilistic Approach Processing Scheme Based on BLAST for Improving Search Speed of Bioinformatics

As researchers on bioinformatics using heuristic algorithms have been increasingly studied, information management used in various bioinformatics fields (new drug development, medical diagnosis, agricultural product improvement, etc.) has been studied mainly on BLAST algorithm. However, many of the algorithms that are being used in the large genome database use a complete sorting procedure, which takes a lot of time to search the database for proteins or nucleic acid sequences, which causes many problems in processing large amounts of bio information. We propose a BLAST-based probabilistic access processing method that can manage, analyze and process a large amount of bio data distributed based on information communication infrastructure and IT technology. The proposed method aims to improve the accessibility of data by linking weighted bioinformatics information with probability factors to easily access large capacity bio data. In addition, the proposed scheme classifies the priority information allocated to the bioinformatics information by hierarchical grouping according to the degree of similarity, thereby ensuring high accuracy of the search results of the bioinformatics information, and at the same time, the goal is to obtain low processing time by classifying information (type, attribute, priority, etc.) into weights by property. Previous researchers have suggested clustering algorithms for fragmentation of genetic information to solve the problem of haplotype assembly in genetics, or proposed particle swarm optimization methods similar to existing genetic algorithms using heuristic clustering method based on MEC model. In the performance evaluation, the proposed method improved the accuracy by average 13.5% and the efficiency of the data retrieval by average 19.7% more than previous scheme. The overhead of Bioinformatics information processing was 8.8% lower and the processing time was average 13.5% lower.

Psychological attacks and mischiefs in cyberspace and the trend of Russia’s cyber-strategy

사이버 공간에서의 심리적 침해행위는 일반적으로 널리 알려진 사이버 테러행위 또는 사이버 범죄행위와 다르다. 심리적 침해행위는 정보통신기반시설이나 기기 운용체제, 콘텐츠 등에 대한 기술적 침해행위가 아니라 사이버 공간을 이용한 심리적 조작 이나 괴롭힘, 의식의 변화, 여론조작 등과 같은 다양한 의도를 가진 심리적 영향력의 행사를 의미한다. 이러한 심리적 조작이나 영향력 행사를 통해 적의 의지를 변화시키겠다는 시도는 새로운 것은 아니다. 하지만 사이버 공간이 등장하기 전까지는 그러한 심리적 영향력을 행사하는 실효적 수단이 불완전했다는 측면에서 그 효과가 제한적이었다. 하지만 사이버 공간의 등장으로 그러한 심리전 수행의 가능성과 효과가 더욱 정밀해지고 현실화되었다. 이 글은 이러한 사이버 공간에서의 심리적 침해행위 이슈에 대해 논의할 것이다. 먼저, 그러한 현상이 주는 전략적인 의미가 무엇인지를 논의할 것이다. 다음으로, 그러한 변화에 따라 러시아 사이버 전략이 어떻게 변화하고 있는지를 소개한다. 해외 주요 국가의 추이를 살펴봄에 있어 러시아를 다루는 이유는 러시아가 여러 국가들 가운데 이와 같은 분야에 있어 가장 활발히 그리고 적극적으로 대응하고 있기 때문이다. 그들은 사이버 심리전을 포함한 새로운 전략모델을 개발해왔으며 또한 실제로 2014년 우크라이나 침공과 2016년 미국대선개입 등을 통해 실전에 활용한 전력이 있다. 러시아 사례에 대한 검토는 우리에게 사이버 공간에서의 심리적 침해행위에 대한 전략적 접근에 주요한 참고 사례가 될 수 있다. 이 글은 궁극적으로 사이버 심리침해행위 또는 사이버 공격의 위험성과 가능성에 대해 주목하고 그러한 위협에 대한 대응을 강화할 것과 동시에 그러한 가능성을 어떻게 활용할 수 있는 가에 대한 메시지를 던진다. 전자는 우리에게 사이버 심리공격을 탐지할 수 있는 기술적 능력을 증가시킬 것을 요구하며 동시에 그러한 심리공격으로부터의 피해를 최소화할수 있는 사회문화적 저항성 또는 면역성의 강화를 요구한다. 후자는 우리에게 사이버 심리공격 능력의 강화를 요구한다. 이는 선제공격 시 보복공격의 능력을 강화시키는 것뿐만 아니라 선제공격의 능력을 강화시킬 것을 함께 요구한다.Psychological attacks in cyberspace is different from widely known cyber-terrorism or cyber-crime. Psychological attacks are not technological breaks targeting on information communication infrastructure, operational devices, and contents but psychological influences for various intentions such as psychological manipulations, harassments, cognitive changes, and distortions of public opinion. The trial of changing the opponent’s will through psychological manipulation and influence is not new. Yet, before the birth of cyberspace, such psychological influences had only limited effects due to the incompleteness of means. The emergence of cyberspace actualized and completed the possibility and effect of psychological warfare. This article discusses the psychological attacks on cyberspace. First, its strategic meaning is discussed. Next, it introduces the contemporary trend of Russian cyber-strategy responding to the strategic meaning of cyber-psychological attacks. Russia is selected among many foreign cases because Russia is one of most aggressive and innovative adapter to the contemporary trend of cyber-psychological warfare. Russia developed a new strategic model including cyber-psychological warfare. it also executed cyber-psychological attacks into the real situation such as 2014 Ukraine invasion and 2016 infiltration of the US Presidential Election.. Russian case can be a significant reference for our strategic approach to psychological operations in cyberspace. This article eventually focuses on the danger and possibility of cyber-psychological attacks and recommends the strengthening the response to such threats and the possible use of such cyber-psychological warfare for our interest. For the former, we need to develop technological capability to detect the opponent’s cyber-psychological attacks and improve our social and cultural resilience to minimize the damage of such cyber-psychological attacks. The latter requires the improvement of our cyber-psychological warfare capability. It not only means the increase of retribution capability but also the build-up of first cyber-psychological strike capability.

