Influences Of Situation Research Articles

Pragmatic Competence in an Email Writing Task: Influences of Situation, L1 Background, and L2 Proficiency

The study examines a corpus of 306 request emails written by 32 English-speaking (ES) teachers and 121 L2 learners from distinctive L1 backgrounds (i.e., Chinese, French, Spanish) and with different levels of L2 proficiency. Pragmatic competence is analyzed through the coding of direct and indirect request strategies used in formal and informal email writing. Findings reveal the influences of communicative situation, L1 background, and L2 proficiency on pragmatic competence in email writing. First, L2 learners show a significantly lower degree of situational variability compared with ES teachers. Second, L1 backgrounds have a significant impact on L2 writing performance. Third, L2 learners with higher English proficiency tend to use more indirect request strategies, but they have not developed pragmatic competence to adjust their usage across written contexts. Findings are discussed in relation to pedagogical implications for developing writing competence of L2 learners, which should be attuned to diverse rhetorical expectations and individual needs.

Transformation of the value and sense sphere of the cadets from higher education institutions with specific study conditions for police training

The importance of personal value orientations for determining the motives of behaviour has been demonstrated. The changes in the polystructural value orientations of the cadets from higher education institutions with specific study conditions for police training under the influence of quarantine measures and martial law have been studied. The study was carried out on the basis of Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs. The methodology of polystructural value orientations of personality by S. Bubnov and the U-criterion of Mann-Whitney were used in the study.
 It has been demonstrated that cadets’ value orientations related to active interaction with society under the influence of COVID-19 quarantine restrictions have decreased in importance. The most important value orientations for the cadets were the following: “having good time, leisure”, “recognition and respect by people and influence on others”, “help and mercy to other people”. The least important for them were such value orientations as “search for beauty”, “social activity to achieve positive changes in society”, “discovering new things in the world, nature, and people”, and “communication”. The value orientation “health” took an insignificant place in the structure of values.
 It has been shown that such value orientations as “having good time, leisure”, “high-income”, “recognition and respect by people and influence on others” have become less important for cadets under martial law. The most resistant to the influences of the social situation of personality development among the surveyed cadets were such polystructural value orientations as “having good time, leisure”, “recognition and respect by people and influence on others”, and “love”.
 After being under martial law, certain personal value orientations of cadets have become less important than they were in the so-called pre-martial law period, namely: “having good time, leisure”; “high-income”, “recognition and respect by people and influence on others”, “search for beauty”.

Spontaneous interpersonal complementarity in the lab: A multilevel approach to modeling the antecedents and consequences of people's interpersonal behaviors and their dynamic interplay.

The principles of "interpersonal complementarity" posit that one person's behavior tends to evoke reactions from others that are similar with regard to affiliation, but dissimilar with regard to status (Carson, 1969). Empirical support for these assumptions has been mixed, especially with regard to the status dimension. The present study investigated influences of level of observation (behaviors vs. traits), personality, and instructional set on complementarity. Previously unacquainted participants (N = 182) were randomly assigned to dyads who engaged in videotaped discussions with either a cooperative or a competitive framing. Their behaviors were rated every 10 s in terms of affiliation and status. We used a multilevel modeling approach that enables powerful omnibus tests of core tenets of interpersonal theory, including previously overlooked influences of person and situation, as well as time-lags. Interpersonal complementarity was found for both affiliation and status. It was highest for simultaneous behaviors, (i.e., occurring within the same 10-s interval), but for status we also found lagged effects being anticomplementary. Complementarity was also moderately predicted by some personality traits. The situational context predicted the mean levels of interpersonal behaviors but not complementarity. Concerning consequences of complementarity, the participants' individual complementarity coefficients predicted their being liked by the interaction partner, observer judgments of their social competence, and their overall discussion performance. We clearly recommend this type of comprehensive multilevel modeling for future research into these and related issues. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

