In-depth Informant Interviews Research Articles

Consultation and Displacement in Large-Scale Agriculture Investment: Evidence from Oromia Region’s Shashamane Rural District

The Shashamane rural district was selected as a target area and corridor of large-scale agriculture investment (LSAI) to produce surplus agricultural products and ensure local development by the state and private (domestic and foreign) investors. Shalo–Melega private LSAI projects started operation in 2008 in the Shashamane rural district. This farm project comprises a crop production site, construction of a road, a crop storage facility, and developing irrigation in a total of about 24,710.51 acres of land along the central Rift Valley basin, for long-term leases. Little attention has been paid to how land ownership has changed and transaction transparency; how the community has been consulted; whether free, prior, and informed consent (FPIC) has been provided; and how local people have been displaced. This study sought to investigate the consultation process, land transaction transparency, the use of FPIC, and local community dis-placement as a result of LSAI in the Shashamane rural district. The study adopted multi-method qualitative and quantitative data collection tools including primary data, collected from a directly impacted population of 134 households, using systematic random sampling techniques; key and in-depth informant interviews; focus group discussions (FGD); and field visits. Through the use of qualitative and qualitative research paradigms, a systematic analysis was conducted. The result of the study shows that 86.6% of respondents (both interested and affected) expressed that both government and the proponents were not taking in account their concerns during the consultation processes. Lack of free, prior, and informed consent (FPIC) reduces local people’s sense of recognition and status. Moreover, LSAI displaced the rural people from their area of settlement and farmland, triggered a shortage of communal grazing and forest resources. Additionally, nonequivalent and unsatisfactory mitigation and compensation methods highly triggers the negative impacts. As a result of manipulation and therapy used during the consultation process, we assert that the local community had less decision-making authority and that the risk to the farm was thereby increased. The government, investors, and local communities are three actors whose respective roles need to be strengthened and transparent. It is crucial to strengthen the implementation of customary land tenure rights to benefit local and indigenous people and civil society organizations (CSOs).

A participatory learning approach for the development of a maternal mobile health technology in Zimbabwe

ABSTRACT Participatory Learning Approaches (PLAs) were used in identifying community expectations and needs for the introduction of the RoadMApp mHealth software (a geographically enabled mHealth technology which would link pregnant women to transportation to health facilities) in Kwekwe District, Zimbabwe. The sampling frame included different demographic groups which voluntarily took part in the study. 84 participants took part in the study. Chapati visual methods were conducted on Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) at 3 Rural Health Centres, whilst in-depth informant interviews (IDIs) and problem tree analysis were conducted at 10 clinics in urban, peri-urban, and rural areas. Thematic analysis and root-cause-analysis were used to interpret the data. Major themes identified were (a.) unavailability of savings for institutional childbirth, (b.) transport problems, and (c.) donor dependency. We recommend RoadMApp mHealth software to look beyond catering for transportation and savings for pregnancy related conditions, but inclusion of other health conditions.

Communications Approach and Perceptual Response in Health Information

Having informed the surpassing morbidity rate of HIV/AIDS in Gambella than other part of Ethiopia, the researcher motivated seeing communication structure applied in Gambella. Hence, this study came to exist entitled “Communications Approach and Perceptual Response in Health Information”. Specifically, beneath the study, contents, communication approach, health information practice, public interpretation, and contents have been assessed. Methodologically the study designed qualitatively descriptive and case study and the approach was qualitative. Three qualitative instruments of data collection namely key informant in depth interview with concerned ones of GHAPCO, FGD with residents of Gambella through convenient-snowball technique and document analysis have been used. The data was analyzed thematically sequential in line with objectives of the study. The study discovered, language, socio-culture, and educational background of the audiences would not have been praised satisfactorily; and these led to miscommunication between two actors of communication. Moreover, the poorly administered, materials and communication channels used for HIV/AIDS communication in Gambella could not bring the intended effect. Hence, the study recommends possible direction in which better communications approach may come to exist. Accordingly, concerted communication environment which incorporates all vital components of message production, audience analysis, audience segmentation, contextualization, and so forth need to be assured.

