Informal Alliances Research Articles

Central banks, economic statecraft and offshore banking: Comparing financial internationalization strategies in Latvia and Estonia

Small states play a critical role in the operation of the Global Wealth Chains, storing capital assets and funnelling financial flows. However, the knowledge of how such practices of financial transit emerge remains scant. Focussing on the 1990s as the formative decade of post-Soviet capitalism, the article focuses on the variegated financial internationalization in the Baltics, as Latvia developed a vibrant offshore banking sector, whereas Estonia pursued complete Westernization in bank ownership. Challenging the literature that relates the emergence of Baltic offshore finance with right-wing politics, and existing trade and cultural links with Russia, the article argues that the varieties of financial internationalization in the Baltics were due to ‘economic statecraft’ by the Central Banks (CBs). Drawing upon a survey of CB reports, parliamentary speeches, press archives, memoirs, and elite interviews, the article argues that the Baltic CBs’ path-setting decisions shaped the two distinct financial internationalization paths through three interventions: currency reforms, agenda setting, and banking regulation. Drawing on the literature on social embeddedness of CBs, the article attributes the differences in the two CB approaches to their informal alliances with broader society – domestic financiers in Latvia and the government in Estonia.

How can advocates leverage power to advance comprehensive regulation on ultra-processed foods? learning from advocate experience in Argentina

BackgroundThe use of corporate power to undermine public health policy processes is increasingly well understood; however, relatively little scholarship examines how advocates can leverage power to promote the successful adoption of public health policies. The objective of this paper is to explore how advocates leveraged three forms of power – structural, instrumental and discursive – to promote the passage of the Promotion of Healthy Eating Law (Ley 27,642) in Argentina, one of the most comprehensive policies to introduce mandatory front-of-package (FOP) warning labels and regulate the marketing and sales of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) adopted to date.MethodsWe conducted seventeen semi-structured interviews with advocates from different sectors, including civil society, international agencies, and government. Both data collection and analysis were guided by Milsom’s conceptual framework for analyzing power in public health policymaking, and the data was analyzed using hybrid deductive and inductive thematic analysis.ResultsAdvocates harnessed structural power through the leveraging of revolving doors, informal alliances, and formal coalitions, enabling them to convene discussion spaces with decision-makers, make strategic use of limited resources, and cultivate the diverse expertise (e.g., research, nutrition science, advocacy, law, political science, activism and communications) needed to support the law through different phases of the policy process. Advocates wielded instrumental power by amassing an armada of localized evidence to promote robust policy design, building technical literacy amongst themselves and decision-makers, and exposing conflicts of interest to harness public pressure. Advocates exercised discursive power by adopting a rights-based discourse, including of children and adolescents and of consumers to transparent information, which enabled advocates to foster a favorable perception of the law amongst both decision-makers and the public. Key contextual enablers include a political window of opportunity, the COVID-19 pandemic, and the ability to learn from the regional precedent of similar policies.ConclusionsPublic health policymaking, particularly when encroaching upon corporate interests, is characterized by stark imbalances of power that hinder policy decisions. The strategies identified in the case of Argentina provide important insights as to how advocates might harness and exercise structural, instrumental, and discursive power to counter corporate influence and promote the successful adoption of comprehensive UPF regulation.

Phylogeny and classification of the coffee family (Rubiaceae, Gentianales): Overview and outlook

AbstractThe use of molecular data in phylogenetic reconstruction during more than three decades has greatly improved our understanding of the macroevolutionary history of the coffee family (Rubiaceae) and has provided a solid basis for improvement of its classification. Based on the results of 130 studies, among them most recent phylogenomic works, we present a consensus phylogeny and a robust classification of Rubiaceae that shed light on the evolutionary success of this highly diverse angiosperm family and can serve as a framework for ecological and evolutionary studies. There are more than 14,000 species and about 580 accepted genera of Rubiaceae that are assigned to 71 tribes, of which 68 are classified in two subfamilies (Dialypetalanthoideae with 38 tribes and Rubioideae with 30 tribes). Three tribes (Acranthereae, Coptosapelteae, Luculieae) remain unclassified as to subfamily. Sixty‐three of these 71 tribes are assigned to nine informal alliances (four in Rubioideae and five in Dialypetalanthoideae). These tribes are listed in alphabetical order within their respective alliances. Five tribes, one (Coussareeae) in Rubioideae and four (Airospermeae, Jackieae, Retiniphylleae, Steenisieae) in Dialypetalanthoideae, are excluded from these alliances due to unclear or conflicting phylogenetic positions. Thirty‐six tribes retain their tribal status but receive new generic limits to remedy their previous para‐ or polyphyletic nature. Twenty‐nine tribes not implemented in previous classifications have been added, of which three (Chioneae, Glionnetieae, Temnopterygeae) are newly described here. Basic information on phylogenies, distributions, former classifications, and useful references to previous works are provided for all accepted tribes, and future perspectives are discussed.

