Influence Of Ultrasonic Power Research Articles

Influence of ultrasonic power on microstructure and performance of electroless deposited Ni-W-SiC nanocoatings

This study reports the deposition of Ni-W-SiC nanocoatings on the 45-steel using the ultrasound-assisted electroless deposition (UELD) technique. The hardness and corrosion resistance of the nanocoatings were evaluated through microhardness tests and electrochemical analyses. The surface, cross-section, phase composition, and abrasion morphologies of the coatings were studied using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The findings indicated that the Ni-W-SiC coating obtained at 200 W showed a compact, fine, and flat microstructure with a porosity of only 0.03 %. As the ultrasonic power during the UELD process increased from 0 W to 200 W, the SiC content in the coating rose from 2.77 to 4.16 wt% The maximum bonding force of the coating synthesized without ultrasound was approximately 89.8 N. However, the bonding force of the coatings significantly decreased with increasing ultrasonic power. The coating’s thickness also increased, from 11.09 μm at 0 W to 14.97 μm at 300 W. At 200 W ultrasonic power, the diffraction peaks of the coating were both the lowest and broadest among all the coatings. Further, the coating achieved the highest microhardness value of 676 HV. At 200 W ultrasonic power, the coating's corrosion current density was 1.63×10−7 A/cm2, which is only one-twelfth that of 45 steel, demonstrating exceptional corrosion resistance. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) testings indicated that an excellent corrosion resistance of Ni-W-SiC coating was deposited by using a 200 W ultrasonic power. This study provides a technical support for the preparation of nickel-based composite coatings.

ULTRASONIC-ASSISTED ELECTRODEPOSITION OF CoMo/Al2O3 COMPOSITE COATING ON THE SURFACE OF STEEL AND ITS CORROSION RESISTANCE IN SIMULATED SEWAGE WATER

The ultrasonic is applied during the electrodeposition process of CoMo/Al2O3 composite coating on 10# steel to enhance its corrosion resistance in simulated sewage water. The influence of ultrasonic power on the thickness, roughness, chemical composition, surface morphology, and corrosion resistance of the composite coating is investigated. In an aqueous solution, a co-deposition of cobalt and molybdenum can be induced to form CoMo alloy coating. The Al2O3 nanoparticles are incorporated into CoMo alloy to form CoMo/Al2O3 composite coating. When the ultrasonic power increases from 0[Formula: see text]W to 100 W, the electrodeposition rate of the composite coating increases from 63.25[Formula: see text]mg/h to 153.73[Formula: see text]mg/h, and the thickness of the composite coating also increases from 15.6[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m to 28.1[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m. The surface roughness of composite coating electrodeposited without ultrasonic is about 0.436[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m. The CoMo/Al2O3 composite coating electrodeposited at 100[Formula: see text]W ultrasonic power exhibits the smallest surface roughness of 0.193[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m and presents a denser surface morphology composed of 74.4% Co, 10.3% Mo, and 15.3% Al, resulting in better corrosion resistance with the smallest corrosion current density of only 9.7[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]A/cm2. However, when the ultrasonic power is 150[Formula: see text]W, the intense hydrogen evolution on the surface of the cathode reduces the density of the coating surface, which leads to the deterioration of corrosion resistance.

Effects of nickel content on the electrochemical performance of nanosized ternary nickel–zinc–cobalt oxide supercapacitors

To improve the electrochemical performance and structural durability of supercapacitors, herein, well-ordered, porous Ni–Zn–Co ternary oxide nanostructures were synthesized by doping Ni to Zn–Co oxide using ultrasonic electrodeposition. Our investigations revealed that Ni–Zn–Co ternary oxide exhibited superior capacity and rate performance when compared to Zn–Co oxide. In particular, the incorporation of 1 mol/L of Ni markedly improved the electrochemical capabilities of the cathode materials. Remarkably, under the influence of ultrasonic power at 500 W, Ni–Zn–Co oxide exhibited a superior mass loading of 6.2 mg/cm2, coupled with exceptional electron transfer efficiency. The growth mechanism and valence composition of Ni–Zn–Co oxides were studied by SEM and XPS analysis. Moreover, electrodes fabricated from Ni–Zn–Co oxide, synthesized via ultrasonic electrodeposition, demonstrated remarkable area capacitance and rate capabilities, achieving an impressive 1.779 F/cm2 at a current density of 3 mA/cm2. Additionally, the supercapacitor incorporating the Ni–Zn–Co oxide electrode exhibited exceptional long-term stability, maintaining a capacity retention rate of 125.2 % over 24,000 cycles in a mild alkaline electrolyte. This study not only contributes to advancing high-performance cathode materials but also offers valuable perspectives on novel techniques for their fabrication.

