Informal Recycling Research Articles

A Decade-Long Comparison of Heavy Metal(loid)s in the River and Children’s Health Risk Assessment of an E-Waste Recycling Area

Informal e-waste recycling can cause serious heavy metal(loid) pollution to nearby bodies of water, thereby increasing the risk of heavy metal exposure to local residents. This study investigates metal(loid) pollution levels in the Lianjiang River, which flows through Guiyu, an e-waste recycling town in Shantou, Guangdong. In 2009 and 2020, water samples from the Lianjiang River were taken, and the levels of 12 metal(loid)s (V, Cr, Mn, Sr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Cd, Ba, and Pb) were measured by ICP-MS. In total, 380 valid questionnaires from Guiyu kindergarten children were selected to assess child health. Exposure health risks for children were calculated using two forms of exposure (dermal and inhalation) and statistical methods (multiple linear regression and Bayesian kernel machine regression—BKMR). The concentrations of Mn, Ni, Pb, and Cd in 2009 were significantly higher than those in 2020. The concentration of heavy metal(loid)s had been decreasing in 2020. The non-carcinogenic risk levels of the 12 metal(loid)s in both exposure routes were at an acceptable risk level. The average carcinogenic risk levels for As, Cr, Ni, Pb, and Cd exceeded the ILCRi <10–6 acceptable range. According to MLR, it was found that daily oral intake doses of Pb [β(95% CI): −0.949 (−1.596, −0.863), p < 0.001 and Se [β(95% CI): −0.911 (−1.888, −0.092), p = 0.031] were negatively associated with body mass index. A BKMR model was developed, through which the synergistic effects of co-exposure to 12 heavy metal(loid)s on growth and development indicators in children were analyzed. Concentrations of heavy metal(loid)s in rivers near e-waste recycling sites have been decreasing for 10 years. It was found that the growth and development of children are affected by the intake of heavy metal(loid)s in water. The reduction in heavy metal(loid) contamination in e-waste recycling areas needs to be continued, and concern about its impact on children’s health must remain.

Consumer preference and willingness-to-pay for formal recycling of electric vehicle batteries: a discrete choice experiment study

The burgeoning electric vehicle (EV) market poses a substantial challenge to battery recycling systems, yet understanding EV battery recycling behavior from the demand side remains limited. Previous studies have analyzed perceptual or attitudinal factors, neglecting the observable attributes of EV battery recycling. To this end, we proposed a discrete choice model to investigate the differences between formal and informal recycling behaviors, identifying consumer preferences and willingness to pay. By analyzing 1190 sample data collected from Chongqing, China, we find that: (1) The formal recycling market exhibits greater sensitivity to prices compared to the informal recycling market. (2) The formal recycling market favors recycling by EV battery producers, whereas the informal recycling market shows the least preference for recycling by automobile producers. (3) Door-to-door recycling services are the most effective in facilitating the transition from informal to formal recycling markets for EV batteries. (4) Capacity subsidy policies outperform one-time fixed subsidy policies in incentivizing formal recycling. (5) The formal recycling market for EV batteries necessitates "traceability to the recycling outlet", as opposed to being untraceable. (6) The high-awareness group exhibits greater sensitivity to government policies compared to those with lower environmental concerns and less knowledge of EV battery recycling.

Social Networks within the City: Remaking the City through Movement and Collecting Materials in Johannesburg, South Africa

This study examines the dynamics of networks among informal recyclers in Fietas, Johannesburg, South Africa, focussing on how these networks embody their struggle for the "Right to the City." By observing informal recycling activities across various Johannesburg suburbs, the study highlights how recycling not only provides livelihoods for the unemployed but also allows marginalised groups to assert their presence and rights within the cityscape. Building upon Adama's (2012) analysis of urban livelihoods and social networks, this research explores the interactions and spatial practices of informal recyclers in Johannesburg. Informal recyclers develop connections with city stakeholders that demonstrate interdependencies crucial for their survival and claiming space within the city. These networks are vital for accessing resources such as recyclable waste, which provides essential needs like food and shelter. These everyday practices underscore the importance of social connections in building networks that sustain livelihoods and assert a right to belong in the city. The nature of these networks varies by location, policies, and social relations. Some are shaped by power dynamics and monopolies, while others reflect interdependence and mutual support. This paper argues that recognising these diverse networks is key to understanding how informal recyclers navigate the urban landscape. In line with Harvey's (2003) "Right to the City," these networks reflect efforts to reshape urban spaces to meet recyclers' needs, despite structural challenges. As Sung (2021) shows, hierarchies and power dynamics influence access to resources, highlighting the contested nature of urban life for informal recyclers.