Formation of Informal Alliances in Indo-Pacific: Analyzing the Role of India

The present world order is dominated by informal security, economic, cultural and strategic alliances across the regions. The Indo-Pacific region attracted the International community in the recent past due to the formation of informal alliances such as QUAD, AUKUS and IPEF. China's rise, which is seen as a threat to the existing World Order, has also helped the Indo-Pacific in getting the attention it long deserved. The presence of Informal Organizations or Informal 'Inter-Governmental' Organizations (IIGOs) plays a significant role in the region which still lacks a regional integration process. Internationally, the focus is mostly given to formal institutions, while the informal ones remain ignored because of their lower chance of enforcement. It needs to be understood that IIGOs can assist in the better and proper functioning of Formal Inter-Governmental Organizations (FIGOs), where the members are divided upon their national interests. In certain scenarios, they can also replace and transform into a formal organization. The presence of bilateral conflicts and lack of strong regional mechanisms in the Indo-Pacific region also led to the emergence of informal alliances based on mutual interests. This paper primarily focuses on the dynamics of informal alliances in the Indo-Pacific region and highlights India's interests. Keywords: QUAD, AUKUS, IPEF, Belt and Road Initiative and Pacific Network

Formal and Informal Alliances between Iberians and Natives in the Heart of Late Eighteenth-Century South America

Abstract For decades, historiography on the Iberian empires has suggested that peace treaties between Europeans and autonomous Native groups incorporated both Indigenous “nations,” understood as cohesive units, and Native lands into the monarchy. Drawing on extensive archival evidence and recent borderlands scholarship, this article suggests that written agreements had a limited impact on interethnic frontier relations. First, because informal relations shaped by Indigenous patterns of diplomacy were far more important to the success of alliances. Second, because alliances were often made with autonomous tolderías, not with homogeneous “nations.” And third, because Natives by no means identified their ethnic territories with Crown possessions, but continued to independently exploit Iberian rivalries in order to achieve more favorable conditions for themselves. This article focuses on the frontier between the Spanish province of Paraguay and the Portuguese captaincy of Mato Grosso.

Deal-making, elite networks and public–private hybridisation: More-than-neoliberal urban governance

In this commentary, we argue that augmented concepts and research methods are needed to comprehend hybrid urban governance reconfigurations that benefit market actors but eschew competition in favour of deal-making between elite state and private actors. Fuelled by financialisation and in response to planning conflict are regulatory reforms that legitimise opaque alliances in service of infrastructure and urban development projects. From a specific city (Sydney, Australia) we draw upon one such reform – Unsolicited Proposals – to point to a broader landscape of hybrid urban governance, its reconfigurations of power and potential effect on cities. Whereas neoliberal governance promotes competition and views the state and private sectors as distinct, hybrid urban governance leverages state monopoly power and abjures market competition, instead endorsing high-level public–private coordination, technical and financial expertise and confidential deal-making over major urban projects. We scrutinise how Unsolicited Proposals normalise this approach. Commercial-in-confidence protection and absent tender processes authorise a narrow constellation of influential private and public actors to preconfigure outcomes without oversight. Such reforms, we argue, consolidate elite socio-spatial power, jeopardise city function and amplify corruption vulnerabilities. To theorise hybrid urban governance at the intersection of neoliberalism and Asia-Pacific state-capitalism, we offer the concepts of coercive monopoly (where market entry is closed, without opportunity to compete) and de jure collusion (where regulation reforms codify informal alliances among elites connected across government and corporate and consultancy worlds). We call for urban scholarship to pay closer attention to public–private hybridisation in governance, scrutinising regulatory mechanisms that consecrate deal-making and undermine the public interest.

