Informal Online Research Articles

DECODING DIGITAL YOUTH:COMMUNICATION TRENDS IN THE INTERNET ERA TION

The article focuses on increasing developments in the structure of the language of online communication. It is already common knowledge that online communication or otherwise, multimedia communication has set quite specific language rules, especially in the ways of encoding and, consequently, decoding messages. The so-called “new normal” has gradually crept into reality, even if virtual, unnoticed, and seems to have stayed. The “new normal” does not remain the same and changes with time and the new requirements of the users. The ever-growing striving of people to make things work faster has not left the sphere of human communication untouched, particularly, informal online communication. Thus, most of the changes in the means of encoding a message primarily aim at brevity and efficiency. It is noteworthy that changes are mainly implemented by young users of online space. It is usually they who set new trends in the ways and means of coding meaning in the text, often posing challenges and risks in balancing personal and professional boundaries.

Reflections from a Blended Professional Learning Network for Japanese Teachers of English

Over the years, the problematic issue of teacher isolationism has been well documented by researchers. In the Japanese public school system, many English as an international language (EIL) educators find teaching to be a lonely and frustrating endeavour as they have limited interactions with colleagues and face increasing job demands. This paper highlights a research project that aims to provide Japanese junior and senior high school EIL teachers with emotional and practical support. The pedagogical strategies and lesson ideas that are dis-cussed in this paper emerged during a series of interactive teacher-directed professional development (TDPD) workshops and informal online conversations that took place over an 18-month period during the COVID-19 pandemic. The researchers utilized Chen and McCray’s (2012) Whole Teacher (WT) conceptual framework for in-service professional development to establish the online and face-to-face training sessions that were part of a blended community of practice. In our current post-COVID-19 world, the growing popularity of video conferencing platforms (e.g., Zoom) coupled with concerns about cost, time, and environmental issues means that virtual workshops will become increasingly commonplace (Zimmermann et al., 2021). Unfortunately, many virtual training sessions are beset with a host of technological and logistical problems. This paper also highlights five strategies that workshop leaders can utilize to facilitate successful interactive digital learning experiences for pre-service and in-service teachers.

Mining teacher informal online learning networks: Community commitment in unstructured learning environments

AbstractBackgroundSocial media provides new opportunities for teachers to learn, communicate and develop professional relationships. It has been proved to be a valid and helpful resource for teachers' professional learning purposes.ObjectivesWhile previous studies pursued questions like how participants feel, how to support interaction and why participants remain committed, we asked a more fundamental question: what is the structure of a massive informal online professional learning network and what dynamics can we expect regarding participants' commitment?MethodsThis work presents an empirical study of massive informal online professional networks to investigate the dynamics of learning communities and participants' commitment over time. We employed social network analysis and data mining techniques on a longitudinal data set of more than 400,000 tweets published with the hashtag “#edchat.”Results and ConclusionsWe found that around 30% of participants remained committed to the informal learning community over time. Meanwhile, as more and more people committed to the online learning community, participants tended to form smaller communities where the internal connection was stronger.TakeawaysIn informal online learning environments, participants can form stable connections. The 30% threshold can be used to measure massive informal online learning networks in terms of commitment or persistence.

A rapid review of the evidence for online interventions for bereavement support.

Grieving is a natural process, and many people adjust with support from family and friends. Around 40% of people would benefit from additional input. Online bereavement support interventions may increase access to support. Evidence regarding their acceptability and effectiveness is emerging but needs to be synthesised. To synthesise evidence on the feasibility, acceptability, effectiveness, impacts and implementation of online interventions to improve wellbeing, coping and quality of life after bereavement. A rapid review of evidence regarding online bereavement support. We appraised study quality using AMSTAR 2 and the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. English language articles published 1 January 2010 to 4 January 2024, using Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid Embase and APA PsycINFO. Eligible articles examined formal and informal online interventions to improve bereavement outcomes. We screened 2050 articles by title and abstract. Four systematic reviews and 35 individual studies were included. Online bereavement support was feasible, acceptable and effective in reducing grief intensity, stress-related outcomes and depression. Where reported, participant retention was typically >70%. Positive impacts included: access to a supportive community at any time, reduced isolation; opportunities to process feelings; normalisation of loss responses; access to coping advice and opportunities for meaning-making and remembrance. Negative impacts included upset due to insensitive comments from others via unmoderated online forums. Online interventions can widen access to acceptable, effective bereavement support and improve outcomes for bereaved people. National policies and clinical guidelines relating to bereavement support need to be updated to take account of online formats.