Myanmar and the Rohingya: in the shadow of Sino-Indian geopolitical competition

ABSTRACT This paper investigates the geopolitical factors that have been the catalyst for the Rohingya crisis, with special attention on the roles of China and India. It then situates those views through 20 in-depth interviews of informants from Bangladesh who are experts in South and Southeast Asian politics. Bangladesh has borne the brunt of accommodating the fleeing Rohingyas and is currently bearing the ensuing socio-economic costs. The research findings suggest that as a result of Chinese and Indian strategic interest in Myanmar and competition for regional dominance, the Rohingya have become the meat in the sandwich, and the ‘Rohingya crisis’ has been propelled into a status quo.

Perceived Impact of Gentrification on Health and Well-Being: Exploring Social Capital and Coping Strategies in Gentrifying Neighborhoods

Despite its positive aspects, gentrification has been criticized for displacing the longtime low-income minorities. This study examined the role of social capital and community activism through the ecosocial, politico-ecological, and structuralist lens to explore the perceived impact of gentrification on residents’ health and well-being. A key informant interview (KII = 1) and in-depth interviews (IDI = 9) were conducted between June and October; the participants were recruited from those partaking in a Neighborhood and Health survey in Austin, Texas, during summer of 2020. Several themes related to environmental stress and weak neighborhood interest emerged deductively, and other themes emerged inductively. Participants acknowledged that gentrification brings attention to the physical environment in terms of basic amenities that could improve well-being; they equally felt that displacement and increased property tax could be a source of stress to longtime residents, particularly older residents. These findings can help local governments and policymakers develop related policies and projects to better support citizens’ health and well-being, especially those facing uncertainties due to urban renewal.

Qualitative exploration of perceived benefits of care and barriers influencing HIV care in trans Nzoia, Kenya

BackgroundSubstantial efforts have been made to ensure people living with HIV (PLHIV) are linked to and retained in care but many challenges deter care utilization. We report perceived benefits of seeking HIV care and barriers to HIV care that were identified through a formative assessment conducted to advise the development of an alternative care model to deliver antiretroviral treatment therapy (ART) in Trans Nzoia County, Kenya.MethodsData were collected in 2015 through key informant interviews (KIIs), in-depth interviews (IDIs), and focus group discussions (FGDs). The study involved 55 participants of whom 53% were female. Ten KIIs provided community contextual information and viewpoints on the HIV epidemic in Trans Nzoia County while 20 PLHIV (10 male and 10 female) participated in IDIs. Twenty-five individuals living with HIV participated in four FGDs - two groups for men and two for women. Key informants were purposively selected, while every third patient above 18 years at the Kitale HIV Clinic was invited to share their HIV care experience through IDIs or FGDs. Trained research assistants moderated all sessions and audio recordings were transcribed and analyzed thematically.ResultsFindings showed that PLHIV in Trans Nzoia County used both conventional and complementary alternative care for HIV; however, public health facilities were preferred. Popular perceived benefits of adopting care were relief from symptoms and the chance to live longer. Benefits of care uptake included weight gain, renewed energy, and positive behavior change. Individual-level barriers to HIV care included lack of money and food, use of alternative care, negative side effects of ART, denial, and disclosure difficulties. At the community level, stigma, limited social support for conventional HIV treatment, and poor means of transport were reported. The health system barriers were limited supplies and staff, long distance to conventional HIV care, and unprofessional providers.ConclusionsDiverse individual, community and health system barriers continue to affect HIV care-seeking efforts in Kenya. Appreciation of context and lived experiences allows for development of realistic care models.