Do Birds of a Feather Flock Together? Rebel Constituencies and Civil War Alliances

AbstractChallenging influential perspectives that downplay the role of shared rebel constituencies, we argue that they represent important causes of rebel alliances. Yet, we theorize distinct effects for different types of constituency. While compatible political aspirations push both organizations with a common ideological constituency and those with a common ethnic constituency to ally, for co-ethnic organizations this cooperation-inducing effect is offset by a cooperation-suppressing effect due to their higher risk of inter-rebel war. Leveraging a novel dataset of alliances in multiparty civil wars (1946–2015), we find support for our theoretical expectations. Shared ideological constituencies have a larger and more robust positive effect on the probability of alliances than shared ethnic constituencies. Furthermore, we find that co-ethnic rebel organizations tend to establish informal alliances only, while organizations sharing an ideological constituency are drawn to formal alliances.

Mapping Food Policy Groups

Over the past decades, there has been a rapid expansion in the number of Food Policy Groups (FPG) (including food policy councils, strategies, networks, and informal alliances) operating at municipal and regional levels across North America. FPGs are typically established with the intent of bringing together food systems stakeholders across private (e.g., small businesses, industry associations), public (e.g., government, public health, postsecondary institutions), and community (e.g., non-profits and charitable organizations) sectors to develop participatory governance mechanisms. Recognizing that food systems challenges are too often addressed in isolation, FPGs aim to instill integrated approaches to food related policy, programs, and planning. Despite growing interest, there is little quantitative or mixed methods research about the relationships that constitute FPGs or the degree to which they achieve cross-sectoral integration. Turning to Social Network Analysis (SNA) as an approach for understanding networked organizational relationships, we explore how SNA might contribute to a better understanding of FPGs. This paper presents results from a study of the Thunder Bay and Area Food Strategy (TBAFS), a FPG established in 2007 when an informal network of diverse organizations came together around shared goals of ensuring that municipal policy and governance supported healthy, equitable and sustainable food systems in the Thunder Bay region in Ontario, Canada. Drawing on data from a survey of TBAFS organizational members, we suggest that SNA can improve our understanding of the networks formed by FPGs and enhance their goals of cross-sectoral integration.

Do Birds of a Feather Flock Together? Rebel Constituencies and Civil War Alliances

What factors drive alliances between rebel organizations? The literature emphasizes military power, local-level rivalries, and external support. We contend that the relative neglect of ethnic and ideological rebel constituencies is unwarranted. Owing to similar agendas and the endorsement of supporters and members, rebel organizations with shared constituencies should tend to form alliances to reap the power-aggregation benefits. However, we argue that this cooperation-inducing effect is at least partially offset by a cooperation-suppressing effect for organizations sharing an ethnic constituency, as they often compete intensely for control of their community. Therefore, we expect common ideological constituencies to have a stronger impact on alliance propensity than shared ethnic constituencies. Moreover, co-ideological rebel organizations should engage in in-depth, structured cooperation (formal alliances), while cooperation among co-ethnic organizations should be transient and superficial (informal alliances). Leveraging a novel data set of all rebel dyads in multiparty civil wars (1946-2015) and using a variety of empirical methods, we find support for our theoretical expectations: rebel organizations sharing a constituency are more likely to ally than those without, but the effect is stronger for co-ideological rebel dyads; further, when co-ethnic rebel organizations form alliances, these tend to be informal, while co-ideological organizations engage in formal alliances.

Networks and evidence-based advocacy: influencing a policy subsystem

Background: Timely access to relevant and trustworthy research findings is an important facilitator of research use. But the relational aspects of evidence generation, mobilisation and use have been insufficiently explored. Aims and objectives: Our aim is to describe the strategic communicative and relational work of two intermediary organisations playing thought leadership roles within a large, heterogeneous and loosely configured network comprised of individuals and organisations from the following sectors: academia, frontline service delivery, philanthropic funding, advocacy organisations and government. Methods: The data for this project were generated as part of a study of the ways social science research influences policy, practice and systems-change processes. Proceeding from the standpoints of people who generate and/or engage with research in an effort to address homelessness in Canada, this article focuses on the intersections of research, strategic communication and policy making. Findings: Our findings suggest that strategic communication and knowledge exchange play integral roles in efforts to create evidence-based policy change. These communicative activities take the form of public-facing political and/or media engagement strategies, traditional knowledge mobilisation activities and continuous informal and timely exchanges of information between trusted allies. Discussion and conclusions: Our study reveals the importance of a heterogeneous network structure, with formal and informal alliances between individuals and organisations, as well as key intermediary organisations through which knowledge can be strategically mobilised within the network to serve policy change aims. Furthermore, our study suggests that interest in evidence-led governance is shifting the boundaries between research, advocacy and government action.

