Informal Sense Research Articles

Syllables and their beginnings have a special role in the mental lexicon

The beginnings of words are, in some informal sense, special. This intuition is widely shared, for example, when playing word games. Less apparent is whether the intuition is substantiated empirically and what the underlying organizational principle(s) might be. Here, we answer this seemingly simple question in a quantitatively clear way. Based on arguments about the interplay between lexical storage and speech processing, we examine whether the distribution of information among different speech sounds of words is governed by a critical computational unit for online speech perception and production: syllables. By analyzing lexical databases of twelve languages, we demonstrate that there is a compelling asymmetry between syllable beginnings (onsets) versus ends (codas) in their involvement in distinguishing words stored in the lexicon. In particular, we show that the functional advantage of syllable onset reflects an asymmetrical distribution of lexical informativeness within the syllable unit but not an effect of a global decay of informativeness from the beginning to the end of a word. The converging finding across languages from a range of typological families supports the conjecture that the syllable unit, while being a critical primitive for both speech perception and production, is also a key organizational constraint for lexical storage.

The Character of Youth in the Digital Era as Action for the Industry Revolution 4.0

This study aims to analyze the Character of Youth in the Digital Age as an Action for the Industrial Revolution 4.0. Character education requires a comprehensive approach, because it is relatively complex in its implementation. In this millennial era, there are many challenges that must be faced by an educator, whether it is an educator in the formal, non-formal or informal sense. The knowledge and skills gained should be followed by a good attitude change, so that a superior character is formed. This study uses a qualitative approach to the type of Study literature research. The results of the research in its application are expected to be able to create a young generation that is disciplined, honest, responsible, confident, creative, innovative, tolerant and able to perform good interactions. But all of that returns to each individual, where the individual is formed starting from the home environment, school / college, work environment and social environment. So that it can be expected to become the hope of the nation's youth and women who are able to face the challenges of the future.

Virtual Citizenship and Revolutionary Transatlantic Republicanism in the Musical Lives of Exiled United Irishmen

Virtual Citizenship and Revolutionary Transatlantic Republicanism in the Musical Lives of Exiled United Irishmen

Duality respecting representations and compatible complexity measures for gammoids

We show that every gammoid has special digraph representations, such that a representation of the dual of the gammoid may be easily obtained by reversing all arcs. In an informal sense, the duality notion of a poset applied to the digraph of a special representation of a gammoid commutes with the operation of forming the dual of that gammoid. We use these special representations in order to define a complexity measure for gammoids, such that the classes of gammoids with bounded complexity are closed under duality, minors, and direct sums.

Techniques And Strategies For Hindu Survival In Menjing Village

<p><em>The role of education today is highly essential in the process of social transformation, particularly in relation to respect for pluralistic religious entities. Education as an effort to humanize humans as the aim of religious education which has been specified in Article 2 of Government Regulation No. 55/2007. It is a representative effort in forming better human qualities. Religious education is a pattern of learning dimensions that represent not only education in the formal, informal, or non-formal sense. The religious dimension that guides the community into multicultural life is built on equal right and life. The identical treatment of various differences, both religion and social status of a person is an absolute service that must be provided to everyone, so there is no one-sided discrimination against likes or dislikes, or majority or minority. Disclosure of the dominance of the majority and minority systems in Menjing has become a phenomenon examined in this study which is a struggle for the ideological dimension of the religious system between Hinduism and Islam in Menjing Village.</em></p>

Explaining Cataloging to a Six Year Old?

ABSTRACTCataloging is complex, both in the formal and informal sense. The standards used in cataloging, as well as the larger ecosystem in which catalogers work including the models developed to undergird their work, are increasing in complexity to the point where catalogers themselves may be unclear, and explaining the work to outsiders, including administrators and those new to the profession, is increasingly difficult. Ultimately, the training and continuing education and all around intellectual effort required to stay on top of the field of cataloging is prodigious. Any possible lessening of the complexity, while maintaining quality, should be sought.