Effects of ultrasound on the removal of emulsion plugging in oil reservoirs

The generation of water-in-crude oil emulsions in a reservoir can cause formation damage due to droplet trapping at pore spaces. The removal of the damage is anticipated to be inexpensive and eco-friendly when done with ultrasound as opposed to chemical demulsifiers. The influence of ultrasonic power and frequencies on the removal process, however, is not well understood. Additionally, the process's underlying mechanism is largely speculated. In this study, the effect of ultrasound on the removal of emulsion plugging in oil reservoirs was investigated using a glass micromodel. Emulsion blockage during oil production was replicated in the micromodel and subjected to different ultrasonic frequencies (20 and 40 kHz) and powers (100–1000 watt). The experiments demonstrate that when ultrasonic power and frequency increase from 100 to 1000 watt and 20–40 kHz, respectively, demulsification effectiveness decreases. Ultrasound at low frequency (20 kHz) and power (100 watt) proved to be the most efficient condition to dislodge trapped emulsions in the micromodel pores, facilitate droplet coalescence and increase fluid recovery. The percentage of recovered emulsions increased to 58 % when the micromodel was exposed to ultrasound (20 kHz, 100 watt), as opposed to 53.3 % in the case without ultrasound. This study provides insights into the microscopic behavior of emulsions under the influence of ultrasonic waves, allowing petroleum engineers to optimize ultrasound demulsification process.

Preparation of lemon essential oil nanoemulsion and its effect on the microbial community of pork patties.

The purpose of this study was to prepare an essential oil nanoemulsion and apply it to meat products to achieve antimicrobial effect. The nanoemulsion of lemon essential oil was produced by high power ultrasonication. The influences of ultrasonic power, ultrasonic time, and mass ratio of sodium caseinate to essential oil on the particle size were examined. The optimal conditions for preparing nanoemulsion were ultrasonic power 327W, ultrasonic time 18min, and sodium caseinate to essential oil mass ratio 4.23:1. Lower temperature was more conducive to the preservation of nanoemulsion. Compared to control and essential oil group, the nanoemulsion could decrease the total volatile basic nitrogen content and total bacterial colony in pork patties. When applied to pork patties, the nanoemulsion decreased the microbial diversity and inhibited the growth of a variety of microorganisms such as Bacillus, extending the storage time of pork patties. This study developed a novel and workable nanoemulsion for inhibiting bacteria of meat products.

Effects of ultrasonic vibration on microstructures and thermal properties of nickel-titanium shape memory alloy fabricated by directed energy deposition

Directed energy deposition (DED) has been previously utilized to fabricate nickel-titanium alloys; however, the inhomogeneity of microstructures and the formation of precipitates are still two major problems encountered in current DED processes. In this study, an ultrasonic vibration-assisted strategy is proposed and integrated into a DED process. The influences of ultrasonic power on deposition area, microstructures, and thermal behaviors of fabricated NiTi alloys are investigated. The results show that ultrasonic vibration can effectively improve deposition area and ameliorate the shape memory effect. The reported ultrasonic vibration-assisted strategy is expected to reduce the microstructure heterogeneity and secondary phase formation in nickel-titanium alloy fabrication.