Soho Typescripts: handmade obscene books in post-war London bookshops

ABSTRACT Soho Typescripts were a distinctive type of handmade pornography associated with London’s Soho in the 1950s and 1960s. Thousands were produced, but only a proportion survive today. This article presents the first dedicated study of Soho Typescripts based on examination of 50 typescripts from the British Library, a private collection and recent acquisitions by the Museum of London. The article summarizes their distinguishing characteristics and discusses their circulation within an alternative economy regulated though informal alliances between bookshop owners and police. Retail innovations allowed a widening cross-section of men to purchase illustrated home-produced books from post-war bookshops. Retailers positioned Soho Typescripts within a spatial hierarchy, categorizing them with folk-sexological labels: ‘Fladge’, ‘Straight’, ‘B/W’, ‘Les’ and ‘Fem Dom’. Common themes of typescript fiction included teenage girls, lesbianism, sadomasochism and interracial sex. Soho Typescripts are under-represented in institutional collections. Consequently, the significance and reach of these hand-crafted commercial products may have been underestimated.

World cinema at Soviet festivals: cultural diplomacy and personal ties

ABSTRACT This article traces informal world cinema networks at Soviet film festivals. It argues that the cultural diplomacy approach, where state objectives determine the value of cultural exchange, fails to account for the full range of connections made at Soviet film festivals during the Cold War. Personal ties have been crucial to the development of film festivals and the cinematic movements they engendered. The Soviet state aimed to position Soviet cinema as a better alternative to decadent European and commercial Hollywood cinemas, and as a model for film cultures in socialist Eastern Europe and decolonization-era Asia, Africa, and Latin America. This article first demonstrates how the Moscow International Film Festival (1959-present) and the Tashkent Festival of Asian, African, and Latin American Cinema (1968–1988; Latin America included from 1976) constructed a more inclusive map of world cinema than major European film festivals at Cannes, Venice, and Berlin. It then shows how African, Cuban, and Vietnamese delegations forged informal alliances around the emergent Third Cinema (militant Third World cinema) movement at the 1967 Moscow festival. Strong unofficial connections formed by international festival guests transcended and contradicted the aims of Soviet cultural diplomacy.

РЕФОРМА ГЛОБАЛЬНЫХ ФИНАНСОВ В КОНТЕКСТЕ УСТОЙЧИВОГО РАЗВИТИЯ

Adjusting the global financial system in order to support sustainable development of the world economy becomes an imperative of the XXI century. The article analyses the main drivers and obstacles to this process as well as action programs aimed at achieving this goal. Three main groups of actors are considered: national governments and financial regulators, international organizations and private financial institutions. The rapid growth of the number of informal international alliances and initiatives supporting sustainable banking, investments and insurance is really impressive. The author points out that the main direction of transformation of the global financial system is “to go green”. Within this general trend the principle of “double dividend” can be applied and the economic gains can be achieved together with ecological ones. Achievement of social goals can be ensured by further development of the financial inclusion and improvement of the financial management and standards. Financial innovations, including digital finance, increase of SMEA financing, development of green finance clusters with diversified green instruments inside the international financial centers are considered among the main accelerators of such transformation. A very important feature of the recent years is constantly increasing participation of the rapidly growing developing countries, especially China, in the green finance initiatives. This country is not just seeking to solve its national ecological and social problems. Basically, it is interested in creating and occupying its own niche in the changing global financial system with the purpose to make it more connected with the real economy, more equal and fair. The author concludes that strong governance is critical for ensuring the real progress in green and sustainable finance. The Roadmap, prepared by UNEP/World Bank in 2017, contains not only the list of necessary next steps but their timing. This document may be helpful for all countries, including Russia, and for their cooperation, aiming to align financial system to sustainable development for future prosperity.