School meal time and social learning in England

ABSTRACTThis paper presents an ethnographic account of the culture of school meal time at Peartree Academy, with a specific focus on notions of social learning. This qualitative study is focused on a collection of interviews, observations, field notes and analyses what happens when the school organises its canteen as a restaurant. The focus moves away from the traditional realms of nutrition and explicitly introduces the notion of social learning in its informal sense through which a conceptual framework of a skills model is applied. The paper argues how the school dining hall known as the restaurant can foster opportunities for a form of social competence which is not necessarily seen but can be experienced in the social reproduction of its actors. The findings highlight tensions of control within the environment, which are said to impinge upon these social learning opportunities from occurring.

Once More about the Concept of Civil Society: A Philosophical Approach

There is a huge number of publications devoted to civil society. Nevertheless this theme is inexhaustible, because the very subject of it is multidimensional and changing along with the evolution of society. Alongside this, one of the key problems of the civil society theory is a problem of its perception in our mind. Answering these questions, the author, at first, stresses the necessity to differ three historical types of civil society: ancient classical polis, civil communities of the Modern History and contemporary civil society. They all are substantially different inter se from the axiological point of view. That is a reason not to use the ideological and methodological curves developed for historically previous types of civil society for the analysis of contemporary one. Secondly, the author focuses attention upon epistemological aspect of the civil society theory, in particular he proposes to rethink the concept of “totality” not in a formal logic way but in the “logic” of living systems in order to be able by means of this concept to express the unity of the diversity of social system. Thirdly, the author treats the concept of “citizen” in informal sense, stresses its existential, personal content and contemplates it through the dialectical relation of “totality-peculiarity-individuality.” Fourthly, the author researches the phenomenon of contemporary civil society as a counterpart of a state in the complex society the main features of which are the diversity and individuality. He comes to the conclusion that the civil society is not a society in common sense, but rather is some kind of “soil structure,” so called “social mycelium” that fertilizes social system with new opportunities. In the final part of the article author gives the example of one of the approaches to estimate the degree of maturation of civil society, proposed by the world-wide international organization “Civicus.” He stresses that the logic of power distribution in contemporary society presupposes cooperation of different actors, and one of the most influential of them is the civil society.

Positive Equity Prices with Insolvency under Legal Solvency Tests

It is well understood that the equity of an insolvent firm can still trade for a positive price so long as there is some probability that the firm will become solvent at some future point. Currently, however, this insight exists in the case law in only an informal sense, while its use in the financial economics literature is usually highly formalized and not tied to the legal solvency tests that lawyers and judges must apply in real-world solvency litigation. In this short paper, I use a simple model of a debtor firm to prove why a positive equity value does not imply solvency under either of two widely-used legal solvency tests. The paper’s contribution is to link a well-known financial economic insight to the specific legal tests that matter in solvency litigation. This is of practical importance as market evidence becomes more important in solvency litigation and as directors continue to face important questions of shifting fiduciary duties when the firm becomes insolvent.

Torture-free cyberspace – a human right

Definitions of torture range from the emotive to the legal. The media sometimes uses the term in a loose or informal sense – for example, to refer to the pain felt when one's sports team loses a crucial game. This dangerous practice detracts from the severity of torture as defined in law. When international human rights instruments describe the treatment of prisoners as torture, they are referring to severe suffering. News reports also use the term in a non-legal, informal sense to refer to the effects of cyber-bullying. In some instances cyber-bullying can meet the severity-of-suffering aspect of the legal definition of torture, as we will examine.