Meet-in-metabonomics: Insights into associations between hair heavy metal and adverse child growth in e-waste recycling area

Heavy metal pollution from informal e-waste recycling may adversely affect child growth. However, the potential toxic mechanisms from a population perspective remain unknown. Herein, 18 hair heavy metals, urinary metabolomics, and three child growth indices [i.e., weight-for-age Z-score (WAZ), height-for-age Z-score (HAZ), and BMI Z-score (BMIZ)] were measured in children from e-waste recycling (ER, N = 426) and control areas (CR, N = 247). We examined longitudinal changes in heavy metal exposure and child growth after e-waste control to further elucidate causal relationships. Results showed that children in regulated ER site were still exposed to higher levels of several heavy metals and experienced poorer growth compared to those in control areas. Elevated exposure to heavy metals like tin, antimony, lead, cadmium, and cobalt correlated with poor child growth, particularly affecting girls and younger children. Tin, rather than traditionally concerning heavy metals, exhibited the most crucial role in driving the adverse effects of metal mixtures on child growth. Reducing heavy metal exposure through e-waste control could notably improve child growth, confirming the causal relationship between heavy metal exposure and poor child growth and underscoring the health benefits of e-waste regulation. Our research identified the roles of steroid biosynthesis, folate biosynthesis, amino acid metabolism, and purine metabolism in mediating the effects of metal exposure on child growth. Testosterone glucuronide, riboflavin, folic acid, xanthosine, and xanthine emerged as key mediators, potentially serving as metabolic signatures of heavy metal exposure. These findings illuminate the toxic mechanisms underlying poor child growth resulted from heavy metal exposure, offering important insights from a population-based perspective. In addition to lead and cadmium, monitoring and regulating tin and antimony are crucial to mitigate their negative impact on child growth in e-waste recycling areas.

Empowering informal plastic recyclers: addressing socio-economic challenges and human rights awareness in Ogun State, Nigeria

This study critically examines the informal recycling sector within selected plastic waste recycling factories in Ogun State, Nigeria, focusing on the compliance of human rights for workers. The research delves into the intricate dynamics of informal recycling, shedding light on the experiences and challenges faced by workers in this sector. Through a comprehensive analysis, the study investigates the intersection of environmental sustainability, labor conditions, and human rights, aiming to provide a nuanced understanding of the informal recycling landscape. Employing descriptive and cross-sectional approaches, including closed-ended surveys to explores the socio-economic characteristics of workers, prevailing working conditions, and the extent to which human rights standards are adhered to within these recycling facilities. The findings aim to contribute to the discourse on sustainable waste management practices, emphasizing the need for a balanced approach that ensures both environmental conservation and the protection of workers' rights. This study holds significance for policymakers, environmentalists, and human rights advocates, providing insights that can inform the development of policies fostering a socially responsible and sustainable plastic waste recycling industry.

Public participation in Governance of E-waste recycling: A tripartite evolutionary game analysis

The surge in informal E-waste recycling has led to significant resource wastage and environmental hazards. The current government-centered governance system faces substantial obstacles to effective implementation due to information gaps and operational challenges. This study adopts the concept of social governance by incorporating public participation into the traditional government-led e-waste recycling system. Utilizing the bounded rationality of evolutionary game theory, this research constructs a tripartite game model involving the government, recyclers, and the public. It analyzes the behavioral strategy choices of each participant and the mechanisms of mutual influence under different scenarios. The main findings are: (1) Solely relying on public power is insufficient for effectively governing informal recyclers. (2) Reasonable and moderate incentives can promote public participation, serving as an effective supplementary tool for government regulation. (3) Increasing public exposure to the informal dismantling behaviors of recyclers is crucial for enhancing governance effectiveness. Specific measures can include establishing complaint departments for related incidents and creating media channels. These findings underscore the importance of integrating public participation into e-waste governance to address the limitations of a purely government-centered approach.

