Migration Flows Research Articles

Law and Order in Exile Communities in Early Modern Norfolk

AbstractIn November 1565, Queen Elizabeth issued Letters Patent permitting thirty textile masters from the Low Countries to settle in Norwich and practice their trade. By early 1566, two language communities, one Dutch and the other French, had been established, each with its own church. However, in the wake of the Iconoclastic Fury in the Low Countries, which began in August 1566, many Calvinists left their homes and moved to Norwich. By 1568, the number of exiles in the town exceeded 2000. This led to tensions between the exile community and local people. Alongside a raft of regulations setting limits on the exiles’ commercial activities, the local authorities asked the Dutch and French communities to elect officials to maintain order within their communities and to act as a bridge in relations with the Anglophone community. These officials, known as politicke mannen in Dutch and hommes politiques in French, were elected annually for over 150 years. This article examines how they kept order within their communities and how they maintained relations with the local authorities, above all the mayor and the town council. It does so using correspondence and two minute‐books of the weekly meetings of these officials in the town's Guildhall. Furthermore, the article examines how this ad hoc solution to the sudden influx of migrants provided a template for the maintaining of law and order in other English towns with significant exile communities.

US Intangible Economic Cultural Capital (Outline for Characterization)

Countries differ in their prevailing values, norms, traditions, perceptions, etc., what can be called intangible cultural capital. Since economic relations permeate all relationships between people, a special place in cultural capital is occupied by its economic dimension. The United States is, in every sense of the word, a unique country with a distinct economic cultural capital. Its specificity is determined by the fact that this community was formed as a result of multi-tribal and multilingual immigration, adopting the so-called American Creed as a dominant worldview, which is based mainly on the values of British Protestant settlers. With vast untapped natural resources and the complete absence of feudal relations, the newcomers had a wide scope of economic activity with an absolute equality of opportunities. Individualism, partly inherited from the English nuclear family, has risen to become the prevailing principle of their behavior. This individualism, voluntaristic in nature, did not preclude individuals from uniting freely in various social entities, while also allowing for easy separation. Americans placed emphasis in their economic activity on achievement, success, the measure of which was perceived to be wealth. The accumulation of wealth was not and is not condemned; it is believed that its source is primarily the hard work of its owners who perform important social functions (investment, development of new technologies, etc.). Meanwhile, the causes of poverty, both in the past and present, are often seen in the poor people's own misbehavior. One cannot rule out that the active influx of immigrants with different cultural capital may in the future provoke changes in the American Creed.

Swiss Capital in Africa as a Tool to Prevent Migration

The migration crisis that started in 2015 has become one of the most important socio-economic challenges for Europe. At the same time, solving the problems associated with it requires intervention not only within the countries receiving migrants/refugees, but also “at the farther reaches”, i.e. in Africa and the Middle East, where the main migration flows are formed. Switzerland is one of the largest investors in Africa, but not enough attention has been paid to its activities in the region in the academic literature. This paper analyses Switzerland’s strategies for Africa, examines the distribution of Swiss direct investment, official development assistance in Africa and the nature of the projects implemented. It concludes that Swiss capital is used as a tool to prevent migration in the regions closest to Europe (North Africa, the Greater Horn of Africa, the Sahel), but that has not led to significant positive changes. In addition, despite the declared fight against migration, one of the aspirations of both direct investment and official development assistance is to provide Swiss companies with access to the natural resources of African countries.

The Left Party: Crisis of Ideas or Inherited Defect?

The purpose of this study is to determine the nature of the crisis which the German Left Party faces today. The article analyses the ideological profile of the party, the depth of tensions between representatives of different wings within the party, and the origins and consequences of fierce competition with the right-populist Alternative for Germany in the new federal states. The party's guidelines set out in the 2011 party program are considered outdated. It is argued that today's Left Party is unable to offer the electorate new attractive ideas. The article analyses the contradictions on the issue of finding a new political image for the party between the right-wing “statesmen” (ideological successors of the PDS and SED) and the left-wing “internationalists”, which led to the Left Party’s split last autumn. The article emphasises that during the years of the eurozone crisis and the unprecedented migrants flow to Germany in 2015-2016, the Left leadership has failed to keep the support of the citizens in the East of Germany, who have shifted mainly to the AfG-voters. Based on the results of the study, the authors recognise that the crisis of the Left Party is systemic. The authors draw attention to the fact that the Left Party’s split would cause its withdrawal from the forefront of the German political life. In return, Alliance Sahra Wagenknecht, the new party launched by Sahra Wagenknecht, will probably gain its momentum. In this case, Left Party's right-wing members, part of the protest electorate of the Alternative for Germany, and supporters of a diplomatic settlement of the Ukrainian conflict and relations recovery with the Russian Federation may vote for Wagenknecht's party.