Convergence or distinctiveness? Exploring how geographic location influences fan behavior in online fan communities

PurposeThis article examines how geographic location (i.e. local or nonlocal) influences fans’ communicative convergence or distinctiveness in the context of an informal online fan community (i.e. Twitter [X]). Nonlocal fans, who live geographically distant from the team they support, derive distinctiveness and belonging from supporting a team from afar. This study considers how these needs materialize in online communication.Design/methodology/approachText mining and textual analysis were employed to collect and evaluate tweets (N = 12,865) in terms of expressed emotion. Tweets were evaluated using the NRC VAD sentiment lexicon (i.e. valence, arousal, dominance) and then categorized based on geographic location and in-group/out-group status. The resulting groups were then analyzed with a two-way multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) to examine how geographic location relates to the expressed emotion of tweets.FindingsThe findings indicate nonlocal fans expressed statistically greater arousal compared to local online community members, reflecting their distinctiveness as nonlocal fans. Nonlocal and local fans expressed similar degrees of valence and dominance in their language, suggesting nonlocal fans converge communication behavior, seeking social approval from the salient online fan community.Originality/valueThis study suggests that geographic location influences communication behavior in online fan communities. Moreover, nonlocal fans may be valuable, and underutilized, advocates for sports teams in online community settings.

Неформальное гражданское участие населения в развитии малых и средних городов Европейского Севера России (на примере некоммерческих организаций и городских интернет-сообществ)

This article explores the informal public participation in the development of small and medium-sized cities in the European North of Russia. It focuses on two main aspects: the impact of nonprofit organizations (NGOs) and the activity of residents on social networks, particularly in discussions and solutions to local socio-economic issues. The study reveals that NGO activities create significant opportunities for addressing local concerns raised by residents to municipal authorities. An analysis of the official pages of local governments on the VKontakte social network shows that, compared to larger cities, residents of these smaller cities are more engaged in dialogue with local authorities, demonstrate higher loyalty to published content, and actively share information of interest. The research also finds that while residents of small and medium-sized cities actively discuss urban problems in informal online communities and participate in various kinds of socially beneficial events, their participation is generally prompted by external organizers. The level of self-organization to address broader citywide problems remains relatively low. However, when dealing with personal household matters, citizens actively communicate through urban online communities. The study also highlights a high level of trust among residents, as evidenced by their strong response to calls for help in the comments. The scientific novelty of this research lies in its first-time analysis of public participation and the assessment of resident involvement in the management and development processes of small and medium-sized cities, through mechanisms such as NGOs and urban Internet communities.

Improvisation and strategy: lessons learned from supporting young digital makers in a fully online makerspace club for collaborative game design

PurposeThe rapid emergency remote teaching has moved informal learning programs online including makerspaces, which has created an opportunity for harnessing the benefits of virtual makerspaces. This study reports on findings from three club designers and facilitators’ reflections on a fully virtual maker club offered in the summer of 2023. This paper aims to inform practitioners of the potential challenges and strategies to resolve various issues.Design/methodology/approachReflective video journaling was conducted by facilitators. Videos were transcribed and analyzed for observations, learning events, challenges and strategies.FindingsFindings present strategies adopted to address problems during implementation and a checklist for practitioners. The problems are associated with the learning environments, technology tools and student participation. The authors adopted in-the-moment and short-term strategies to tackle the problems and long-term strategies that bear implications for future virtual makerspaces.Practical implicationsThis paper can provide direct guidance to practitioners in schools, libraries, museums, etc., who plan to offer informal collaborative learning for children online. It prepares practitioners for the potential challenges and equip them with concrete strategies and questions.Social implicationsFully virtual makerspaces have the potential to reach a wider range of audience.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this paper is the first to report the reflective findings on a fully virtual makerspace club that comprehensively covers challenges and strategies before, during and after the club, which has direct implications for future offerings of such programs.