An approach to formalization of WEEE informal collectors: Collection model under a membership-based community

Informal collectors’ formalization has become a key challenge that developing countries such as China face in governing informal recycling. This study establishes an innovative collection model of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) under the membership community operation system, which integrates waste merchants into the formal recycling system in the form of members. Based on a Bass model of membership community development and an evolutionary game model between recyclers and waste merchants, respectively, this study uses system dynamics theory to simulate and analyze the model’s implementation effectiveness and influencing factors. We find that the membership community’s interpersonal promotion and customer relationship management strategies can increase waste merchants’ membership rate and membership loyalty, which is an effective way to incorporate waste merchants into the formal recycling system. Waste merchants’ main interest demands in the formalization process are to gain economic benefits and identity recognition, which motivate them to become members. Membership’s transaction cost establishes a long-term cooperative relationship between waste merchants and recyclers in the form of an economic contract. However, the potential losses from information sharing are the key factor restricting waste merchants from enrolling as members, which has also become the main obstacle to their formalization. This study provides a new theoretical and empirical basis for informal collectors’ formalization, which has important practical significance for WEEE recycling and management in developing countries.

Evaluation of Solid Waste Produced in Garowe District Somalia

Historically, waste management in Garowe District was marked by traditional practices driven by necessity rather than environmental consciousness, the aim of the study was to evaluate solid waste produced in the district while the specific objectives were to identify the composition and quantity of biodegradable waste generated the Garowe District, to assess the types and quantities of non-biodegradable waste produced in Garowe District and also To evaluate the existing waste management practices in the district. The study employed mixed methods. Copies of questionnaires were administered to 388 households and interviews conducted with 5 key informants to assess solid waste composition, quantities, handling practices, and management gaps. The study found food scraps constitute the majority of biodegradable waste generated in households, while plastics dominate the non-biodegradable waste stream. On average, household waste generation exceeds 1 kg per day, and municipal collection services only reach a portion of district residence. Existing waste management efforts focus primarily on collection and disposal with minimal infrastructure for material recovery, recycling or composting. While most residents express willingness to separate organic waste, few households implement home composting due to knowledge gaps and space constraints. The findings reveal significant potential to improve waste management sustainability by reducing disposal volumes and introducing programs to divert organics and recyclables from dumping sites. Key recommendations include public education, expanding source segregation, constructing composting and recycling facilities, and better integrating the informal recycling sector. The study provides important baseline data to inform integrated municipal solid waste management planning aligned with local needs while minimizing environmental and public health impacts. KEYWORDS: Waste management, Garowe District, Municipal solid waste, Household waste, Somalia

Comparison of blood lead levels between battery recycling workers and controls in Northern Nigeria

ABSTRACT About 80% of the global lead production is consumed by the battery industry. As old batteries are increasingly being recycled without adequate recourse to safety and protection in many developing countries, there is well-documented evidence of lead poisoning among the workers. This study compared blood lead levels (BLL) of battery recycling workers (BRW) with controls in Northern Nigeria. This cross-sectional study assessed the BLL of BRW (self-employed informal workers, n = 98) and controls (healthcare workers, n = 98). Respondents were selected using systematic random sampling from the lists of BRW and healthcare workers. All respondents in the two groups were males, matched for age (27.81 ± 7.2, 27.67 ± 7.0 years; p = 0.890). The mean BLL was significantly higher (p < 0.001) among the BRW compared to the controls (40.17 ± 4.2 and 3.61 ± 0.4 µg/dL, respectively), with 78.1% of the BRW having elevated BLL (≥20.0 µg/dL) and none (0.0%) of the controls having elevated BLL. Logistic regression shows none of the variables was an independent predictor of BLL in this study, implying battery reclamation as the main source of lead. Federal and state government policies should ban informal battery recycling and emphasize on plants through national collection system to consolidate used batteries only to smelters that meet minimum regulatory requirements.