Migration as a hidden risk factor in seismic fatality: a spatial modeling of the Chi-Chi earthquake and suburban syndrome

Abstract. Suburban areas have experienced disproportionately more fatalities during major earthquakes. Place-based models attribute this spatial disparity to hazard, exposure, and social-vulnerability factors. However, the impact of migration on seismic fatality remains underexplored, primarily due to the challenges of accessing mobility data. In this study, we apply a geospatial method, the radiation model, to estimate migration patterns as a critical component of exposure and vulnerability. Analyzing the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake in Taiwan with Poisson regression across 4052 neighborhoods, we factor in migration inflow (i.e., population traveling from other neighborhoods), income of the migrants' origin, and the indigenous-population percentage among migrants, along with other risk factors proven in previous studies. Our findings indicate that migration inflow significantly correlates with an increased number of fatalities. Furthermore, a lower income in the neighborhood of the migrants' origin is significantly associated with more fatalities at their destination. An elevated proportion of the indigenous population in the migrants' original neighborhood also significantly correlates with an increased number of fatalities, although the impact of the Chi-Chi earthquake does not predominantly affect indigenous jurisdictions. This study underscores the seismic-fatality risk on the outskirts of megacities, where migrants from lower-income and historically marginalized groups are more likely to reside for precarious employment, emphasizing the need for affordable and safe living infrastructure for the migrating population. Addressing migrants' vulnerabilities in housing will not only reduce seismic-fatality risk but also improve preparedness against other disasters and public health emergencies.

Future Subnational Population Change in Germany: The Role of Internal and International Migration

ABSTRACTPopulation change in Germany at the subnational level is particularly driven by changes in net international migration and shifts in internal migration flows between urbanisation, suburbanisation and counter‐urbanisation. Official population projections at the county level use a single scenario, thereby omitting uncertainty that arises from changing patterns in the assumed components of demographic change. We use a cohort‐component model that incorporates the spatial distribution of a net number of international migrants and internal migration matrices to provide population projections for 401 counties in Germany until 2070, encompassing nine total international and internal migration scenario combinations. Our results show a full potential outcome space of future subnational population change in Germany and highlight the variability in this possible change in terms of population structure, size, and spatial distribution. Across the scenarios, the total population of Germany is projected to be between 74.25 and 86.84 million people in 2040 (83.4 in 2023). There are also considerable differences in how the total population and its distribution might change spatially, both between urban and rural areas and in age structure. Thus, depending on the assumed absolute level of net international migration and the direction of internal migratory patterns we, highlight how internal and international migration patterns will continue to play a large role in future population development in Germany at the county level.

Projecting future migration with Bayesian hierarchical gravity models of migration: an application to Africa

In this paper, I present and discuss a novel approach to parameterize a gravity model of migration using Bayesian hierarchical models with random intercepts that are free to vary by country of origin, destination, and directed origin-destination country pairs. I then utilize this model to project transboundary migration flows between African countries to the horizon 2050. To do so, I use data on projected future crop yields and water availability from the ISIMIP2b scenarios in combination with projections on future economic and demographic trends from the Shared Socio-Economic Pathways (SSPs). The results indicate that over the period 2010–2050 between 8 to 17 millions people are projected to migrate internationally on the African continent. Yet, only a small portion of these migrants will be induced to move because of climate change. To the contrary, comparisons between SSPs scenarios suggests that economic development will have a far larger impact on projected level of international migration on the continent than climate change.

From the block to the world: Black placemaking in New York City over three generations

ABSTRACT Following scholars of Critical Race Theory and Black Geographies, this article employs a biographical and genealogical methodology to trace trajectories of social, cultural, and political change in Black urban communities in the 20th century. Specifically, by focusing on the paternal line of the artist and hip-hop pioneer Frederick Brathwaite (known as Fab 5 Freddy), this article examines the relationship of urban space to Black cultural production over time. I argue that cultural and political production are expressions of Black placemaking, reflecting the migratory flows, social conditions, and structural experiences of Black communities in the 20th century. However, the commodification of Black cultural production raises questions regarding its persistence as a form of Black placemaking. Using qualitative sources, this article draws attention to the ways that Black cultural production is a spatial expression. This article also offers insight into the cultural persistence of Black urban communities during the 20th century.