“Stuck in, Can’t Come Out”: Physical Distancing and YouTube Spaces for LGBTQ Adolescents’ Wellbeing

The pandemic has led to physical distancing measures put in place to minimize the spread of COVID-19, leading schools and community centers to close their physical locations. For many lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) individuals living with their family, their home can be considered harmful and unsupportive due to their family’s rejection towards LGBTQ identity. LGBTQ YouTubers can be a unique avenue to understand how they can use their social media presence to act as an online supportive system that parallel traditional offline supportive systems during the pandemic where offline supportive spaces are limited. The purpose of the study is to analyze online video platforms (ie. YouTube) and whether LGBTQ YouTubers can act as support systems for their LGBTQ community during the pandemic through video content creation. Four LGBTQ YouTubers that have created videos related to the COVID-19 outbreak were chosen and their video comments (NVideo1 = 147; NVideo2 = 195; NVideo3 = 238; NVideo4 = 79) were analyzed through content analysis. Results revealed the following categories: 1) Community support and engagement between the community and the YouTuber, 2) diverse coping strategies as a result of COVID-19, 3) community’s emotional experiences surrounding COVID-19, 4) community members’ use of diverse support types, 5) YouTuber authenticity and relatability to community, and 6) intersectional identity (e.g., disability, ethnicity) experiences. Emerging themes suggest LGBTQ YouTubers can be informal online social support systems that can parallel the physical connections and support lost due to COVID-19.

Why do young men not seek help for affective mental health issues? A systematic review of perceived barriers and facilitators among adolescent boys and young men.

Men are less likely to seek help for their mental health than women, but less is known about the specific patterns of help-seeking in adolescent boys and young men. This is concerning as adolescent boys and young men have high suicide rates but a low take-up of services. It is therefore of particular importance that the access needs of this group are understood. This review sought to identify the barriers and facilitators faced by adolescent boys and young men in help-seeking for affective mental health disorders. A search of the PubMed, APA PsycInfo, and Cochrane databases identified 3961 articles, of which 12 met the inclusion criteria. Six of the studies were qualitative, five were quantitative and one used mixed methods. Two authors independently extracted data and assessed the quality of the articles. Five key themes were identified, including the impact of social norms, with the subthemes of conformity to masculine norms and self-stigma, limited availability of information about mental health, and 'male-friendly' mental health literacy campaigns. Other themes referred to the help-seeking preferences of adolescent boys and young men, in terms of informal or formal and online or offline help-seeking. Some of the factors were well-researched (e.g., conformity to masculine norms as a barrier) whereas other factors (e.g., self-compassion as a facilitator) were less researched. These barriers and facilitators need to be considered in the development of future strategies to improve the help-seeking behaviour of adolescent boys and young men.

Exploring the Informal Online Practices of In-service English Language Teachers on Facebook as part of their Continuing Professional Development

Exploring the Informal Online Practices of In-service English Language Teachers on Facebook as part of their Continuing Professional Development

GROWING AN INFORMAL DIGITAL MICRO-ENTERPRISE: THE ROLE OF INDIVIDUAL ENTREPRENEURIAL ORIENTATION AND SOCIAL CAPITAL

This research examines the effects of individual entrepreneurial orientation (IEO) on informal sector digital micro-enterprise growth in developing countries and the moderating role of networking social capital. The majority of EO research on company growth has focused on registered traditional SMEs and larger enterprises in higher-income markets. A total of 248 informal online micro-enterprises from Senegal were studied. The findings show that IEO has distinct effects on informal digital microbusiness development. Individual risk-taking boosts digital micro-enterprise growth, whereas inventive behaviour hinders it. Proactiveness does not seem to increase growth. Different social capital’s moderating effects on IEO dimensions and online micro-enterprise growth are also found. This study is one of the first to examine individual entrepreneurial behaviour that may lead to the growth of informal digital micro-businesses and the differentiated role of SC. It has also expanded business contextualisation to better comprehend IEO in informal online micro-enterprises outside developed countries.

Creativity in a music composition community: an analysis of online comments

ABSTRACT Scholars have often highlighted the intrinsic features of technology to support the generation and sharing of ideas (Craft 2011). By studying user interactions within informal online communities, researcher can elucidate the ways technology impacts creativity and learning within these groups. This qualitative content analysis (Hsieh and Shannon 2005) used a systems-based approach to creativity (Csikszentmihalyi 1999) to examine the interactions within an online community (Noteflight) focused on Western standard music notation-based composition. One popular, publicly available, original musical score was selected. Online comments were collected and analysed. Findings highlight the diversity and abundance of feedback given to the composer as well as the many ways users engaged with domain knowledge. This online community allows individuals to share knowledge, learn about the social norms associated with giving feedback, and explore creative ideas regarding music composition. Implications from this study highlight the ways music educators and technology designers can develop web-based music learning environments that support creativity and life-long engagement.