Urban food (In)security and the role of migrant informal food waste recyclers in Delhi

Urban food systems in developing countries like India are rife with inequalities that preclude food security for all. In this context, the paper examines the role played by informal workers in the ‘circular economy’ for food in improving the accessibility of food and urban food security in Delhi, India. Evidence from an informal street market close to one of the country's largest urban wholesale markets of food grains, pulses and spices in Delhi reveals rare details of how urban food waste plays a significant role in the livelihood strategies of the city's poor migrants while also contributing to the urban food security of the low-income households. Although there is a growing recognition that the street food sector plays an important role in urban food security, the vital role played by waste collectors, home-based workers and street vendors in restoring discarded food grain, pulses and spices, and bringing them back into the urban food system has been largely invisible. This invisibility extends to the gendered segregation of work in food waste recycling, where our study found that predominantly women undertake labour-intensive and lower paid tasks at the bottom of the hierarchy. The paper provides an overview of the nature of informal livelihood, the contribution of informal workers and challenges and opportunities in the urban circular economy for food. However, their contributions are often overshadowed by health and safety concerns about the reuse of discarded food. Further, an analysis of the current policy landscape in urban India also indicates that informal workers are marginalised in the circular economy for food. While the state owes these informal workers support and protection for their contribution to the ‘Circular economy’ for food and urban food security, any effort to sustain these practices would need to incorporate adequate health and safety procedures.

Multiple benefits of new-energy vehicle power battery recycling strategies based on the theory of planned behavior and stimulus organism response

With the yearly increasing market penetration of new-energy vehicles in China, the retirement of power batteries has gradually become a scale, and most of the waste batteries have entered informal recycling channels, which has induced a series of environmental problems. Considering this issue, we introduced the system dynamics (SD), stimulus organism response (SOR), and the theory of planned behavior (TPB) in behavioral economics to establish the environmental economic benefit evaluation model of power battery recycling strategies, and we performed a dynamic simulation analysis on the effect of government subsidy policy, policy advocacy, and other recycling strategies. The results show that: (1) the recovery subsidy policy can improve the formal recycling quantity and economic benefits of recovery, but the effect on the degree of environmental pollution is limited. (2) The combination of environmental awareness promotion strategy and subsidy policy can overcome the shortcomings of subsidy policy and has significant environmental and economic performance. (3) Compared with the benchmark scenario, the formal recycling quantity, the CO2 emission reduction, and the economic benefits of recovery in scenario 4 (high subsidy-high policy propaganda strategy) increased by approximately 112 %, 208 %, and 223 %, respectively, and the degree of environmental pollution decreased by approximately 65 %.

Inventory of Electronic Waste (E-Waste) and Residues in Junkshops: A Step Towards Residual Waste Management

The improper management of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) constitutes a critical global environmental challenge, with a significant proportion of e-waste ending up in landfills, posing substantial ecological and health risks. In the Philippines, particularly in areas like Marilao and Bulacan, many individuals rely on the recycling of e-waste for their livelihoods, primarily through junkshops and informal recycling networks. Despite providing economic benefits, these practices often result in substantial residual waste, exacerbating landfill overflow and environmental degradation. This study aims to establish a detailed e-waste inventory and propose practical strategies for improving residual waste management. This research used a mixed-method approach to collect data via surveys, interviews, and direct observations at selected junkshops in Marilao. The findings enabled a comprehensive categorization of e-waste based on economic value, highlighting "temperature exchange equipment" as the most economically valuable category while identifying "small IT and telecommunication equipment" as the least. Among the significant residual wastes identified were base/black plastics, styrofoam, and glass, which are commonly mishandled. The study proposes several management strategies, including partnerships with local governmental bodies and recycling companies to enhance recycling processes, improving dismantling techniques to reduce waste, and implementing rigorous waste segregation practices to prevent contamination and improve recycling rates. This expansion is critical for a more comprehensive understanding and monitoring of e-waste management practices, facilitating the development of more effective and sustainable waste management solutions. By adopting these strategies, junkshops and informal recyclers can optimize e-waste management, reducing environmental impact while maintaining economic viability.