Instrumentalizacja migrantów jako forma destabilizacji bezpieczeństwa na wschodniej granicy zewnętrznej UE w kontekście wojny w Ukrainie

INSTRUMENTALISATION OF MIGRANTS AS A FORM OF SECURITY DESTABILIZATION IN THE CONTEXT OF THE WAR IN UKRAINE The instrumentalization of migrants is a relatively recent phenomenon occuring at the EU’s eastern external border with Belarus. Its objective is to use migration flows as a tool in Russia’s hybrid warfare strategy aimed at destabilizing EU member states. The aim of this article is to examine the instrumentalisation of migrants as a form of security destabilization at the EU’s eastern external border in the context of the ongoing war in Ukraine. The war in Ukraine is one of the factors that have directly influenced the instrumentalization of migrants along the border with Belarus. This relationship, although appearing non-obvious at first glance, demonstrates no less than several factors indicative of the interdependence of the two processes. Firstly, it should be understood within the broader objective of instrumentalisation, which seeks to destabilize the European Union. Undoubtedly, one of the objectives of the Russian aggression against Ukraine is to destabilize the EU’s security.

Conflict Resolution in Intercultural Business Contexts: An Interdisciplinary and Reflective Framework

This paper adopts an interdisciplinary and reflective framework and aims to analyze the parameters and factors involved in conflicts arising in intercultural business settings, such as those of firms employing a diverse workforce, involving people of different cultural backgrounds. First, it presents the main concerns that need to be examined in a negotiation or mediation process (outcome vs. relationship) and proposes approaches and strategies for the resolution of major or minor disputes, to minimize costs and “side effects”. Secondly, based on conflict case scenarios involving intercultural interaction, the paper aims to illustrate the link between the negotiation approaches adopted, the participants’ emotional state, and their verbal and non-verbal communication skills. Finally, it aims to bring to the surface the importance of maintaining a communication climate promoting collaboration and establishing “rapport” to pursue an interests-based, integrative negotiation (win-win). Thus, it becomes evident that in the context of today’s globalized enterprises, it is essential, on the one hand, to take into account the increased need for effective intercultural communication (and, sometimes, mediation) and, on the other, to adopt appropriate approaches and strategies to ensure positive and mutually acceptable outcomes by adhering to a reflective model of thinking. Based on the findings and suggestions of the paper, it is proposed that training in conflict resolution strategies aiming for “integrative” outcomes (by applying the proposed CIIS framework as a pilot) should become a component of corporate policies and business communication, given also that migration flows are constantly changing workforce composition.

Nowe wyzwania w zakresie zwalczania przemytu migrantów w Unii Europejskiej

NEW CHALLENGES IN COMBATING MIGRANT SMUGGLING IN THE EUROPEAN UNIONMigrant smuggling is an international crime that threatens people’s lives, violates fundamental rights and disrupts the proper management of migration flows. Preventing and combating migrant smuggling is one of the important elements of the EU’s migration policy. The EU has been taking initiatives to combat this practice for many years. The article presents current legal and policy solutions that are used to combat migrant smuggling. In addition, the new legislation that the European Commission presented in November 2023 is also presented. The aim of these new proposals is to update and strengthen existing regulations to address new challenges posed by the continuously evolving modus operandi of smugglers. While the Union has taken significant steps in recent years in preventing and combating migrant smuggling, new challenges continue to emerge, necessitating intensified efforts and a renewed comprehensive approach in addition to the existing challenges.

Economic Implications of Foreign Immigration

Immigrants influence the socio-economic conditions of communities, consistently impacting the economy and the social structure of regions. This study investigates the economic effects of Chinese immigrants in the United States. Using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression models, this study examines the correlation between immigrant inflow and median income and predicts future migrational trends. Two models are employed: one analyzes the relationship between Chinese immigrant inflow and median income, and the other predicts migrational trends by generating a lagged variable. The results demonstrate a positive correlation between immigrant inflow and median income, as well as an upward trend in Chinese immigration, showing the growth in the influence of these individuals on the United States economy.

