Information And Communication Technology Systems Research Articles

The Convergence of Artificial Intelligence and Blockchain: The State of Play and the Road Ahead

Artificial intelligence (AI) and blockchain technology have emerged as increasingly prevalent and influential elements shaping global trends in Information and Communications Technology (ICT). Namely, the synergistic combination of blockchain and AI introduces beneficial, unique features with the potential to enhance the performance and efficiency of existing ICT systems. However, presently, the confluence of these two disruptive technologies remains in a rather nascent stage, undergoing continuous exploration and study. In this context, the work at hand offers insight regarding the most significant features of the AI and blockchain intersection. Sixteen outstanding, recent articles exploring the combination of AI and blockchain technology have been systematically selected and thoroughly investigated. From them, fourteen key features have been extracted, including data security and privacy, data encryption, data sharing, decentralized intelligent systems, efficiency, automated decision systems, collective decision making, scalability, system security, transparency, sustainability, device cooperation, and mining hardware design. Moreover, drawing upon the related literature stemming from major digital databases, we constructed a timeline of this technological convergence comprising three eras: emerging, convergence, and application. For the convergence era, we categorized the pertinent features into three primary groups: data manipulation, potential applicability to legacy systems, and hardware issues. For the application era, we elaborate on the impact of this technology fusion from the perspective of five distinct focus areas, from Internet of Things applications and cybersecurity, to finance, energy, and smart cities. This multifaceted, but succinct analysis is instrumental in delineating the timeline of AI and blockchain convergence and pinpointing the unique characteristics inherent in their integration. The paper culminates by highlighting the prevailing challenges and unresolved questions in blockchain and AI-based systems, thereby charting potential avenues for future scholarly inquiry.

An assessment of the carbon emissions of China's ICT system from the demand and supply perspectives

Previous research has predominantly examined China's Information and Communication Technology (ICT) industry's carbon emissions through the lens of technological progress, overlooking impacts from both demand and supply perspectives. We employ a subsystem input-output model to analyze the total emissions of China's ICT industry from 2002 to 2020, decomposing them into direct, intra-sectoral, feedback, and spillover components from both perspectives. Our findings reveal that between 2002 and 2020, demand-driven emissions increased by 205.1 %, while supply-driven emissions surged by 496.4 %. From both demand and supply perspectives, the spillover component emerged as the dominant contributor from 2002 to 2020, particularly in 2020, accounting for more than 99 % of the total emissions. From a demand-driven perspective, we identify ICT manufacturing as the primary emissions source, contributing to over 66 % of the total emissions during the period and triggering significant spillover emissions in the power and heavy manufacturing sectors. Conversely, the supply-driven approach highlights ICT services as the major emitter, accounting for over 70 % of the total emissions between 2002 and 2020, with notable spillover effects observed in the transport sector. We highlight the significance of shaping consumption behaviors related to ICT manufacturing products and improving emissions efficiency in electricity and heavy manufacturing, both crucial intermediate inputs in ICT production, from a demand perspective. From a supply perspective, promoting the adoption of clean technologies among downstream users of ICT services could aid China's emissions mitigation efforts in the digital era.

Using ML to Predict User Satisfaction with ICT Technology for Educational Institution Administration

Effective and efficient use of information and communication technology (ICT) systems in the administration of educational organisations is crucial to optimise their performance. Earlier research on the identification and analysis of ICT users’ satisfaction with administration tasks in education is limited and inconclusive, as they focus on using ICT for nonadministrative tasks. To address this gap, this study employs Artificial Intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) in conjunction with a survey technique to predict the satisfaction of ICT users. In doing so, it provides an insight into the key factors that impact users’ satisfaction with the ICT administrative systems. The results reveal that AI and ML models predict ICT user satisfaction with an accuracy of 94%, and identify the specific ICT features, such as usability, privacy, security, and Information Technology (IT) support as key determinants of satisfaction. The ability to predict user satisfaction is important as it allows organisations to make data-driven decisions on improving their ICT systems to better meet the needs and expectations of users, maximising labour effort while minimising resources, and identifying potential issues earlier. The findings of this study have important implications for the use of ML in improving the administration of educational institutions and providing valuable insights for decision-makers and developers.