ANALYSIS OF PRELIMINARY FACTORS OF TREND IMPULSIVE BUYING BEHAVIOR ON RETAIL CONSUMER IN SIDOARJOANALYSIS OF PRELIMINARY FACTORS OF TREND IMPULSIVE BUYING BEHAVIOR ON RETAIL CONSUMER IN SIDOARJO

Impulsive buying behavior occurs when consumers are in store outlets, so they feel the internal and external influences of the store's environmental situation which can affect consumers in a continuous process, especially in retail stores. The purpose of this study is to analyze internal and external influences which are the driving factors for consumers to make purchase decisions and make impulsive purchases. The population is a study of women who shop at retail stores, the sample is determined by purposive sampling method. The research method uses descriptive qualitative. The results showed the tendency of impulsive buying behavior at outlets prioritizing information by internal hedonic factors. Shopping motivation, price perception and the influence of external factors is the store environment that provides ATM facilities and the name of the consumer's money.

Shared Leadership in Context: The Mutual Influences of Situation and Process

Although shared leadership has been demonstrated to play an intriguing role in enhancing team effectiveness, both the theory and empirics of shared leadership, particularly regarding context, are still somewhat sparse. This hinders us from a better understanding of how this construct works during team processes. Focusing on the context around shared leadership, what becomes imperative is to understand when and how shared leadership develops and becomes effective in the team process. Accordingly, this symposium highlights the function team contexts play in the process of shared leadership development as well as provides insights and unique perspectives for researchers to better understand the nomological network of shared leadership. With four empirical studies employing different research methodologies, including survey, lab experiment, and experience sampling, our symposium utilizes an innovative, breakout-style format (called for by Academy leaders) and discussion-theme integration to facilitate better interaction for our Academy participants. Finally, our research and innovative format are brought together by the renowned researcher in leadership and teams, Dr. Dorothy Carter, as she discusses our symposium’s exploration of the mutual interaction between leadership process and team situations. Emergence of Shared Leadership Networks in Teams: An Adaptive Process Perspective Presenter: Ning Xu; Washington U. in St. Louis Presenter: Hamed Ghahremani; U. of New Orleans Presenter: Paul E. Tesluk; U. at Buffalo, The State U. of New York Shared Leadership and Team Performance: Do Power Differentials Matter? Presenter: Jason Kiker; Drexel U. Presenter: Jonathan Ziegert; Drexel U. Presenter: Christian Resick; Drexel U. Presenter: Lauren D'Innocenzo; Drexel U. Presenter: Blythe Leslie Rosikiewicz; West Chester U. of Pennsylvania Presenter: Scott Dust; Miami U. How Do Members’ Uncertainty Perceptions Affect Leadership Claiming and Granting in Teams? Presenter: Wenxin Xie; U. College London Presenter: Colin Muneo Fisher; UCL School of Management Shared Leadership as a Resource for Team Members’ Well-Being: A Diary Study Presenter: Kai Klasmeier; TU Dortmund U. Presenter: Jens Rowold; TU Dortmund U.

Online Book Shopping in Vietnam: The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic Situation

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic will have a large impact on the publishing industry. This research aims to investigate the influences of the COVID-19 pandemic situation, utilitarian and hedonic motivations on consumer intention to buy books online. It conceptualizes the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic as situational influences, which involve the closure of physical bookstores, health risks associated with visiting such stores, online shopping trend and additional marketing efforts from online bookstores during the pandemic. Data were collected from 275 Vietnamese consumers using an online survey. Multivariate data analysis reveals that the COVID-19 pandemic situation has a positive and significant impact on consumer intention toward online book shopping. Furthermore, while utilitarian motivation exerts a strong effect on consumer intention to purchase books online, the relationship between hedonic motivation and online purchase intention is positive but insignificant. These findings would assist key stakeholders such as publishers and online bookstores to improve the quality of their websites as well as develop their marketing campaigns.