Biopolitical Borders and the Political Economy of Migration Flows to and From Türkiye

ABSTRACTThis study examines the biopolitical borders of Türkiye. On the one hand, Türkiye deserves attention as a destination country that received millions of Syrian asylum seekers after the outbreak of the war in Syria and hundreds of thousands of migrants from other surrounding countries since the early 2010s. Yet, the country can also be seen as an origin and a transit country since a significant number of citizens and foreigners have been emigrating to Western countries from Türkiye. Recently, the number of educated and highly skilled people from Türkiye migrating to other countries has escalated. Given its unique position as a receiving, transit and origin country, Türkiye merits special investigation into the consequences of migration and border policies on domestic biopolitics. This study differs from existing literature in that it focuses on the biopolitical implications of migration from and to Türkiye. The study shows that even though the biopolitical borders of the country seem inadequate to protect domestic biopolitics, they are still discernible for migrants. Although a large number of Syrians, Afghans and other foreign nationals have crossed the national borders of Türkiye, they still face biopolitical borders. Türkiye's biopolitical borders not only function to establish a hierarchy that subordinates migrants to citizens but also create hierarchies among different migrant groups.

β-Arbutin and cisplatin: A combined approach to modulating apoptosis, cell viability, and migration in bladder cancer cells

One of the preferred treatments for bladder cancer, one of the most common cancers worldwide, is cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Since most tumor cells show cisplatin resistance, it is very important to discover new agents without adverse side effects. β-arbutin, a hydroquinone-β-D-glucopyranoside, has biological properties such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer, and is a phytochemical widely used as a skin whitener. In this study, β-arbutin was purified from the animal feed plant Onobrychis buhseana Boiss. (sainfoin). The study aimed to investigate the combined effects of cisplatin, a clinically used chemotherapeutic agent, and β-arbutin on HT-1376 bladder cancer cells for apoptosis, cell viability, and migration. In the study, after HT-1376 bladder cancer cells were cultured, optimum β-arbutin and cisplatin doses were determined on HT-1376 cells using the WST-1 test. To determine the apoptotic and migratory effects, flow cytometry and wound healing assays were performed. In HT-1376 cells, β-Arbutin led to greater apoptotoic and migratory effects when used alone and combined with Cisplatin (p < 0.0001 for apoptotic and migratory effects treated with β-Arbutin alone, p < 0.0001 for apoptotic and migratory effects when combined with Cisplatin). As a result, it can be suggested that β-arbutin may be a good drug candidate for treating bladder cancer.

형사사법(司法)절차에서 통역을 받을 권리의 헌법적 보장과 그 실현을 위한 입법과제

This paper explores the critical role of judiciary interpreting in legal proceedings, focusing on the necessity for accurate and effective court interpretation for defendants who do not speak the court's language. Judiciary interpreting is distinct from general interpreting because it directly impacts the protection of basic rights and the fairness of the trial. Without proper interpretation, defendants may not fully understand the charges against them or the legal procedures, leading to the potential infringement of their defense rights and the integrity of the trial. As South Korea transitions into a multicultural society, the influx of immigrants has led to an increase in criminal cases involving non-native Korean speakers. These defendants often face difficulties in both testimony and communication with legal professionals due to language barriers. In response, South Korean law mandates the assistance of interpreters during criminal procedures (Article 180 of the Criminal Procedure Act) and has introduced systems like the 2021 court interpreter certification program. However, issues such as a lack of qualified interpreters for minority languages and insufficient understanding of legal terminology among interpreters still hinder the full realization of defendants' rights. This paper addresses the constitutional foundation of the right to interpretation, emphasizing that this right derives from the principles of due process, the right to a fair trial, and bodily freedom guaranteed in the Korean Constitution. By comparing legal systems in Canada, the U.S., and the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), this study examines the standards for interpretation rights and suggests improvements for South Korea's judiciary interpreting system. Key recommendations include establishing objective criteria for determining when interpretation is necessary, ensuring interpreter competence, and formalizing interpretation guidelines in the legal system to safeguard the accuracy and impartiality of court interpretation. The paper concludes that an effective judiciary interpreting system is essential to maintaining the fairness of trials in a multicultural society and calls for legislative reforms to enhance interpreter training and certification.

Money and migration: a regional perspective from China

ABSTRACT Money flows reflect overall economic exchanges. Using unique data on cross-province bank transfers in China, we find a positive relation between migration and money flows. The finding is stronger among urban migrants and those with better education. Using historical migration as an instrument, there is causal evidence for our finding. Additional analysis reveals that migrants promote both the trade and the investment components of money flows. This study sheds light on how migrants facilitate economic exchanges between regions.