Efficient removal of Bisphenol A in water via piezocatalytic degradation by equivalent-vanadium-doped SrTiO3 nanofibers

A new strategy was reported for removal of low-concentration BPA in water via piezocatalytic degradation of equivalently V-doped SrTiO3 nanofibers (V-STO NFs), which can effectively convert mechanical vibration into chemical energy under ultrasound only. The optimal doped 0.5% V-STO NFs exhibited excellent piezocatalytic performance of complete removal of BPA within 24 min, which could be ascribed to the localized surface piezoelectricity of SrTiO3 itself and increased local asymmetry of the crystal originating from equivalent vanadium substitution. The influence of ultrasonic power, pH, BPA concentration and coexisting inorganic anions on BPA degradation were analyzed. Moreover, a suitable piezocatalytic mechanism was proposed through the free radical capture test and ESR characterization. The results suggested that the •O2– and •OH are the main active radicals in BPA oxidation. It provides a feasible approach for removal of phenolic pollutants by a perovskite-based nano-piezoelectric material.

The influence of acoustic power on chemical absorption of CO2 using Slow Kinetic Solvent

Ultrasonic Irradiation (UI) is an emerging technology that is used to assist the CO2 absorption process. Even for the slow kinetic solvents without using any chemical promoter, high-frequency UI might enhance mass transfer during the absorption process. For this purpose, it is essential to study the performance of a high-frequency ultrasonic-assisted absorption system under varied operating conditions. The ultrasonic power is considered as one of the main parameters during the absorption of CO2. Thus, in this paper, the influence of ultrasonic power is presented using Methyl diethanolamine (MDEA) as a chemical solvent. The ultrasonic power has been varied from 0 to 15.3 W. The results tend to show a significant absorption rate enhancement for higher ultrasonic power. Moreover, they prove that the high-frequency ultrasonic absorption system has high potential to be utilized to enhance the absorption using promoter-free MDEA.

Optimization of ultrasound‐assisted extraction of melanin and its hypoglycemic activities from Sporisorium reilianum

Sporisorium reilianum (S. reiliana) is rich in nutrition, high in melanin content, and can be obtained by artificial species. It is a high-quality raw material for extracting natural melanin. Because of its unique structure and physicochemical property, natural melanin has become a stable and unique rare species in natural pigments. In this study, the effect of ultrasonic assisted on melanin extraction was studied with S. reiliana as a material. The influences of ultrasonic power, temperature, time, NaOH extract on melanin extraction in S. reiliana were investigated respectively. And through the single factor test and response surface method (RSM) to verify the evaluation. The RSM optimum conditions for melanin accumulation were: Ultrasonic power 245W, temperature 50°C, time 2 h, and pH 13 of NaOH extract. Under this condition, the return is 3.52%, which is close to the predicted value, indicating the feasibility of this model. For α-glycosidase and PTP1B inhibition assay, the melanin demonstrated the inhibitory effect with IC50 82.16 ± 5.02 μg/ml and 81.27 ± 10.48 μg/ml, respectively. This study reveals the hypoglycemic activities of the melanin isolated from S. reiliana for the first time. Practical applications Melanin from S. reiliana is an excellent hypoglycemic product due to its high α-glycosidase and PTP1B inhibition activity. However, its extraction yield is too low. The combination of unconventional techniques (ultrasound-assisted alkali dissolution and acid precipitation) is characterized as a new methodology for the extraction of melanin from S. reiliana. The extract provided a higher content of melanin than conventional methods. This technique is easily incorporated at the industrial level and is the low cost after the purchase of the relevant equipment.

Effect of pulsating water jet disintegration on hardness and elasticity modulus of austenitic stainless steel AISI 304L

The presented article is focused on the evaluation of mechanical properties of stainless steel disintegrated using an ultrasonically modulated pulsating water jet. The experimental procedure was performed using a nozzle with a circular orifice with an equivalent diameter of 1.6 mm. The mechanical properties evaluation was based on indentation elasticity modulus Ep and nano hardness H, which were measured using nanoindentation technique. Influence of ultrasonic power and plunger pressure change on disintegrated material was evaluated. Changes in mechanical properties in dependence on distance from the disintegrated surface were evaluated. Elasticity modulus and nano hardness change were observed below and on the sides of the disintegrated surfaces. Measurements were performed until the distance of 930 μm. The indentation was carried in three series of 10 indents with 100 μm spacing located below the affected area, next to the affected area and in the unaffected material. Results of experimental testing show changes of nano hardness (generally an appreciable decrease) and elasticity modulus (limited increase) of material under and to the side of the newly created surface.