Positive Equity Prices with Insolvency Under Legal Solvency Tests

Abstract It is well understood that the equity of an insolvent firm can trade for a positive price so long as there is some positive probability that the firm will become solvent at some future point. Currently, however, this insight exists in the case law in an informal sense, while its use in the financial economics literature is highly formalized and not tied to the legal solvency tests that experts, lawyers, and judges must apply in solvency litigation. A simple model of a debtor firm shows why a positive-equity value does not imply solvency under either of two widely-used legal solvency tests. This links a well-known financial economic insight to legal solvency tests. This is of practical importance as market evidence becomes more important in solvency litigation and as directors continue to face important questions of shifting fiduciary duties when the firm becomes insolvent.

A practical philosophy of complex climate modelling

We give an overview of the practice of developing and using complex climate models, as seen from experiences in a major climate modelling center and through participation in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP). We discuss the construction and calibration of models; their evaluation, especially through use of out-of-sample tests; and their exploitation in multi-model ensembles to identify biases and make predictions. We stress that adequacy or utility of climate models is best assessed via their skill against more naive predictions. The framework we use for making inferences about reality using simulations is naturally Bayesian (in an informal sense), and has many points of contact with more familiar examples of scientific epistemology. While the use of complex simulations in science is a development that changes much in how science is done in practice, we argue that the concepts being applied fit very much into traditional practices of the scientific method, albeit those more often associated with laboratory work.

SMEs and the Potential for A Collaborative Path to Environmental Responsibility

AbstractGlobally, the potential for small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) to collectively impact negatively on the environment is great. Therefore, the adoption, and maintenance, of environmentally responsible practices by this group of firms is especially critical. Studies of environmental practices successfully implemented by small firms have revealed that relationships with other firms, or other organizations, can contribute to greater awareness of the benefits of such activities and, therefore, enhance the possibility of environmental engagement. Collaborative relationships may provide opportunities for SMEs to overcome some of the barriers to implementing environmental initiatives associated with their size, and/or associated characteristics. This paper focuses on attitudes of SME owner‐managers to a variety of environmental issues (including regulation and voluntary standards), and to collaborating with other firms (in either a formal or informal sense). The data this paper draws upon are from two waves of an ongoing longitudinal survey of New Zealand SMEs. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment

Psychological effects of criminal proceedings through contact with the judge: the moderating effect of legal system structure

Psychological effects of criminal proceedings on victims have often been the focus of victimological research. The criminal justice system is repeatedly acknowledged as a source of additional harm for victims. Such a generalization, however, cannot be made to all legal systems universally to the same degree. This article compares the adversarial and inquisitorial structures of criminal justice and examines how the latter may in fact be beneficial to victim's well-being. More specifically, contact with the judge and presence at trial may be one positive form of victim participation in its most informal sense. Hierarchical regression analysis is conducted using victims of serious crimes in the Netherlands and New South Wales (NSW), Australia, to test this hypothesis. The type of legal system (i.e., inquisitorial versus adversarial) is used as a moderating variable on the relationship between contact with the judge and psychological effects. The findings indicate that victims in the Netherlands report a significant relationship, where contact with the judge is predictive of a less negative impact on psychological effects, while a non-significant relationship is found for victims in NSW.

Formal bargaining and informal sense making in the competitive dialogue procedure

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to provide insights in how formal bargaining and informal sense making interact and solve problems of understanding between principal and contractor during procurement through the competitive dialogue (CD) of a complex construction project.Design/methodology/approachIn an in‐depth case study, a process approach is taken to study how formal bargaining and informal sense making interact in a discrete set of critical events during negotiations in the procurement stage.FindingsThe critical events show that problems of understanding arise due to risk aversion and differences in expectations by at least one of the parties involved. In most of the events observed, aspects of the project context are behind the development of problems of understanding.Practical implicationsNegotiations develop in either positive or negative cycles. If managers of both the procuring authorities and the contractors are aware of these cycles, they might be able to influence and use them to their mutual benefit.Originality/valueBy studying the dynamics in interaction processes between principal and contractor during the procurement stage obstacles and preconditions for an effective CD are shown.