Integracja ekonomiczna imigrantów z Ukrainy w Polsce w kontekście trendów demograficznych

Russia’s aggression against Ukraine in 2014 and then in 2022 was associated with an influx of immigrants to Poland, unprecedented in recent history, most of whom found employment in Poland relatively quickly. The article aims to examine the factors influencing employment and declarations regarding the intention to remain in Poland permanently among various groups of immigrants from Ukraine remaining in Poland. Groups of men and women were analysed, as well as the division into refugees (forced immigrants) related to the full-scale war that began in 2022 and previous economic immigrants. It has been confirmed tha among all immigrants a very good knowledge of the Polish language has a positive impact on employment and declarations of settlement in Poland. However, the analyses confirm that the same factors often have different impacts on people belonging to different analysed groups. For example, knowledge of the Polish language was essential for finding work for female refugees. Still, it was not important to take up work by voluntary immigrants who arrived before the war. No negative impact of child benefits on the employment of forced immigrants was found, but in the case of previous immigrants, these benefits were associated with a significantly lower probability of employment. The differences in motivations of different groups of Ukrainian immigrants in Poland are important from the point of view of policies facilitating the economic integration of immigrants in Poland. They are also important for predicting the propensity for settlement migration in Poland or potential returns to Ukraine in the future

Directions for improving the migration policy of the European Union in matters of migrant integration

The article is devoted to the analysis of current directions of improvement of the European Union’s migration policy in the context of immigrant integration, in particular, in the context of growing migration flows to Europe. Authors note that there are problems in building migration policy due to the fragmentation of its regulatory mechanisms. The emphasis is placed on the need for a systematic approach to solving problems related to the integration of immigrants that affect the social stability and economic balance of the EU Member States. The main challenges faced by both immigrants and host countries are considered: cultural isolation, formation of parallel communities, economic vulnerability of migrants, discrimination, illegal migration and social conflicts. The provisions of the Pact on Migration and Asylum, as well as the Action Plan on Integration and Inclusion for 2021–2027, which develops the provisions of the Pact, are analyzed. Special attention is paid to measures and recommendations aimed at promoting the integration of migrants and strengthening social cohesion in the EU countries. Authors examine the provisions of the Pact that provide for “solidarity cooperation” between Member States, including mechanisms for the redistribution of migrants, financial compensation and technical assistance for first-receiving states, in particular through the standardization of admission conditions. Further areas for improving integration policy are suggested, such as improving mechanisms for recognizing professional qualifications, increasing access to educational and language programs, combating discrimination, and strengthening the decentralization of integration measures. According to the authors, despite the fact that the EU does not have the competence to legislate in this area, the Action Plan can be a decisive push on the way to the effective integration of immigrants, where social cohesion, economic stability and security in the EU will be key elements, and further reforms in this area will help overcome the current challenges of the migration crisis.

The Recent Italian Response to Migration: Everything must Change so that Everything can Stay the Same?

Abstract In 2022, more than 100,000 migrants reached Italy, almost a 60% rise compared with the previous year. In response to such a massive increase in the number of arrivals, in 2023, Italy undertook a wealth of initiatives in the field of migration management. On the one side, the Government enacted several decree-laws addressing a wide range of migration-related issues. On the other side, the Prime Minister concluded a bilateral Protocol with Albania to establish two detention centres on Albanian territory, placed under Italian jurisdiction and financed by Italy, for the processing of international protection applications as well as for carrying out return operations for those who do not qualify. This contribution takes stock of the recent developments of the Italian practice related to the control of migration flows, assessing the main initiatives undertaken by the Government in 2023 from an international law standpoint, with a view to verifying if a real shift in Italian migration policy has been enacted. It is submitted that, despite some significant novelty in the practice concerning bilateral cooperation with third States, Italy’s overall approach seems to be characterised by a questionable continuity with the past.

The macro-structure of football's global migration system: How linguistic, economic, and geographic boundaries constrain player mobility

Sport sociologists study how macro-level factors structure the global migration flows of athletes in professional football with three perspectives that theorize that some combination of cultural-linguistic similarities, global value-added chains, and geographical proximity structure migration in football. However, most studies use imprecise data and lack a micro-level foundation detailing why the hypothesized macro-structural factors shape the recruitment decisions of clubs and the migration choices of players. This study develops a theoretical framework with refutable hypotheses to analyze why the macro-level factors highlighted in existing theories shape the decisions of clubs and players and tests these hypotheses with data on all inter-country transfers from 2006 to 2022. Results indicate that migration connects all countries in world football, but the largest migration flows occur between countries located in close linguistic, economic, and geographic proximity. These results support theories that emphasize how linguistic and geographic boundaries structure migration, but cast doubt on theories of global value-added chains claiming that migration connects different economic tiers in world football. The labor market in football may be global, but most clubs and players operate in a linguistically, economically, and geographically bounded segment of that global labor market.