A practical ICT framework for transition to circular manufacturing systems

The transition towards a circular economy has become important. Manufacturing industry being a major stakeholder in this transition has started exploring the potential of this transition and challenges in implementation. Ambitious companies such as Gorenje d.d. has taken the circular economy transition seriously and aims to become a pioneer in implementing circular manufacturing systems. One vital step in this transition is the business model shift from the linear (sales model) to a circular model such as ‘product as a service’. This brings new challenges to Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) that have never been experienced in their conventional businesses. One of the challenges is to establish an information communication and technology (ICT) infrastructure that enables information management and sharing as well as establishes a real-time communication between relevant stakeholders. Outlining such an ICT infrastructure is the objective of this paper.

: Ictt (Selected Promising Industries in Romania and Industrial Cooperation between Korea and Romania)

Korean Abstract: 본 연구는 루마니아의 유망 산업을 선정, 심층 분석하여 한·루마니아 산업협력 강화 및 진출 방안을 제시하는 데 그 목적이 있다. 또한 이를 통해 한·중동부 유럽 경제협력 증대방안을 모색함으로써 유로존 재정위기 이후 주춤하고 있는 우리의 EU 시장 진출에 새로운 전기를 마련하고자 한다. 향후 EU에서 가장 역동적인 경제발전 가능성이 큰 신규회원국 루마니아 경제의 잠재력과 한국과의 산업협력 가능성을 분석함으로써 정부의 보호무역주의 대응 및 전략적 경제협력 강화를 위한 대외경제정책 수립에 이바지할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. 세계지역연구를 전문적으로 수행하고 있는 KIEP가 전략지역심층연구 사업의 일환 으로 추진하는 본 연구는 EU 신규회원국이며 EU 내에서 경제 성장동력이 가장 기대되는 루마니아 경제의 잠재력과 한국과의 산업협력 가능성을 분석한다. 즉, ICT와 인프라 부문을 루마니아의 주요 산업으로 선정하여 심층 분석하고 현지 시장진출 활성화를 위한 전략적 방안 마련에 조금이나마 도움이 되고자 루마니아의 주요 산업별 위험요인, 잠재력, 협력 혹은 진출 가능성 등을 분석한다. English Abstract: This study has selected two Romanian industries with high growth potentials to strengthen Korea-Romania industrial cooperation and to suggest effective entry into the Romanian market, with the aim of enhancing Korea-CEE economic cooperation to overcome contracted market access in the EU following the European sovereign debt crisis. This study has analyzed the potentials of the Romanian economy as a growth engine of the EU, and the possibilities of industrial cooperation with Korea. More specifically, we have selected the information communication & technology (ICT) sector and infrastructure sector as our main industries in focus to analyze the risk factors, potentials, cooperation possibilities of each sector, through which we will seek strategic means to invigorate market entry. This study has collected a variety of related statistical data and references both from Romanian and international sources. And in order to analyse the competitiveness of the industrial sector, we have looked into the statistical trade analysis of manufacturing industry. Along with qualitative and quantitative analyses, we have interviewed Romanian and Korean experts to ensure a high level of objectivity.

Computer network operations and ‘rule-with-law’ in Australia

Computer Network Operations (CNOs) refers to government intrusion and/or interference with networked information communication infrastructures for the purposes of law enforcement and security intelligence. The following article explores how CNOs are lawfully authorised in Australia, and considers the extent to which the current use of CNOs are subject to ‘counter-law’ developments. More specifically, the article finds that the scope and application of CNOs in Australia are subject to weak legislative controls, that while such operations might be ‘lawful’, they undermine rule of law and disturb core democratic freedoms.

Vocational Training Organisation Preparation to Introduce Technology Enhanced Training and Learning

Abstract The article presents the analysis of the introduction of the technology enhanced learner-centered learning (TEL) and its opportunities in the vocational training organization. Research aim was to reveal how the vocational training organizations are ready to introduce technology enhanced training (learning). In the study was applied the Connectivism theory based on TEL introduction quality criteria groups - strategy and management; information communication technology (ICT) and infrastructure; training and learning content and methods; continuous professional development; TEL support system in the educational organization; TEL content quality assurance; internal and external communication. From research the following conclusions were formulated: • Participation in the TEL raises challenges for administration staff and teachers of vocational training organizations. On the one hand, this is an aspiration for meaningful and qualitative learning outcomes; on the other hand, this is the appearance of responsibility and liability which encourages all education participants to accept the resulting change in the training and learning processes. • TEL introduction quality criteria enable organizations to integrate TEL in a coherent and systematic way, but the accomplished research in vocational training organizations shows that TEL introduction was carried out being insufficiently ready. • TEL introduction is implemented inconsistently in vocational training; more emphasis is put on one or the other sphere. According to the respondents, the support of the TEL system is especially weak, because it is not recognized in the organization. If the technological, organizational and educational, consulting and information support for teachers and learners are not properly implemented and ensured, effective, acceptable and effective TEL outcomes as well as learning quality cannot be expected.