Scandals and reforms: combating police corruption in Taiwan

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to analyze the causes of police corruption in Taiwan and identify those factors which can enhance the status of police.Design/methodology/approachA literature review and eight in-depth interviews of informants are employed to support the arguments of environment, education, governance and culture and to formulate a typology of police corruption in Taiwan.FindingsThe literature review and eight interviews confirm that individual cases of police corruption have replaced systemic police corruption in Taiwan. The author concludes that police corruption should be addressed in the context of both environment and institutional design. Even though the public perceptions of police integrity in Taiwan have been trending positively over the years, the individual cases of police corruption which occur within certain precincts indicate the continued importance of initiating institutional reforms. The public perceptions of Taiwan’s police force will be further improved if police corruption can be minimized and properly controlled.Practical implicationsThis paper can serve as a benchmark to evaluate future development of Taiwan police corruption.Originality/valueThis paper provides an analysis of the causes of police corruption in Taiwan and the measures taken to curb it.

The Assessment of Practice and Challenges of Industries’ Participation in Implementation of Occupational Competency Assessment: The Case of Addis Ababa City

This study was designed to assess practice and challenges of industries Participation in implementation of occupational competency assessment in Addis Ababa. A combination of quantitative and qualitative methods was used to achieve the objective of the study. Multi stage cluster sampling and Purposive sampling under non-probability sampling method was employed. The data were gathered using different data collection techniques which includes, survey, focus group discussion, key informant interview and in-depth interview. Data collected through various techniques were analyzed thematically. Study result of this research indicated that the current practice of industries participation in occupational competency assessment is too low. Industries practice and involvement in occupational competence assessment process in Addis Ababa is found very poor due to many factors. The finding indicated that, even though majority of manufacturing industries and hotels experts insured their competency by OCACC, significant number of employee was not certified. Low level of awareness/understanding about OCCAC, limited efforts of OCCAC and other stakeholders in rising awareness about the significance of active involvement of industries in occupational competence assessment process, high employee turnover, industries high emphasis on daily production, high interest of industries to employ unqualified and low skilled employees for wage purpose are some of the challenges that limit industries from active participation on occupational competence assessment process. Industries consider participation in an Implementation of Occupational Competency assessment as losing their production time and material. As a result, industries poor involvement in occupational competence assessment process has a great influence in creating quality assessment process and getting equipped and qualified experts for the industry sector.

Complexity in Implementing Community Drowning Reduction Programs in Southern Bangladesh: A Process Evaluation Protocol

Living and geographical conditions in Bangladesh expose children to a high risk of drowning. Two programs operating in the Barishal Division of Bangladesh aim to reduce drowning risk through the provision of crèches (Anchal) and swim and rescue classes (SwimSafe). Anchal provides a safe environment with early childhood education to children aged 1–5 years old, while SwimSafe teaches children aged 6–10 years old basic swimming and rescue skills. Despite evidence for their effectiveness, it is unclear under which conditions these programs best operate. This protocol describes a project that seeks to conduct a process evaluation and gender analysis to identify implementation inefficiencies and contextual considerations for improved sustainability of the programs. A mixed- method approach using both qualitative and quantitative data will be used. Quantitative program data will be analysed to measure program utilisation, delivery and reach, while qualitative data will be collected via key informant in-depth interviews (IDIs), focus group discussions (FGDs) and observations. The process evaluation of the Anchal and SwimSafe programs provides an opportunity for implementers to identify practical strategies to improve program delivery and improve contextual adaptability of these programs. Furthermore, the findings may provide guidance to other implementers aiming to deliver community-based programs in rural lower-middle income contexts.

Iklim Komunikasi dan Partisipasi dalam Program Pertanian Perkotaan

Urban farming programs are considered capable of overcoming problems in the city such as food availability. Urban farming activities can be successful if people participate. This study aims to analyze the relationship of individual characteristics with participation level in urban agriculture program, analyzing climate communication relationship of KWT Dahlia Indah and KWT Nusa Indah Lestari with participation level, and to analyze the relationship of participation level in the success of urban farming program in KWT Dahlia Indah and KWT Nusa Indah Lestari. The method used in this study is a quantitative method with a questionnaire instrument and supported by qualitative data with in-depth interviews of informants and respondents using question guides. The results of this study indicate that individual characteristics are not related to the level of participation. The existing communication climate in KWT is supportive and related to the level of participation. While the level of participation has a significant relationship with the success rate of urban farming program.