Effect of the ICT‐enabled reclaimer system on the informal waste recycling system in Cape Town, South Africa: The Regenize model

AbstractThe impact of information and communication technology (ICT)‐enabled waste management systems on municipal solid waste, waste reclaimer integration, and resource recovery is critical, particularly in the informal recycling sector. This study investigates the effects of the ICT‐enabled waste management system in Cape Town, South Africa, with a focus on the Regenize model. Leveraging digital technologies, the Regenize model aims to improve waste picker integration and resource recovery within the local waste management system. A qualitative research methodology involving semi structured interviews with key stakeholders in Cape Town's ICT‐enabled waste reclaimer system, data triangulation, and thematic content analysis was employed to investigate the system's transformative potential. Preliminary findings indicate the Regenize system's alignment with extended producer responsibility (EPR) principles and its embodiment of local entrepreneurial innovation. Waste pickers' active participation as cocreators of waste management mobile platforms has transitioned them from traditional waste collectors to technological contributors, enhancing their role in the waste management ecosystem. Furthermore, the ICT‐enabled waste reclaimer system has significantly regularized the status of foreign waste pickers, providing them with essential rights and access to banking services through mobile platforms. By utilizing Internet and Communication Technologies (ICTs) and the Internet of Things (IoT), the Regenize model not only improves resource recovery but also promotes sustainable waste management practices. This represents a substantial step towards inclusive urban waste management in Cape Town. The study's implications extend beyond Cape Town, offering valuable insights for enhancing waste management practices and promoting sustainability across South Africa's broader waste management landscape.

Characterizing the polycentricity in waste governance: a comparative study on Shanghai, Tokyo, and Hong Kong

The mismanagement of waste is jeopardizing urban sustainability. Although polycentric waste governance (PWG) has been introduced, characterizing the PWG remains challenging. This paper employs game theory to illustrate polycentricity by investigating the equilibrium state from the stakeholders’ perspective. Shanghai, Tokyo, and Hong Kong are selected as target cities for comparative analysis. The findings reveal the heterogeneous characteristics in three megacities’ PWG—the collaboration by principal stakeholders (formal recyclers, informal recyclers, households) in Shanghai, the exclusion of informal recyclers in Tokyo, and the limited contribution provided by the formal recyclers in Hong Kong. The divergent PWG characteristics can be attributed to variations in governance patterns, socioeconomic factors, and policy formulation. Regarding urban sustainability, Tokyo and Shanghai’s PWG contribute to the circular economy’s expansion, while Hong Kong’ potential, in this regard, is undervalued. Despite Tokyo’s improved social recognition to practitioners, this PWG mode, primarily driven by formal recyclers and households, presents limited inclusion of low-income groups. Additionally, it is crucial for the authorities in Shanghai and Hong Kong to acknowledge the potential pollution of informal recyclers’ non-environmental behavior. This paper offers a valuable model for characterizing and analyzing PWG across different cities, facilitating knowledge aggregation and the implementation of PWG practice.

A review on e-waste contamination, toxicity, and sustainable clean-up approaches for its management

Ecosystems and human health are being negatively impacted by the growing problem of electrical waste, especially in developing countries. E-waste poses a significant risk to ecological systems because it can release a variety of hazardous substances into the environment, containing polybrominated diphenyl ethers and heavy metals, brominated flame retardants, polychlorinated dibenzofurans and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and dioxins. This review article provides a critical assessment of the toxicological consequences of e-waste on ecosystems and human health and data analyses from scientific journals and grey literature on metals, BFRs, PBDEs, PCDFs, and PAHs in several environmental compartments of commercial significance in informal electronic trash recycling. The currently available techniques and tools employed for treating e-waste are sustainable techniques such as bioremediation, chemical leaching, biological leaching, and pyrometallurgy have been also discussed along with the necessity of implementing strong legislation to address the issue of unregulated exports of electronic trash in recycling practices. Despite the ongoing hurdles, implementing environmentally sustainable recycling methods have the potential to address the detrimental impacts of e-waste and foster positive economic development.

Challenges of E-waste Management in Sabah: A systematic review

E-waste management is becoming more complex as society's reliance on technology grows. Due to the effects on the environment and human health, proper disposal is essential. Through systematic review of 25 articles using PRISMA methodology, this paper explores the e-waste challenges in Sabah, Malaysia. The study discovered that among the challenges are things like poor infrastructure, informal recycling, and little knowledge and awareness. This discovery offers insightful information that will help stakeholders, including policymakers, researchers, and researchers, develop sustainable solutions to the e-waste problems in Sabah in particular.

E-waste: mechanisms of toxicity and safety testing.