Growth coalitions and the control of public space

Public spaces are contested spaces; various groups compete for their control and to (re)present themselves there to the public. The political and economic changes and global competition transformed the mechanisms of production of spaces in post-socialist countries. New interests and new actors emerged in urban development with strong influence on the processes. They often form formal and informal alliances; growth coalitions to support their interests. This study examines how growth coalitions are related to public spaces in Hungarian cities. These coalitions work differently then those in the US – usually, the state has a more significant role in the European growth coalitions. That is the case in Hungary as well; the state plays a significant role in the formation and operation of pro-growth regimes through legislation and national policies. Furthermore, the paper suggests that post-socialist social conditions are favourable to the emergence of growth coalitions mainly because of the weak civil sector. This means that the power relations between the actors of the local development are highly unbalanced. Global capital and local pro-growth actors are the most influential stakeholders in local policymaking. Local and state legislation and policies are not capable to compensate the ambitions of the investors – moreover, often they support them.

Exchanging knowledge across international borders: building a new network for the RCGP's global members.

The Royal College of General Practitioners (RCGP) has a growing and diverse global membership of 3048 members (Box 1) based across 86 countries outside the UK. This represents approximately 6% of the total membership of the RCGP. In March 2017, it launched a new International and Overseas Network (ION) to link its global members with 'knowledge, support and inspiration' in their professional practice,1 and to improve its professional global connections. Networks can be described as 'complex adaptive systems' with multiple non-linear interactions between members of the system.2–3 Network structures vary along a continuum. At one end is a network defined as a diffuse decentralised structure comprising individuals (sometimes called communities of practice) or informal alliances of organisations. At the other end is a hierarchical network organisation with a centralised hub and spoke structure and clear governance systems comprising either organisations or individuals. 3–5 Box 1. ### Definitions of international and overseas member of the RCGP | International member (IM) | A GP who has passed an RCGP international membership exam at any one of nine accredited exam sites and has chosen to apply for membership. They are classified as international members and use the post-nominals MRCGP[INT]. | || | Overseas member (OM) | A GP who has passed the RCGP membership exam in the UK and has chosen to apply for membership, which they retain after leaving the UK to work in another country. They are classified as overseas members and can use the post nominals MRCGP. | When the RCGP was founded in 1952, it began as an informal network but was developed into the formal institutionalised network that is now the largest medical royal college in the UK. This history helps in understanding the development of the ION, the profession, and similar associations in the countries where the RCGP's global members are working. All professional networks function at two levels: formal and informal. The formal network is built around the membership body itself with systems, processes, and structures to adhere to, whereas the informal networks are clustered around smaller, closely linked groups of individual professionals. Millar and Choi6 argue that formal networks are essential to transfer explicit knowledge but …

Networks in Conflict: Theory and Evidence From the Great War of Africa

We study from both a theoretical and an empirical perspective how a network of military alliances and enmities affects the intensity of a conflict. The model combines elements from network theory and from the politico-economic theory of conflict. We obtain a closed-form characterization of the Nash equilibrium. Using the equilibrium conditions, we perform an empirical analysis using data on the Second Congo War, a conflict that involves many groups in a complex network of informal alliances and rivalries. The estimates of the fighting externalities are then used to infer the extent to which the conflict intensity can be reduced through (i) dismantling specific fighting groups involved in the conflict; (ii) weapon embargoes; (iii) interventions aimed at pacifying animosity among groups. Finally, with the aid of a random utility model, we study how policy shocks can induce a reshaping of the network structure.

Networks in Conflict: Theory and Evidence from the Great War of Africa

We study from both a theoretical and an empirical perspective how a network of military alliances and enmities affects the intensity of a conflict. The model combines elements from network theory and from the politico-economic theory of conflict. We postulate a Tullock contest success function augmented by an externality: each group’s strength is increased by the fighting effort of its allies, and weakened by the fighting effort of its rivals. We obtain a closed form characterization of the Nash equilibrium of the fighting game, and of how the network structure affects individual and total fighting efforts. We then perform an empirical analysis using data on the Second Congo War, a conflict that involves many groups in a complex network of informal alliances and rivalries. We estimate the fighting externalities, and use these to infer the extent to which the conflict intensity can be reduced through (i) removing individual groups involved in the conflict; (ii) pacification policies aimed at alleviating animosity among groups.