Conceptual framework for Information and Communication Technology applications to enhance eco-efficiency

The quality of community decisions about the key characteristics of urban services depends on the level of involvement of local stakeholder groups. The identification of the environmental, economic and social impacts of investments to improve urban services is a critical aspect of the decision preparation phase. Assessment of the main stakeholder groups being affected by the impacts of urban services is required to understand what kind of problems they perceive. Based on their demand, different solutions can be provided to create an Information and Communication Technology (ICT) software system to facilitate environmental cooperations. The aim of this research is to propose an ICT system to support citizens’ active involvement in the transformation of the environment with access to essential information, and enable them to make more effective decisions about the investments. Most of the features of the proposed system have the potential to support eco-effective environmental policy implementations and form part of a sustainable policy toolkit. We explore the different interests and what functions should be provided to make access to information easier and more integrated. Our proposed conceptual framework would fulfill the requirements and gives practical examples how to increase eco-efficiency of products, technologies or investments in urban areas.

Modelling the propagation of properties across services in cyber-physical energy systems

Modern power systems, referred to as cyber-physical energy systems (CPESs), are complex systems with strong interdependencies between power and information and communication technology (ICT) systems. CPESs also have dependencies between the essential grid services. For instance, coordinated voltage control depends on state estimation, which depends on measurement acquisition. Since the operation of CPESs is largely influenced by these grid services, assessing their performance is crucial for assessing the performance of a CPES. Most of these grid services are enabled by the ICT system, i.e., they rely to a high degree on ICT. Hence, properties such as availability, correctness and timeliness, which depend on the involved software, hardware and data of the ICT system, must be considered for assessing the performance of an ICT-enabled grid service. Disturbances and repairs in CPESs impact these properties, which can then propagate and affect the performance of a grid service as well as other dependent grid services. There is, therefore, a need to model the influence of the properties of software, hardware and data on ICT-enabled grid services for single services as well as across several services, resulting in a propagation of these parameters. Current literature lacks such a model, which can used not only to investigate but also to visualise the impact of these properties on the overall perfromance of a grid service as well as other dependent grid services. This paper proposes a meta model for assessing the performance of ICT-enabled grid services, which can be instantiated for different grid services considering their dependencies. A multi-dimensional operational state space, which serves as a visualisation of the performance of grid services in terms of their state trajectory, is also proposed in this paper. The contributions are then demonstrated by a case study with a state estimation service and the widely-used CIGRE medium voltage benchmark power grid augmented with an ICT system. Three scenarios with disturbances are presented to show the benefits of the contributions. Specifically, the performance of the state estimation service considering the disturbances is investigated using the meta model, and the change in performance is visualised as trajectories using the operational state space. These contributions enable new possibilities for planning and vulnerability analyses: property changes in parts of the ICT system can be simulated to investigate their consequences throughout the ICT-enabled grid services. A trajectory representing their performance can then be visualized in the state space based on which measures could be implemented to potentially improve the resilience of the service against the considered disturbances.

ICT Scalability and Replicability Analysis for Smart Grids: Methodology and Application

The essential role of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in modern electricity grids makes it necessary to consider them when evaluating the scalability and replicability capabilities of smart grid systems. This paper proposes a novel step-by-step methodology to quantitatively perform an ICT scalability and replicability analysis (SRA) in a smart grid context. The methodology is validated and exemplified by applying it to two real case studies that are demonstrated in the EU-funded RESPONSE project and comprise solutions relying on different communication technologies. The results of the proposed methodology are summarised through ICT scalability and replicability maps, which are introduced in this paper as a quick way of obtaining an overview of the scalability and replicability capabilities of an ICT system and as an efficient way of estimating the feasibility of scenarios not covered in the SRA.

Green ICT Methodology for Energy Consumption Calculation in ICT Architecture Components

As the usage of information and communication technology (ICT) solution have been exploded in the last decades, the research community exhibits a deficiency in terms of methodologies for accurately quantifying the energy consumption of individual ICT components. This paper presents a novel methodology aimed at addressing the existing research gap by offering a comprehensive analysis of energy consumption ranges for ICT components, measured in Watt. The methodology being proposed involves the classification of ICT components into distinct classes, namely sensors, gateways, servers-platforms, and databases, while these classes are further subdivided into sub-classes. The calculation of energy consumption places emphasis on particular components within each sub-class, encompassing CPUs, RAM, GPUs, hard drives, network switches, cooling systems, and communication units. Compared with existing green ICT standards where mainly focused on strategy-related recommendations, the methodology utilises manufacturers’ specifications for standard operational procedures in order to compute energy consumption. The objective of the methodology is to extend the current research and provide countable energy consumption attributes of various component types, that are used in the ICT architecture, supporting the decision-making process of architects regarding environmentally sustainable and high-performance device selection. This study concludes with the development of a tree diagram for calculating the energy consumption of an ICT system.