Community-based tourism: measuring readiness of artificial intelligence on traditional village

The paper aimed at describing and elaborating the different meanings appear on the description of tourist destinations in two forms. On the one hand is a cyberspace image in two locations tourist destinations, on the other hand, is an image of the real fact after visitor came to a destination place. The research is as the basis of this paper combines two analyses. First, take and analyze the contents from review Trip Advisor and retrieve analytical data from the source www.social-searcher.com. Second, make observations and in-depth interviews of informants who came and witnessed a place of tourist destinations after getting information on digital pages. The analysis of the combined two data attempts to show the uniqueness, the gap, and the difference between cyberspace images of tourist destinations, with the opinions and perceptions of tourist visitors who have seen the real destination. The main aim of this article is to demonstrate the theoretical support of a model about the effect of digital marketing tools technologies on low-density tourism region. In order to achieve this purpose, a literature review will be used as a methodological basis.

Ordeals of Sexually Violated Women and Access to Comprehensive Healthcare: A Case Study of Victims of Sexual Violence in North Kivu, Eastern Congo

Background: The impact of sexual violence in any community is extremely devastating and women in the Eastern part of the Congo are no exception. Sexual violence not only affects the health of women, but it impacts their social life within the community too. Objective: The study aims to investigate the experiences of female victims of sexual violence in accessing medical care in North Kivu. Design: An interpretive, phenomenological approach was used for this inductive and qualitative study. In-depth informant interviews were the main data collection tool. Open-ended questions were used during the interviews in order to garner more information from the interviewees. Heidegger’s approach was utilized in analyzing the collected data. Results: The analyzed and interpreted results of the data indicated that survivors of sexual violence are engaged in an ongoing struggle. The victims demonstrated immense resilience despite the lack of comprehensive medical care and have continued to reassemble their broken lives. In order to present the outcomes of the research in a succinct and coherent manner, the outcomes are categorized into five sub-themes: managing worries and shame; regaining happiness; healing and restoration; the need for professional assistance and struggles in daily life. Conclusion: The study provides an understanding of the recovery processes of survivors of sexual violence in North Kivu, with important insights into dimensions that rehabilitation programs should take into consideration.

Learn about Probolinggo Municipal Government Partnership Pattern with Corporate CSR in order to Realize Probolinggo City Environmentally Friendly

The existence of industry in a city has an important role in the survival of society. Industry managers, as well as industrial environment are closely related to the regional government, because it is one of the planning of the city layout of an area. The importance of maintaining good relations has been realized by every company. How they foster good relations with the local government, the community, and the environment around the company. The existence of CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) helps the company to establish such good relationships, besides the mutually beneficial relationships between companies and communities, companies with local governments that such things can help mitigate and minimize conflicts that occur. In the drafting of Perda CSR, the DPRD and the government sometimes do not pay attention to the parties who become the object subject to the responsibility of Perda, in this case the company. The government should understand the construction of corporate thinking, because it will be contradictory when on the one hand the region seeks to attract investors to invest their capital, while on the other hand due to too many rules, formal and informal costs, even make investors reluctant to invest. In this research use social control theory, and social action, also institutionalism organizational.In this study using the type of qualitative research with phenomenology approach which of the phenomenon is doing an observation, then use field notes as well as in-depth interviews of informants who are selected based on purposife. The data obtained will be analyzed using qualitative descriptive technique and the data is checked for validity by triangulation.