Effects of ultrasound on the kinetics and thermodynamics properties of papain entrapped in modified gelatin

Papain is one of the most promising proteases for hydrolysis and the immobilized papain is widely used in the food industry. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of different ultrasound conditions on the kinetics and thermodynamics of enzymatic reactions of papain entrapped in modified gelatin. The diffusion of methyl orange pigment in modified gelatin gel was explored to establish the diffusion kinetics of modified gelatin. Results showed that the temperature and ultrasonic had significant effects on the catalytic reaction between papain entrapped in modified gelatin and casein. Kinetics analysis proved that the catalytic reaction of immobilized papain and the release of methyl orange pigment from modified gelatin followed the first order kinetics. The thermodynamic analysis showed that the apparent activation energy, enthalpy and activation free energy were the lowest at 135 kHz and 0.15 W/cm2, which proved that the optimal conditions for the enzymatic hydrolysis of immobilized papain entrapped in modified gelatin gel were 135 kHz and 0.15 W/cm2. The impact of ultrasound on the diffusion showed that the effect of ultrasonic-assisted treatment on the diffusion coefficient (De) of methyl orange pigment in modified gelatin gel was greater than that of ultrasonic pretreatment. In addition, the influence of ultrasonic power on the De was greater than that of ultrasonic frequency. This study reveals ultrasound treatment could accelerate the spontaneous reaction of the enzymatic reaction. This study is important to explain the hydrolysis reaction of immobilized papain to control the progress of the hydrolysis during ultrasound treatment.

Ultrasonic-assisted electrodeposition of Ni-Al2O3 nanocomposites at various ultrasonic powers

In this study, nanometer-sized γ-Al2O3 particles were embedded in nickel matrix to fabricate Ni-Al2O3 nanocomposites using ultrasonic-assisted electrodeposition (UAED) technique. Influence of ultrasonic power on microstructure, surface morphology, phase structure, and properties of nanocomposites were investigated using scanning electron microscope (SEM), atomic force microscope (AFM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), microhardness tester, abrasion tester, and electrochemical workstation. Results demonstrate that S-300 nanocomposite had compact, smooth, and fine surface morphology, and Al2O3 nanoparticle content in S-300 nanocomposite that was obtained at 300 W had maximum value of 9.87 wt%. Peaks of nickel grains first became broader and then became slightly narrower when ultrasonic power increased from 100 W to 400 W. This illustrates that suitable ultrasonic power (such as 300 W) can obviously refine nickel grains in Ni-Al2O3 nanocomposites. S-300 nanocomposite had maximum microhardness value of 905.4 Hv. Average wear rate of S-300 nanocomposite was only 18.7 mg/min, and this illustrates that among Ni-Al2O3 nanocomposites, S-300 had outstanding wear resistance. S-300 nanocomposite had the smallest corrosion current density of 0.033 μA/mm2, demonstrating that S-300 had the best corrosion resistance.

Characterization of nanocellulose–graphene electric heating membranes prepared via ultrasonic dispersion

Nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) can enhance the flexibility and mechanical performance of graphene composite, but there are few researches focusing on dispersibility of the composite via different dispersion conditions, which mainly determine their key properties. This presented work concentrated on the influence of ultrasonic power and time on the property of NFC suspension, graphene suspension, and the composite membrane. With the increase in the ultrasonic conditions, particle size of NFC suspension decreased and the static stability of graphene suspension was improved. NFC–graphene suspension exhibited excellent static stability even adopting the low ultrasonic conditions due to the electrostatic repulsive and adhesive effect among NFCs. After enhancing shearing force induced from ultrasonic waves and cavitation, graphene sheets could be effectively detached and dispersed, and then, the planar uniformity and structural integrity of NFC–graphene membrane tended to be better, which was characterized and confirmed by morphology, chemical, and thermal and phase structure analysis. Conductivity uniformity of the seven points on the membrane exhibited an increasing trend with the increase in the ultrasonic power and time, as well as the mechanical performance, while the heating temperature uniformity had no distinct change due to the excellent thermal conductivity of the graphene. The higher ultrasonic condition was conducive to the stability of electric heating performance. Consequently, the ultrasonic treatment with different conditions had impacted the incorporation of graphene into the NFC matrix. This study’s results would be a feasible reference for the improvement of the composite used in various areas.