Cyberbezpieczeństwo a ochrona infrastruktury krytycznej

The functioning of critical infrastructure depends on information and communication technologies (ICT) systems that enable its equipment or facilities to operate smoothly. Threats to its functioning can present a major issue for the state and society, as it also spans strategic sectors which overlap with the essential services which remain within the purview of operators of essential services. Because of the relationship that links strategic systems within critical infrastructure and simultaneously supports its operation with essential services, ensuring cybersecurity will also affect the protection of this infrastructure. It should be emphasised that critical infrastructure may be adequately protected by ensuring the cyber resilience of the ICT systems it utilises and through cooperation between the public and the private sector.

Assessing the Role of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in Safeguarding the Environment through the Application of the MOORA Method

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) plays a vital role in bolstering endeavors aimed at safeguarding the environment, and the MOORA method offers a structured approach. ICT involves the use of digital tools and technologies to manage and transmit information, enabling real-time data collection, analysis, and communication. In environmental protection, ICT aids in various ways, such as monitoring air and water quality, tracking wildlife patterns, and managing waste disposal. The MOORA method is a decision-making technique that helps prioritize alternatives based on multiple conflicting criteria. In the context of environmental protection, the MOORA method assists in selecting the most effective ICT solutions. It evaluates various ICT options by considering multiple objectives, such as efficiency, cost-effectiveness, ecological impact, and scalability. MOORA computes ratios to compare alternatives against each criterion, enabling a comprehensive assessment. By assigning weights to the criteria, stakeholders can emphasize specific factors according to their importance. For instance, when choosing between different ICT systems for waste management, the MOORA method can quantify the ecological benefits of reduced emissions, energy savings, and waste reduction against factors like implementation costs and technological feasibility. This systematic evaluation ensures that the chosen ICT solution aligns with the overall goal of environmental protection while considering practical constraints. ICT leverages advanced technologies to bolster environmental protection, and the MOORA method provides a structured approach to assess and prioritize ICT solutions. This combined approach facilitates informed decision-making, leading to the adoption of efficient and sustainable technologies that contribute to a healthier planet. The Smart Grid System (A1), E-waste Recycling Program (A2), Air Quality Monitoring Network (A3), Water Pollution Detection Sensors (A4), Green Supply Chain Management Software (A5), and Virtual Environmental Education Platform (A6) are employed as alternative solutions. These alternatives are assessed based on their ability to achieve Reduction in Environmental Impact (C1), Enhancement of Efficiency (C2), Cost Efficiency (C3), and User-Friendliness (C4).The environmental production of E-waste Recycling Program is got first rank and Smart Grid System is got lowest rank.

Current and future roles of the automotive and ICT sectoral systems in autonomous driving - Using the innovation system approach to assess value chain transformation

In this paper, we assess the current and future roles of the automotive and the information and communication technology (ICT) sectoral systems in the provision of autonomous driving and draw conclusions on the potential configuration of the corresponding value chains. We approach the question of value chain transformation from an innovation system perspective, combining sectoral, national and technological perspectives on innovation systems. We introduce a supplementary function at the intersection of the sectoral and technological innovation systems that describes the interactions between the automotive and the ICT system. By choosing indicators that allow for the sectoral and national differentiation of activities, we are able to identify differences and similarities in engagement between the automotive and ICT sectors and countries. Furthermore, we find various and changing types of interactions and relationships, such as competition, cooperation or spill-over, between the sectoral systems. Our findings underline the relevance of contextual factors to the dynamics and design of innovation systems, based on which we propose an approach for integrating different perspectives into one study. We find the strength of the innovation system perspective in its structuring and holistic characteristics and demonstrate its applicability to the assessment of value chain transformation.