New Service Delivery Alternatives from the Automation of Knowledge with Virtual Assistants

Companies have been deploying for the last 45 years Technology Based Self-Service systems (TBSS) such as ATMs as a means of replacing human centered interaction with technology in the process of service creation with their customers. Since the year 2010 companies have begun introducing more sophisticated information and communication technologies like Virtual Assistants (VAs) that allow people to interact verbally with cars, navigation devices, smart phones, PCs, tablets etc. (e.g. SIRI, Sher.pa). The companies working in the VA industry are starting to develop these systems for the wearable devices industry. Soon we will be able to interact with a VA in the form of Google Glass or Apple iWatches. Furthermore these companies are starting to test new service delivery alternatives. TBSS research is not able to keep pace with technological developments, therefore the generalisability of extant knowledge to these new technologies remains un-answered. Responding to the above observations, the aim of this study is explorative as it seeks to formulate problems, clarify concepts in order to create hypotheses and a conceptual model in a forthcoming paper. This study involved a thorough review of extant literature, exploratory face-to-face and telephone interviews with experts from different disciplines. Insights obtained from the study suggest the following points: (1) in the future there will be space in the marketplace for the three types of service deliveries identified in the literature: (a) humans, (b) TBSS and (c) intelligent machines such as VAs. (2) Despite the introduction of these new intelligent systems, customers will continue performing the service or parts of the service by themselves with the use of TBSS systems. (3) Users will not be able to absorb all the technological developments at the same speed as the innovations are coming out into the marketplace. (4) Finally intelligent machines such as VAs will foster new innovative service delivery alternatives in which the firm will act together with external parties through informal arrangements or formal alliances with a collaborative mindset. These insights make the following important contributions to the subject matter.

Protecting organizational knowledge: a structured literature review

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to investigate pertinent knowledge protection literature. At the same time, however, knowledge protection is often a neglected or underdeveloped area. This is all the more concerning as knowledge protection plays an essential part in preserving an organization’s competitive advantage. Despite the recognition of this issue by scholars, the knowledge management literature has so far tended to concentrate on the facilitation of knowledge sharing rather than on knowledge protection.Design/methodology/approach– In this paper, the authors present the results of a structured literature review undertaken to investigate the current state of research on knowledge protection. The paper identifies core domains in knowledge protection literature, discusses theoretical perspectives and research methods, sheds light on the role of the information technology (IT) artefact in knowledge protection research and develops a portfolio of knowledge protection measures.Findings– In this paper, 48 papers were analyzed by taking five analytical dimensions into account: research domains, research methods and models, the role of the IT artefact, theoretical views and measures to enforce knowledge protection. Based on the discussion of the results, promising avenues for further research were identified and a research agenda was proposed. The authors argued for more research on the protection of tacit knowledge, more in-depth empirical investigations, more research on IT support and a stronger consideration of theories in knowledge protection research, as well as research on how organizations could build a strategy of knowledge protection.Research limitations/implications– Tacit knowledge, as well as informal alliances or (social) networks, is under-researched so far. Knowledge protection phenomena need to be investigated in depth to test the assumptions stated in many conceptual papers. IT artefacts should be developed and evaluated. More theory-based research and overarching frameworks or strategies for knowledge protection need to be developed.Practical implications– In this paper, a portfolio of knowledge protection measures was developed, which might be of particular interest for practitioners. Further, the paper provides a good overview of the current state of practice regarding knowledge protection.Originality/value– So far, there is no structured literature available focussing on the topic of knowledge protection.

The impact of organisational factors on horizontal bullying and turnover intentions in the nursing workplace.

To examine the impact of organisational factors on bullying among peers (i.e. horizontal) and its effect on turnover intentions among Canadian registered nurses (RNs). Bullying among nurses is an international problem. Few studies have examined factors specific to nursing work environments that may increase exposure to bullying. An Australian model of nurse bullying was tested among Canadian registered nurse coworkers using a web-based survey (n=103). Three factors - misuse of organisational processes/procedures, organisational tolerance and reward of bullying, and informal organisational alliances - were examined as predictors of horizontal bullying, which in turn was examined as a predictor of turnover intentions. The construct validity of model measures was explored. Informal organisational alliances and misuse of organisational processes/procedures predicted increased horizontal bullying that, in turn, predicted increased turnover intentions. Construct validity of model measures was supported. Negative informal alliances and misuse of organisational processes are antecedents to bullying, which adversely affects employment relationship stability. The results suggest that reforming flawed organisational processes that contribute to registered nurses' bullying experiences may help to reduce chronically high turnover. Nurse leaders and managers need to create workplace processes that foster positive networks, fairness and respect through more transparent and accountable practices.