Influence of single and multiple coupling factors on the stability of paraffin-based nanofluids

Nanofluids have been introduced to improve the thermal properties of phase-change materials. However, stability problems caused by agglomeration and deposition have greatly restricted the use of nanofluids. In this work, paraffin-based nanofluids were prepared under the dual coordination of magnetic stirring and ultrasonic oscillation, the influence of ultrasonic power and time, base fluid volume, particle concentration and type on fluid stability was studied by single factor method, and the influence degree of the above four factors on fluid stability was studied by fractional factor design method. The following conclusions were drawn from the experiment: (1) With the increase of ultrasonic power, the relative absorbance increases within the allowable range of the experimental instrument, and the maximum improvement is 3.06%.(2) The optimal ultrasonic time for nanofluids preparation is 2 h. (3) The sample volume under the optimal state is 45 ml. (4) With the increase in concentration, the absorbance per concentration decreases, and the reduction range becomes slow. (5) The stability of the nanofluid is also related to the characteristics of the particle surface. (6) The coupling effect of ultrasonic power - concentration (PC) has the most significant effect on the overall absorbance change. This study provides a clear improvement direction and basis for the preparation of highly stable nanofluids.

Crystallization of α-glycine by anti-solvent assisted by ultrasound.

Crystallization of α-glycine by addition of an anti-solvent (ethanol) assisted by ultrasound is studied. The experiments of crystallization are conducted at 303.15 K in a solution of 150 ml with continuous agitation by a magnetic rod. Ultrasound is then applied at powers ranging from 8 to 41 W thanks to an ultrasonic horn at 20 kHz. The supersaturation ratio (S) is followed throughout all the experiment. At the end of the experiment, the suspension is filtered, the solid is washed with ethanol and dried at 333.15 K. The resulting crystals are characterized by their final size distributions measured by laser granulometry, their morphologies observed by scanning electronic microscope (SEM) and their crystalline structures by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The influence of ultrasonic power (continuous 13, 28 and 40 W or pulsed modes), measured by calorimetry method, is studied for different addition rates (0.05 to 0.36 g of ethanol/min). Ultrasound permits to reduce the metastable zone width and to decrease the size of crystals due to an increase of the nucleation rate. The rate of de-supersaturation is higher in presence of ultrasound, inducing a higher nucleation rate, a higher growth rate or both. At 40 W, the decrease of supersaturation is faster, and the crystallization is finished in 40 min instead of 80 min (at 13 and 28 W) or 120 min without ultrasound. The use of pulsed ultrasound (50 on/50 off) is interesting from an economic point of view because similar results are obtained: comparable size distributions and resembling concentration profiles.

Ultrasound-assisted adsorption of Congo red from aqueous solution using Mg[sbnd]Al[sbnd]CO3 layered double hydroxide

MgAlCO3 layered double hydroxide (LDH) was prepared via the hydrothermal method, and used to remove Congo red (CR) from the aqueous solution with the assist of ultrasound. The influence of ultrasonic power on the CR adsorption, together with adsorption kinetics and isotherms were investigated. The mechanism of ultrasound-assisted adsorption was elucidated. The results showed that compared with stirring and shaking, ultrasound-assisted adsorption resulted in a significantly shorter adsorption equilibrium time of 120 min under initial 0.2 g/L CR and 0.2 g/L LDH dosage. The optimal ultrasonic power was 180 W at which a maximum adsorption capacity of 934.43 mg/g was achieved. The adsorption kinetics fitted the pseudo-second order kinetic model well (R2 = 0.9999), and the adsorption isotherms fitted the Langmuir isotherm model well (R2 = 0.998). The adsorption rate remained above 60% after three cycles.