Assess: anomaly sensitive state estimation with streaming systems

Information and communication technology (ICT) is an increasing part of modern power systems, which are, therefore, recognised as cyber-physical energy system (CPESs). The increase of ICT affects the situational awareness in CPESs, which is traditionally solely based on information about the power system but not about the ICT system. However, CPESs are facing various challenges regarding the integrity, correctness, and availability of process data due to the interconnection with ICT. Examples are stealthy false data injection attack (FDIAs). This paper pursues a holistic approach to describe the quality of process data, which brings together aspects like integrity, correctness, and availability in multivariate trust values. The arising research question this paper deals with is, how multivariate trust in physical measurements in a CPES can be modelled, estimated, and integrated into situational awareness. A proposed framework implements a context-sensitive and multivariate trust model as well as a trust sensitive state estimation. While these two artefacts are already published, the focus of this paper is on the implementation of the framework and the fulfilment of the requirements for timeliness, interoperability, flexibility, and scalability. It is evaluated in three different scenarios with CIGRE and IEEE benchmark grids.

Quantifying the resilience of ICT-enabled grid services in cyber-physical energy system

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is vital for the operation of modern power systems, giving rise to Cyber-Physical Energy Systems (CPESs). ICT enables the grid services (GSs) needed for monitoring and controlling the physical parameters of the power system, especially for remedying the impact of disturbances. But the ICT integration makes the overall system more complex, leading to new and unforeseen disturbances. This motivates the need for a resilient system design capable of absorbing and recovering from such disturbances. The current state of the art lacks a comprehensive resilience assessment of ICT-enabled GSs in CPESs. To address this, a novel method and metrics to assess the resilience of GSs in CPESs are presented in this paper. An operational state model of a GS, with three states, i.e., normal, limited and failed, is used to capture its performance, which is essential for quantifying its resilience. Sequential Monte Carlo simulations are performed with the model to capture the behaviour of ICT components to compute the operational state trajectory of the GSs. Metrics are then derived to quantify the resilience and its constituting phases. The method is demonstrated using two ICT system designs for the CIGRE MV benchmark grid, considering the state estimation as an exemplary GS. The simulation results show that the proposed method can capture the differences between ICT system designs with regard to resilience metrics. The contribution can, therefore, be used to analyse, compare and potentially improve the resilience of ICT system designs for CPES.

Electricity Consumption by ICT: Facts, trends, and measurements

This paper considers key issues surrounding energy consumption by information and communication technologies (ICT), which has been steadily growing and is now attaining approximately 10% of the worldwide electricity consumption with a significant impact on greenhouse gas emissions. The perimeter of ICT systems is discussed, and the role of the subsystems that compose ICT is considered. Data from recent years is used to understand how each of these sub-systems contribute to ICT's energy consumption. The quantitatively demonstrated positive correlation between the penetration of ICT in the world's different economies and the same economies' contributions to undesirable greenhouse gas emissions is also discussed. The paper also examines how emerging technologies such as 5G, AI, edge computing, and cryptocurrencies are contributing to the worldwide increase in electricity consumption by ICT, despite the increases in ICT efficiency, in terms of energy consumed per bit processed, stored, or transmitted. The measurement of specific ICT systems' electricity consumption is also addressed, and the manner in which this consumption can be minimized in a specific edge computing context is discussed.

Assessment of ICT services using the Information Technology Infrastructure Library Framework at Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Tanzania

An increasing enrolment of students and demand for flexible delivery modalities in higher education calls for an urgent digital transformation in this sector. In addition, emerging global wicked challenges demand the appropriate use of information and communication technologies (ICT) to address them; for instance, the COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the adoption of digital teaching, learning and transformation of educational services in higher learning institutions (HLIs). This study assessed ICT infrastructure, systems and services at the Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS) in Tanzania using the Information Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL) framework. This qualitative study used desk reviews of data obtained from interviews, system walkthroughs, document reviews and consultative meetings. The study used data from an assessment conducted between February 2017 and August 2021. The assessment found that MUHAS provides various ICT infrastructures and services, with a rapidly increasing demand for ICT services. A total of 84 ICT services at MUHAS were mapped and grouped as "Customer-facing" or "Supporting". The services were also categorised as "Core", "Enabling", or "Enhancing". The ICT services were at different maturity levels depending on the duration of their demands, requirements, capacity, usage, and availability of the required resources. Various educational technologies such as an eLearning platform, video conferencing systems, student management and assessment systems were used to enhance teaching, learning and progress tracking. This paper presents the experience of using the ITIL framework in assessing ICT infrastructure, systems and services at a university in Tanzania. It provides information on the services catalogue and its organisation as well as strengths, weaknesses, challenges and opportunities for using ICT in transforming university functions. In addition, this study informs other HLIs on similar assessments and strategic organisation of their ICT services in resource-constrained settings.