Social media group support for antidepressant deprescribing: a mixed-methods survey of patient experiences.

Background Antidepressant use has continually increased in recent decades and although they are an effective treatment for moderate-to-severe depression, when there is no longer a clinical benefit, deprescribing should occur. Currently, routine deprescribing is not part of clinical practice and research shows that there has been an increase in antidepressant users seeking informal support online. This small scoping exercise used a mixed-methods online survey to investigate the motives antidepressant users have for joining social media deprescribing support groups, and what elements of the groups are most valuable to them. Methods Thirty members of two antidepressant deprescribing Facebook groups completed an online survey with quantitative and open-text response questions to determine participant characteristics and motivation for group membership. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics, and open-text responses were analysed thematically through NVivo. Results Two overarching themes were evident: first, clinician expertise , where participants repeatedly reported a perceived lack of skills around deprescribing by their clinician, not being included in shared decision-making about their treatment, and symptoms of withdrawal during deprescribing going unaddressed. Motivated by the lack of clinical support, peer support developed as the second theme. Here, people sought help online where they received education, knowledge sharing and lived experience guidance for tapering. The Facebook groups also provided validation and peer support, which motivated people to continue engaging with the group. Conclusions Antidepressant users who wish to cease their medication are increasingly subscribing to specialised online support groups due to the lack of information and support from clinicians. This study highlights the ongoing need for such support groups. Improved clinician understanding about the complexities of antidepressant deprescribing is needed to enable them to effectively engage in shared decision-making with their patients.

The struggle for the construction of places of worship of minority religions in Indonesia

The literature on the construction of places of worship has predominantly shown difficulties, rejection and disharmony among religious communities. This study aims to describe and analyzed the success story of the construction of the Santa Monica church in Tangerang. This is a qualitative study conducted over a month-long period using primary and secondary data. Primary data were obtained through observation and interviews, while secondary data were obtained through formal and informal policy reviews available online. The informants involved in this study amounted to eight people consisting of church leaders and administrators, local leaders, religious leaders, religious organizations and the Ministry of Religious Affairs. Data were analyzed using content analysis methods. The results of the study show that the ability of church leaders and administrators to build good social and cultural relations with the community was a key element in their success in obtaining permission to build the church. This was achieved through effective communication, dialogue and cooperation between the Catholic community, leaders and the predominantly Islamic local community. Active involvement in daily activities had a positive impact, fostering mutual trust and peaceful coexistence, ultimately resulting in the local community’s support and approval for the establishment of the place of worship. Thus, the church construction committee was able to meet all administrative requirements as stipulated by government regulations. This study recommends the importance of good social and cultural relations as the fundamental basis and determinant of success for religious communities seeking to construct places of worship.Contribution: This article contributes to the goal of HTS Theological Studies in promoting the transdisciplinary aspect of religious studies in the international theological arena, particularly in the study of religious harmony among communities in Indonesia.

OA10 Peer support for people living with axial spondyloarthritis as part of a supported self-management programme