Currently, information on the toxicity profile of the majority of the identified e-waste chemicals, while extensive and growing, is admittedly fragmentary, particularly at the cellular and molecular levels. Furthermore, the toxicity of the chemical mixtures likely to be encountered by humans during and after informal e-waste recycling, as well as their underlying mechanisms of action, is largely unknown. This review paper summarizes state-of-the-art knowledge of the potential underlying toxicity mechanisms associated with e-waste exposures, with a focus on toxic responses connected to specific organs, organ systems, and overall effects on the organism. To overcome the complexities associated with assessing the possible adverse outcomes from exposure to chemicals, a growing number of new approach methodologies have emerged in recent years, with the long-term objective of providing a human-based and animal-free system that is scientifically superior to animal testing, more effective, and acceptable. This encompasses a variety of techniques, typically regarded as alternative approaches for determining chemical-induced toxicities and holds greater promise for a better understanding of key events in the metabolic pathways that mediate known adverse health outcomes in e-waste exposure scenarios. This is crucial to establishing accurate scientific knowledge on mixed e-waste chemical exposures in shorter time frames and with greater efficacy, as well as supporting the need for safe management of hazardous chemicals. The present review paper discusses important gaps in knowledge and shows promising directions for mechanistically anchored effect-based monitoring strategies that will contribute to the advancement of the methods currently used in characterizing and monitoring e-waste-impacted ecosystems.

Leveraging Life Cycle Assessment and System Dynamics Model Analysis for an Integrated Household E-Waste Management System in Yaoundé, Cameroon

Electronic waste (E-waste) is a global environmental issue and a contemporary challenge in developing countries, where implementing sustainable E-waste management policies is required to mitigate the adverse impacts of inappropriate treatment and disposal. This study assesses the environmental and human health impacts of the current E-waste management system in Yaoundé. The study then proposes an integrated E-waste management system (IEMS) with policy instruments for increased formal E-waste collection and reduced environmental impacts from informal E-waste treatment. Life cycle assessment (LCA) was utilized to identify high-impact contributing processes within the current E-waste management system (EMS) and to determine the optimum scenario for an integrated system. The system dynamics model (SDM) analysis ascertained the efficiency of the E-waste policy under the IEMS. Results show that the IEMS can reduce global warming potential, fine particulate matter formation, and human carcinogenic toxicity from one ton of E-waste treatment by 27%, 16.3%, and 34%, respectively. Regarding the policy efficiency simulation for the IEMS, the policy instrument (Policy 1), with levies on electronic appliance producers, proved environmentally efficient in reducing the quantity of informal recycling. It was also more economically viable for the recycling fund to increase formal E-waste collection and subsidize formal treatment within the context of the IEMS. The study outcome is informative for E-waste management policy planning in developing economies.

Weighed Down: Informal Recycling as Shaped by Multiple Layers of Heaviness

The proliferation of waste is a global problem. In South Africa, only 10% of all waste materials are recycled. Of those, almost 90% are recycled in the informal sector. This article draws on data collected through participant observation and 21 qualitative interviews with participants who work in the informal recycling sector as buyers, sellers, and sorters in the coastal city of Gqeberha in South Africa. Using the concept of ‘weight’ (as physical, economic, and emotional component in the workspace), I explore the ‘material-discursive’ dimensions that shape the participants’ experiences and examine the implications for their bodies and livelihoods. I argue that by recognizing the multifaceted nature of weight and addressing its distinct meanings within the context of informal recycling, it is possible to develop a more holistic view of environmental justice. This view considers the harsh, lived experiences of marginalized humans who live closest to, rely most on, or are disproportionally burdened by, wasted materials.

Research on the impact of information sharing and government subsidy on competitive power battery recycling

From the perspective of promoting the compliant recycling of retired power batteries, this paper considers a power battery recycling supply chain dominated by the electric vehicle battery (EVB) manufacturer, where the formal and informal recyclers compete for recycling. Battery information sharing between the EVB manufacturer and the formal recycler is proposed firstly and based on this, government subsidy for the formal recycler is proposed then. By establishing models and comparing the equilibrium results, the recycling prices, recycling quantities and profit changes of supply chain members under different scenarios are obtained. The study shows that battery information sharing and government subsidy can promote more retired power batteries to enter formal channels and inhibit the development of informal recyclers. In addition, under the battery information sharing model, government subsidy can improve the formal recycler's profit loss due to battery information sharing. The proposal of these measures provides a development direction worthy of reference for the recycling of EVBs and is conducive to building a benign power battery full life cycle system.