ICT-enabled approach for humanitarian disaster management: a systems perspective

PurposeEach stage in disaster management faces different challenges concerning information gathering, sharing, interpretation and dissemination. However, a comprehensive understanding of different information and communication technology (ICT) systems utilised for humanitarian disaster management is limited. Therefore, the paper follows a systems thinking approach to examine ten major man-made and/or natural disasters to comprehend the influence of ICT systems on humanitarian relief operations.Design/methodology/approachA longitudinal, multi-case study captures the use of ICT tools, stakeholders involvement, disaster stages and zones of operations for relief operations over the past two decades. A systems thinking approach is utilised to draw several inferences and develop frameworks.FindingsMultiple ICT tools such as geographic information systems, online webpages/search engines, social media, unmanned aerial vehicles/robots and artificial intelligence are used for rapid disaster response and mitigation. Speed and coordination of relief operations have significantly increased in recent years due to the increased use of ICT systems.Research limitations/implicationsSecondary data on the past ten disasters is utilised to draw inferences. The developed ICT-driven model must be validated during upcoming humanitarian relief operations.Practical implicationsA holistic understanding of a complex inter-relationship between influential variables (stakeholders, disaster stages, zones of operation, ICT systems) is beneficial for effectively managing humanitarian disasters.Originality/valueBroadly classifying the ICT systems into surveillance, decision support and broadcasting systems, a novel ICT-enabled model for humanitarian relief operations is developed.

Contextual factors influencing knowledge sharing and application in the care and support for people with intellectual disabilities during the COVID‐19 pandemic

AbstractDuring the COVID‐19 pandemic, support workers and health professionals caring for and supporting people with intellectual disabilities (ID) required new knowledge on, for example, treatment and infection prevention. ID care organizations had to quickly share up‐to‐date knowledge and encourage its application. This study explored the contextual factors influencing knowledge sharing and application in the care and support for people with ID, contrasted their relevance prior to and during the pandemic, and compared the relevance of these factors according to support workers and health professionals. In 2021, 160 Dutch professionals working with people with ID completed an online survey, with 69 being support workers and 91 being health professionals. For most of the participants, the contextual factors known to be relevant for knowledge sharing and application prior to the pandemic (e.g., the leadership of professionals, user‐friendliness of interventions) also helped them to process knowledge during the pandemic. These factors were rated equally or as being even more important (e.g., “Practice leadership of management” and “Office arrangements and Information and Communication Technology (ICT) systems”). Moreover, support workers and health professionals rated factors such as the available capacity of employees and office arrangements and ICT systems differently. The findings provide initial evidence that during a health crisis like the COVID‐19 pandemic, both the role and importance of contextual factors influencing knowledge sharing and application in the care and support for people with ID partially differ from prior to the pandemic.

The Reliability and Exploitation Analysis Method of the ICT System Power Supply with the Use of Modelling Based on Rough Sets

The article describes a new approach to the reliability–exploitation analysis of the critical information and communications technology (ICT) system power supply. A classic approach based on statistical indicators and a new one founded on uncertainty modelling based on the rough set method is presented. The main advantage of the uncertainty modelling approach is the simplification of the calculations and the fact that, unlike statistical analysis, uncertainty modelling does not require complete information on the used data sets. An extensive study of world publications was carried out, proving that this is an entirely innovative approach to solving the problem of reliability and exploitation analysis. Calculations, analyses and syntheses are also exhibited in a specific example. A sample of the ICT system power supply was simulated, and the simulation results are shown. The simulations were prepared by one of the co-authors for the purposes of this article.