Abstract Background/Aims The National Axial Spondyloarthritis Society (NASS) Supported Self-management Programme aims to empower people with axial spondyloarthritis (axial SpA) to live well with their condition. We ran peer support meet-ups as part of our new Your SpAce programme to improve attendees’ knowledge of their condition, and reduce feelings of isolation. Methods In March 2023, NASS launched Your SpAce, a series of short information and lived experience videos, with downloadable practical resources. It is aimed at people newly diagnosed or those diagnosed longer who had not previously engaged with their condition. The programme was created in consultation with people living with axial SpA and healthcare professionals (HCPs). A steering group comprised 33% people with lived experience. Monthly free online peer support ‘meet-ups’ were planned. Initial topics aligned with Your SpAce topics of pain, flares, and fatigue. Feedback and helpline enquiry trends guided further topics. Attendees booked via an Eventbrite listing, disseminated via the NASS website, social media and e-newsletter, partner organisations, and HCPs. The meet-ups are facilitated by a HCP who lives with axial SpA. Sessions start with a short introduction to axial SpA and the meet-up topic. The focus is on facilitated group discussions, where attendees use their camera and microphone and chat box to meet other people with axial SpA, ask questions, share advice, and receive peer support. Results Your SpAce webpages ask visitors how confident they feel in managing their pain, flares, and fatigue out of 100 (0=not at all, 100=extremely). The results (701 respondents) indicate the programme is reaching people with low confidence, with 60% of pain poll respondents, 69% of fatigue poll respondents, and 72% of flare poll respondents ranking their confidence 0-40/100. Since April 2023, we ran 10 meet-ups, with 516 bookings and 256 attendees. Everyone who booked received presentation slides and resources. In-meeting anonymous polls showed: 25% of attendees had been diagnosed for less than one year; 31% 1-5 years; 11% 6-10 years; and 33% more than 10 years. 24% have a diagnosis of axial SpA, 22% non-radiographic axial SpA, 51% radiographic axial SpA/ankylosing spondylitis, and 3% awaiting diagnosis. Anonymous feedback survey results (n = 67) showed: 97% enjoyed attending the meet-up; 96% found it easy to attend; 82% said the meet-up helped them understand more about their condition; 74% have more practical skills to manage; 54% had never previously met anyone else with axial SpA; 97% felt less alone afterwards; and 99% would like to attend another meet-up. Conclusion The first six months of Your SpAce meetups have improved attendees’ knowledge of axial SpA, increased practical skills in managing symptoms, and reduced feelings of isolation. Results suggest that informal online peer support is a positive strand of supported self-management for people at all stages of their axial SpA. Disclosure Z. Clark: Honoraria; ZC is a member of Council for the Institute of Osteopathy. Grants/research support; NASS receives grant funding from AbbVie, Biogen, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Novartis and UCB.

It's Just a Distance Thing: Affordances and Decisions in Online Disclosure of Sexual Violence Victimization.

The Internet offers an alternative context in which personal experiences with sexual violence can be shared. It has been suggested that victims experience lower barriers to disclosing their stories in a digital environment due to an online disinhibition effect and mainly anonymity. However, little is known about the lived experiences of victims who have shared their experiences online regarding these disinhibiting affordances of the Internet. Twenty-three interviews with victims were conducted to understand the digital affordances involved in the online disclosure of sexual victimization. The results suggest that the Internet offers several opportunities (visibility management, asynchronicity, and connectivity) and constraints (lack of non-verbal communication, disclosing online is irreversible, and Internet as a source of triggers) when disclosing sexual violence victimization online. We learn that disclosures are informed by previous experiences and weighed against digital affordances. Victims use multiple platforms or multiple accounts on the same platform and manipulate anonymity and visibility through the settings of online platforms. The Internet offers a potential for informal online peer support. The results have practical implications for victims, clinicians, and support providers for guiding the disclosure process. Furthermore, a re-evaluation and nuance of the online disinhibition theory is suggested. Suggestions for future research are made.

Artificial Intelligence-Powered Sentiment Analysis Tool to Assess the Popularity of Political Leaders in Informal Communities

This study investigates the utility of Artificial Intelligence sentiment analysis tools in assessing the popularity of political leaders within informal communities. In contemporary socio-political landscapes, understanding public sentiment towards political figures is paramount for gauging societal perceptions and predicting electoral outcomes. Leveraging sentiment analysis techniques, this research delves into the nuanced expressions and sentiments prevalent in informal online communities regarding political leaders. By analyzing textual data from social media platforms, forums, and other digital sources, the study aims to discern patterns and trends indicative of public opinion dynamics. Through natural language processing and machine learning algorithms, sentiment analysis tools enable the automated extraction of sentiments, emotions, and attitudes towards political leaders, providing valuable insights into their perceived popularity and public reception. The findings contribute to our understanding of the intersection between technology, politics, and public opinion, shedding light on the evolving landscape of political discourse in digital spaces. The study underscores the significance of sentiment analysis for political analysts, policymakers, and researchers in comprehending and navigating the complexities of contemporary political environments.