Novel mesoporous MnO2/SnO2 nanomaterials synthesized by ultrasonic-assisted co-precipitation method and their application in the catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide

Novel mesoporous MnO2/SnO2 catalysts were successfully synthesized via traditional and ultrasonic co-precipitation methods. Moreover, their catalytic efficiencies were evaluated in decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Interestingly, it was found that the mixing of MnO2 with SnO2 catalyst led to a significant improvement in their catalytic efficiencies compared with single oxides catalysts. However, the influence of ultrasonic power and irradiation time on MnO2/SnO2 nanomaterials were compared to get optimum synthetic condition. Subsequently, the catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), N2 adsorption-desorption analysis and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). Results represented that the effect of ultrasonic power and irradiation time on MnO2/SnO2 catalysts exerted a great influence on the BET surface area and average particle diameter. Furthermore, the results showed that the best catalytic efficiency was obtained for the mesoporous MnO2/SnO2 catalyst which is sonicated at power of 60% for 30 min as optimum conditions. Finally, the outcomes appeared that the catalysts synthesized by ultrasonic co-precipitation method were more efficient than those synthesized by traditional co-precipitation in catalyzing H2O2 decomposition.

Influence of Ultrasonic Power and Ultrasonic Time on the Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Whey Protein Isolate

Abstract The effects of ultrasonic powers (0, 200, 400, 600 or 800 W) and ultrasonic times (20 or 40 min) on the physicochemical and functional properties of whey protein isolate (WPI) dispersions were investigated. Particle size of WPI dispersions was minimized after sonication. Compared with untreated WPI, free sulfhydryl groups of ultrasound-treated WPI significantly decreased, while surface hydrophobicity of WPI was remarkably enhanced. After WPI dispersion was treated by ultrasound, its gel strength enhanced. Ultrasound treatment remarkably decreased turbidity of WPI suspension and its turbidity significantly decreased by 78.8 % at the ultrasonic power of 600 W for 40 min. Emulsification activity of sonicated WPI dispersions and its emulsion stability greatly increased. Therefore, ultrasound treatment could improve functional properties and change physicochemical properties.

Residual stress, tensile strength, and macrostructure investigations on ultrasonic assisted friction stir welding of AA 6061-T6

In recent decades, ultrasonic vibrations are used in manufacturing processes because they can improve tool life, material performance, and quality. One of them which can be integrated with ultrasonic vibrations is friction stir welding called ultrasonic assisted friction stir welding. In previous studies, the effect of ultrasonic vibrations on the mechanical, metallurgical, and thermal properties was investigated and there is not any residual stress investigations on ultrasonic assisted friction stir welding. Since residual stress plays an important role in performance and stability of components, the influence of ultrasonic power on the longitudinal residual stress in friction stir welding is investigated in this work. In spite of residual stress, tensile strength and quality of weldment were investigated as complementary terms to ensure successful performance of ultrasonic assisted friction stir welding. The findings indicated that high-frequency vibrations with power of 200 W can reduce the maximum tensile residual stress about 45% and significantly increase tensile strength. Also, ultrasonic vibrations prevent defect such has voids and tunnel in weld zone due to peening effect in ultrasonic assisted friction stir welding.

Ultrasonic hyperactivation of cellulase immobilized on magnetic nanoparticles

In the present work, effect of low power, low frequency ultrasound on cellulase immobilized magnetic nanoparticles (cellulase@MNPs) was studied. To gain maximum activity recovery in cellulase@MNPs various parameters viz. ratio of MNPs:cellulase, concentration of glutaraldehyde and cross-linking time were optimized. The influence of ultrasonic power on cellulase@MNPs was studied. Under ultrasonic conditions at 24kHz, 6W power, and 6min of incubation time there was almost 3.6 fold increased in the catalytic activity of immobilized cellulase over the control. Results also indicated that there was improvement in pH and temperature stability of cellulase@MNPs. Furthermore, thermal deactivation energy required was more in cellulase@MNPs than that of the free cellulase. Secondary structural analysis revealed that there were conformational changes in free cellulase and cellulase@MNPs before and after sonication which might be responsible for enhanced activity after ultrasonication. Finally, the influence of ultrasound and cellulase@MNPs for biomass hydrolysis was studied.