Regional Government Cooperation in Keeping Brantas River Basin with Sumber Brantas Village Community, Bumiaji Sub-District, Batu City

Awareness of Batu City residents to keep the Brantas River is still low, whereas Batu Regional Government has Regional Regulation (PERDA) No. 7 of 2011 on Spatial Planning for Year 2010-2030 and Regional Regulation No 16 Year 2011 on Protection, Conservation and Environmental Management. From the existing regulations should be enough to help the existence of forests that support the Brantas watershed, but the systematization of natural resource management is still not communicated well by the surrounding community. Lack of understanding and awareness in cooperation is a gap that makes the goal in protecting and preserving the Brantas River Basin did not materialize. The importance of growing mutual attitude among the community is needed to control the problems that occur in the Brantas River Basin. This raises the question for the researcher as stated in the formulation of the problem in this research, that is (1) How Local Government Action in effort to tackle Brantas Watershed? (2) How is the cooperation between the Regional Government and SumberBrantas Village Communities in maintaining the Brantas River? (3) How is the social life of SumberBrantas Village community in maintaining the Brantaswatershed?The type of research is descriptive qualitative research (Description Research). The research area was chosen purposively, in SumberBrantas Village, Bumiaji District, Batu City. This study uses field notes and in-depth interviews of informants namely the Local Government and the Brantas River Basin community. The data obtained will be analyzed using qualitative descriptive technique and the data is checked for validity by triangulation. The findings of the research results, the cooperation between the Government and the SumberBrantas Village Communities are still not optimal, because the community participation is still weak, this makes the problems that occur in the Brantas watershed protracted in handling. The village community of SumberBrantas is categorized as a farmer community which is known to still be thick with work together, it can be seen in the daily life of the community as well as the capital to increase people's understanding of the importance of keeping the Brantas watershed together.

Regional Government Cooperation in Keeping Brantas River Basin with Sumber Brantas Village Community, Bumiaji Sub-District, Batu City

Awareness of Batu City residents to keep the Brantas River is still low, whereas Batu Regional Government has Regional Regulation (PERDA) No. 7 of 2011 on Spatial Planning for Year 2010-2030 and Regional Regulation No 16 Year 2011 on Protection, Conservation and Environmental Management. From the existing regulations should be enough to help the existence of forests that support the Brantas watershed, but the systematization of natural resource management is still not communicated well by the surrounding community. Lack of understanding and awareness in cooperation is a gap that makes the goal in protecting and preserving the Brantas River Basin did not materialize. The importance of growing mutual attitude among the community is needed to control the problems that occur in the Brantas River Basin. This raises the question for the researcher as stated in the formulation of the problem in this research, that is (1) How Local Government Action in effort to tackle Brantas Watershed? (2) How is the cooperation between the Regional Government and SumberBrantas Village Communities in maintaining the Brantas River? (3) How is the social life of SumberBrantas Village community in maintaining the Brantaswatershed?The type of research is descriptive qualitative research (Description Research). The research area was chosen purposively, in SumberBrantas Village, Bumiaji District, Batu City. This study uses field notes and in-depth interviews of informants namely the Local Government and the Brantas River Basin community. The data obtained will be analyzed using qualitative descriptive technique and the data is checked for validity by triangulation. The findings of the research results, the cooperation between the Government and the SumberBrantas Village Communities are still not optimal, because the community participation is still weak, this makes the problems that occur in the Brantas watershed protracted in handling. The village community of SumberBrantas is categorized as a farmer community which is known to still be thick with work together, it can be seen in the daily life of the community as well as the capital to increase people's understanding of the importance of keeping the Brantas watershed together.

Learn about Probolinggo Municipal Government Partnership Pattern with Corporate CSR in order to Realize Probolinggo City Environmentally Friendly

The existence of industry in a city has an important role in the survival of society. Industry managers, as well as industrial environment are closely related to the regional government, because it is one of the planning of the city layout of an area. The importance of maintaining good relations has been realized by every company. How they foster good relations with the local government, the community, and the environment around the company. The existence of CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) helps the company to establish such good relationships, besides the mutually beneficial relationships between companies and communities, companies with local governments that such things can help mitigate and minimize conflicts that occur. In the drafting of Perda CSR, the DPRD and the government sometimes do not pay attention to the parties who become the object subject to the responsibility of Perda, in this case the company. The government should understand the construction of corporate thinking, because it will be contradictory when on the one hand the region seeks to attract investors to invest their capital, while on the other hand due to too many rules, formal and informal costs, even make investors reluctant to invest. In this research use social control theory, and social action, also institutionalism organizational.In this study using the type of qualitative research with phenomenology approach which of the phenomenon is doing an observation, then use field notes as well as in-depth interviews of informants who are selected based on purposife. The data obtained will be analyzed using qualitative descriptive technique and the data is checked for validity by triangulation.