New Management Standard for Digital Data Protection Using A PDCA Model Anchored to ISO/IEC 27001 and R.A. 10173

ICT security has proven to be important in any organization in dealing with digital data. In implementing data protection, there are several challenges that an organization may encounter such as employee’s lack of awareness and education, cybersecurity threats, data breaches, lack of technical infrastructure, and limited resources. To combat internal security threats and encourage employees' security habits every agency, in the different sectors of the government must practice and promote data protection awareness against cybercrimes. To improve the security posture of every public or private organization in the Philippines. This study looked at a newly suggested security management standard that offers a thorough framework for detecting and evaluating risks to ICT (information and communication technology) systems and applications. The proposed standard strongly emphasizes the necessity of ongoing security control monitoring and assessment, frequent recovery plan testing and evaluation, and compliance with the PDCA Model anchored to the ISO/IEC 27001 standard and the Data Privacy Act of 2012. The study examined the suggested standard's main aspects and potential business advantages, including security, compliance, and stakeholder coordination and communication as well as emphasized the difficulties in implementing the suggested standard, including the requirement for significant resources and knowledge. The proposed standard also provides a common language for communication and collaboration among stakeholders, including I.T. staff, business leaders, and external partners. This can help promote a security culture and ensure everyone in the organization works together towards a common goal.

STANDAR KOMPETENSI SDM PENYELENGGARA PERKERETAAPIAN MODERN

The impact of industry 4.0 is very significant on the use of human resources (HR) due to changes in the technology used, including the presence of modern railways. The development of railway technology in Indonesia is increasing rapidly. HR related to the implementation of modern railways requires additional competence in order to ensure the safety of the transportation system. This study is intended to analyze the need for HR standards of competency in the modern railway sector and evaluate the readiness of the regulator in preparing its human resources. Standards of competency are identified using Gap Analysis through benchmarking. Meanwhile, SWOT Analysis is used to evaluate the HR preparation. The results of the analysis show that there are 6 core technologies of modern railways that distinguish modern railways from conventional ones, namely Civil infrastructure and tracks, Rolling Stock, Electric power facilities, Signaling and telecommunication facilities, Operation Control Center, and ICT (Information and Communications Technology) System. The HR competency on modern railways must be able to support the use of these core technologies. Eleven main functions of modern railways HR and their respective competencies are developed. These additional competencies include aspects of safety, ICT, integrated systems, and working culture. SWOT analysis result shows that the organization is still weak internally but has opportunities from external parties. The biggest opportunity is the high demand from the industry and operators for certified HR. Its strength is only in terms of the contribution of the Education and Training Institutions which is considerable in meeting market needs. Almost all elements of the Input-Process-Output-Outcomes of Education and Training aspects identified in this study are still weak, although with varying degrees of weaknesses. The main weakness from the education and training side is the limited budget and the lack of competence of regulators and training instructors, as well as the education and training curriculum and syllabus that still need to be prepared. The quality of education and training facilities is also a major weakness. The main weakness in terms of regulation is that the SKKNI is not yet prepared. This study recommends the need to prepare HR that meet the standards of competency, including increasing the role and capacity of education and training institution, the role and preparation of regulators, as well as the need for SKKNI.

Blockchain-Based Security Configuration Management for ICT Systems

The world has become increasingly dependent on large-scale and distributed information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructures and systems in sectors such as energy, transport, banking, healthcare, water supply, and digital services, while their protection is considered of paramount importance and has already drawn remarkable attention from governments and key industry players. Establishing common approaches by leveraging existing frameworks and cyber security practices for improving the security postures of those systems is one of the major objectives for ensuring an adequate level of protection and avoiding the detrimental effects of disruptions on society and citizens. Configuration management (CM) is one of those common practices for establishing and maintaining the integrity and consistency of a system and its elements with regard to the function, performance, and status of technical and physical attributes, and it contributes to a desirable security posture throughout the lifecycle of a system. This study addresses the importance of CM, and while considering the corresponding frameworks, standards, and best practices, it proposes a permissioned blockchain-based approach, that inherits the benefits of the blockchain technology and ensures the integrity of the systems’ configuration across the complete lifecycle management of its products and services as an underlying model for mapping and integrating CM functions. Furthermore, this study briefly presents the benefits and challenges of the application of permissioned blockchain models and proposes a smart-contract-based role-based access control mechanism, in addition to presenting an operating concept based on brief but real-life lifecycle requirements of organizational configuration management.