Ontologia: ambiguidade e precisão

A ambiguidade é um grande obstáculo para a recuperação de informação. Tanto que ela é fonte de várias pesquisas na Ciência da Informação. As ontologias têm sido estudadas com foco na resolução de problemas oriundos de tais ambiguidades. Paradoxalmente, o termo “ontologia” é ambíguo e apresenta diferentes sentidos de acordo a comunidade que o utiliza. A Filosofia e a Ciência da Computação, talvez, possuam a maior divergência em relação ao significado do termo. A primeira possui séculos de tradição e autoridade incontestáveis. A segunda, bem mais recente, apresentou definições com sentido mais informal, porém pragmático. A Ciência da Informação busca ordenar acervos visando o equilíbrio entre usuário e informação e, para tal, se vale de abordagens filosóficas e computacionais. A Web Semântica demanda a automação do ciclo informacional e abre espaço para pesquisa em ontologias. Logo, é importante revisitar abordagens variadas de tal forma que elas forneçam noções úteis aos pesquisadores da área sem, contudo, abandonar o rigor filosófico, nem o pragmatismo característico da computação.

Sustaining a Village's Social Fabric?

AbstractThis article deals with the rural community of Fjallabyggð in North Iceland and second home inhabitants of the constituent villages of Siglufjörður and Ólafsfjörður. Up to a quarter of the housing in these villages is owned by people with their registered residence elsewhere. The article asks whether and how the owners of these houses contribute to the maintenance of the villages' social fabric, building on the notion of social capital, in any formal or informal sense. The article finds that there are two types of second home owners. One the homesick local maintaining ties with family and friends and the other of those pursuing a lifestyle of creative leisure. The latter are actively involved in community projects, whilst the former are passive audience to these. Thus the article concludes by finding that community expats maintain a village's social fabric for mostly selfish reasons and to a limited extent, whilst those seeking a place away from home will be more active in maintaining it.

Creating Community Capacity at a Shared Site Intergenerational Program: “Like a Barefoot Climb Up a Mountain”

We used a social organization framework to pilot a community- capacity building project at a shared site intergenerational program. Such programs possess potential to build relationships among participants that contribute social capital to the program and support individual development. Our approach addressed infrastructure development, intergenerational cross-training, and increased intergenerational programming. We conducted a multimethod, multi-informant assessment during the first year of the project. Results revealed the importance of infrastructure in enhancing formal and informal network ties, shared knowledge, reciprocity, trust, and sense of community. Our approach may be replicated by other programs seeking to build and utilize social capital by connecting disparate groups frequently segregated by age and institution.

Descartes’ idea and the representations of things

On the basis of the analysis of relevant passages from Descartes? writings, the article shows that Descartes? ideas represent things in mind, but that he is not a representationalist in a Malebranchean sense: in Descartes, represented object is perceived, not the very representation of that object. Hereafter, three senses of idea in Descartes were analyzed, objective, formal and material, as well as the notions conceptus formalis and conceptus objectivus of Francisco Su?rez who is direct historical source of Descartes? theory of ideas. In the conclusion the centrality of the notion of idea in formal sense in Descartes? theory of ideas is shown, and it is claimed that the representationalism and direct realism are equivalent in Descartes. At the end, the survey of influence and transformation of understanding of ideas in early modern philosophy is presented.

Tweet this: A uses and gratifications perspective on how active Twitter use gratifies a need to connect with others

Twitter is an Internet social-network and micro-blogging platform with both mass and interpersonal communication features for sharing 140-character messages, called tweets, with other people, called followers. Hierarchical OLS regression of survey results from 317 Twitter users found that the more months a person is active on Twitter and the more hours per week the person spends on Twitter, the more the person gratifies a need for an informal sense of camaraderie, called connection, with other users. Controlling for demographic variables does not diminish this positive relationship. Additionally, frequency of tweeting and number of @replies, public messages between Twitter users, mediate the relationship between active Twitter use and gratifying a need for connection. Results are discussed in light of uses and gratifications theory.