Short-term (private) gains at the cost of long-term (public) benefits: child labour in bidi factories of Bangladesh

International conventions strictly restrict children from working in hazardous occupations like bidi production. This research aimed at investigating child labour situation in bidi factories operating in the northern part of Bangladesh. The study followed qualitative techniques in an interpretive approach to deduce the phenomenon. Observation was the tool to explore working condition inside the factory, along with group discussion, key informant interview and in-depth interview. Four cases were also studied. The study found that around 50-70% of the labours were children, while the actual number was inconclusive. The family, due to poverty, and tobacco industry, for financial benefit, let adolescents work in bidi factories. Implementation of laws, measures to reduce demand and supply of bidi, and awareness among families are suggested to reduce the number of child labour. Child impact analysis and longitudinal research may be initiated further to analyse the changes in the career of children when grown up.

Tourism as a Perpetuator of Harmful Traditional Practices in Ethiopia's Hamer Community

The main objective of this research is to examine whether tourism is a key factor for the presence and continuation of harmful traditional practices (HTP) in the Hamer community in Ethiopia. Structural interviews survey with local people, informant in-depth interviews, and focus group discussion were used for data collection. Both quantitative and qualitative data analysis techniques were used for this research. The finding shows that out of the three most prevalent HTP, whipping of women was found to be directly influenced by tourism. Local peoples, local government, local associations, and private hospitality and tourism sectors have gained economic benefit from tourism. The majority of local people (90%) practice bull jumping and evangadi dance primarily for non-tourism-related purposes; 67.5% of local people believe that tourists would visit their village in the absence of bull jumping and evangadi dance. Informant and deductive analysis shows tourism is a factor for the continuation and practice of whipping in the Hamer community.

A contextual assessment of the FADAMA III programme in Iwo, Osun State, Nigeria

FADAMA is a World Bank development initiative aimed at improving productivity and income of Nigerian farmers through relative science and technological inclusion as well as community and group participation. Following the success of Fadama I and II projects, the government of Nigeria adopted the Fadama III initiative (with comprehensive coverage across all geo-political zones in the country) in 2008 with a project cost of US$425 million. This research compared official and qualitative research data. Official data were from published World Bank and Osun State Fadama documents and statistics while qualitative research data were collected through key informant interviews, in-depth interviews and focus group discussions, primarily in Iwo, Nigeria. The research data confirmed official statistics indicating appreciable success of the Fadama III programme despite some challenges.

Resilience at the margins: informal housing recovery in Bachhau, India, after the 2001 Gujarat quake

This paper examines informal housing recovery in Bachhau, an urban centre in Kutch district close to the epicentre of the 2001 Gujarat earthquake. Unlike other impacted urban areas, an informal housing recovery programme crafted to meet land tenure and housing needs of squatter households within the town's municipal limits was planned and implemented in Bachhau. The study employs a qualitative case study approach based upon in-depth informant interviews. It examines whether the current urban housing policy paradigm of enabling governance extends to post-disaster housing recovery. The paper argues that a centralised approach to post-disaster governance was put in place after the Gujarat earthquake with State appointed local authorities leading urban reconstruction and inviting select local NGOs to work on housing recovery. In Bachhau, the selected NGO became a de facto informal consultant to the Bachhau Authority, a State appointed local body to implement urban reconstruction in the town, and eventually gatekeepers to the informal housing recovery programme. The paper concludes that although an enabling paradigm might in general dominate housing policy it can be thrown into contestation in the context of an urban disaster.