Race and indigeneity in human microbiome science: microbiomisation and the historiality of otherness

This article reformulates Stephan Helmreich´s the ¨microbiomisation of race¨ as the historiality of otherness in the foundations of human microbiome science. Through the lens of my ethnographic fieldwork of a transnational community of microbiome scientists that conducted a landmark human microbiome research on indigenous microbes and its affiliated and first personalised microbiome initiative, the American Gut Project, I follow and trace the key actors, experimental systems and onto-epistemic claims in the emergence of human microbiome science a decade ago. In doing so, I show the links between the reinscription of race, comparative research on the microbial genetic variation of human populations and the remining of bioprospected data for personalised medicine. In these unpredictable research movements, the microbiome of non-Western peoples and territories is much more than a side project or a specific approach within the field: it constitutes the nucleus of its experimental system, opening towards subsequent and cumulative research processes and knowledge production in human microbiome science. The article demonstrates that while human microbiome science is articulated upon the microbial ‘makeup’ of non-wester(nised) communities, societies, and locales, its results and therapeutics are only applicable to medical conditions affecting rich nations (i.e., inflammatory, autoimmune, and metabolic diseases). My reformulation of ¨microbiomisation of race¨ as the condition of possibility of human microbiome science reveals that its individual dimension is sustained by microbial DNA data from human populations through bioprospecting practices and gains meaning through personalised medicine initiatives, informal online networks of pseudoscientific and commodified microbial-related evidence.

Palliative Care Education in Cardiovascular Disease Fellowships: A National Survey of Program Directors

Palliative care (PC) is an essential component of high-quality care for people with cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, little is known about the current state of PC education in CVD training, including attitudes toward integration of PC into training and implementation of PC by the program's leadership. We developed a nationwide, cross-sectional survey that queried education approaches, perspectives and barriers to PC education in general CVD fellowship training. The survey was distributed to 392 members of the American College of Cardiology Program Director (PD) listserv, representing 290 general CVD fellowships between 1/2023 and 4/2023. We performed descriptive and ꭕ2 analyses of survey data. Of the program's representatives, 56 completed the survey (response rate = 19.3%). Respondents identified themselves as current PDs (89%), associate PDs (8.9%) or former PDs (1.8%), representing a diverse range of program sizes and types and regions of the country. Respondents reported the use of informal bedside teaching (88%), formal didactics (59%), online or self-paced modules (13%), in-person simulation (11%), and clinical rotations (16%) to teach PC content. Most programs covered PC topics at least annually, although there was variability by topic. We found no associations between program demographics and type or frequency of PC education. Most respondents reported dissatisfaction with the quantity (62%) or quality (59%) of the PC education provided. Barriers to PC education included an overabundance of other content to cover (36%) and perceived lack of fellow (20%) or faculty (18%) interest. Comments demonstrated the importance of PC education in fellowship, the lack of a requirement to provide PC education, difficulty in covering all topics, and suggestions of how PC skills should be taught. In a national survey of CVD educational leadership concerning approaches to PC education in CVD training, respondents highlighted both challenges to implementation of formal PC curricula in cardiology training and opportunities for comprehensive PC education.

AN EVALUATION OF PERSONALIZED LEARNING BY ONLINE INFORMAL EDUCATION IN CASE OF DESIGN EDUCATION

The advent of digital technology has enabled the development of alternative learning methods that enable personalized education to meet the demands of the modern era. Regardless of geographical location and time, online education facilitates the provision of personalized learning opportunities through asynchronous or synchronous recording. Thanks to Covid-19, the rapid adaptation of formal education to digital environments promoted individualization and self-directed learning. The increasing use of design software in architectural education due to digitalization promotes integrating synchronous or asynchronous extracurricular training into the individual learning process. By exploring the diversity of informal online education programs in design software, this study aims to identify the contributions and limitations of informal learning in personalization. Examining the context of a five-day online workshop and a 21-day course can provide new perspectives through a multidisciplinary environment of discussion and practice, even in a short period of time. These programs provide education and training for skilled designers who have their own unique perspectives and techniques on design. Participants' economic situation regarding course fees introduces a competitive medium, which restricts learning accessibility in any scenarioMoreover, excluding these educational programs from transcripts due to imprecise evaluation conditions results in unfairness. With equal access and fair and accurate evaluation mechanisms, informal online education can help professionals develop unique, global, and harmonious perspectives.