Influences of synoptic situation and teleconnections on fog‐water collection in the Mediterranean Iberian Peninsula, 2003–2012

AbstractFog‐water collection has been widely analysed for its quantification and potential uses; however, there are few studies assessing the synoptic conditions and large‐scale teleconnection patterns that affect its occurrence. Focusing on the Mediterranean Iberian Peninsula, this work aims to analyse the synoptic patterns, both at surface level and 850 hPa geopotential height, that most likely to favour fog‐water collection, and to quantify the relationship between fog‐water collection and the NAOi (North Atlantic Oscillation index), MOi (Mediterranean Oscillation index) as well as WeMOi (Western Mediterranean Oscillation index) teleconnection patterns. For this purpose, daily fog‐water observations from a dense network of 23 fog‐water collectors located along the Mediterranean Iberian Peninsula for 2003–2012 were analysed in relation to synoptic patterns and the three‐teleconnection indices. The major findings are: (a) The most favourable synoptic patterns for fog‐water collection are maritime advections carrying humidity from the Mediterranean basin, and cyclonic circulations, whereas anti‐cyclonic situations generally led to large number of foggy days with low fog‐collection rates. (b) In terms of winds at 850 hPa, the most favourable low‐level flows for fog‐water collection are associated with strong winds (>5.1 m s−1) from the Mediterranean. Atlantic winds generally cause a greater number of fog days than Mediterranean winds, with less fog‐water collection rates. (c) WeMOi has the greatest influence on fog‐water collection, mainly during winter and spring months, with statistically significant negative relationships for most of the stations. MOi also shows a great influence, with a large number of statistically significant negative correlations, mainly during the same months as WeMOi. Lastly, NAOi presented the lowest and no significant negative correlations with fog‐water collection.

“Dirty” cities in Russia: factors determining air pollution

The analysis of quality of atmospheric air in cities of Russia for 2000-2016 has been carried out. During this period 4 cities (Bratsk, Magnitogorsk, Chita and Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk) almost every year fell into the “black lists” of Roshydromet - both chronically and extremely polluted cities. Among Russian regions on high level of atmospheric pollution the cities of Irkutsk region (Bratsk, Irkutsk, Zima, etc.), Krasnoyarsk region (Krasnoyarsk, Norilsk, Minusinsk, etc.), as well as Sverdlovsk (Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Tagil, etc.) and Chelyabinsk (Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk, etc.) regions are allocated. The leading factors of formation of environmental situation in cities depending on their localization, specialization and population size have been revealed: 1) large industrial emissions (Norilsk, Novokuznetsk, etc.) and transport emissions (Moscow, Yekaterinburg, etc.); 2) emissions of mostly unidentified sources of pollution (Selenginsk, Zima, etc.); 3) high natural potential of atmospheric pollution (Neryungri, Chita, etc.); 4) “import” of pollution from external sources due to an unfavorable ecological and geographical location (Minusinsk, Yasnaya Polyana, etc.). Possible mutual influences of environmental situation in cities and regional development have been considered.

Temporary and lasting effects of childhood deprivation on male stature. Late adolescent stature and catch-up growth in Woerden (The Netherlands) in the first half of the nineteenth century

This paper compares the statures of men during late adolescence, measured at age 19, with the stature in adulthood, measured at age 25, specially focusing on the influences of household situation and family stress. On average, the men studied became five centimeters taller in the interval, but there was a large individual variation as the shortest men realized the largest 'catch-up' growth. We study how childhood deprivation impacted on growth in adolescence. Childhood deprivation was measured, apart from socioeconomic status and social cultural characteristics of the household, through family size, number of siblings, mortality clustering in the family, and certain characteristics of the mother. In particular, we are interested in the question whether these early-life experiences had a lasting effect, in other words to what extent they were still visible at age 25 and to what extent they influenced the potential for catch-up growth. Our results indicate that the independent influence of family composition was very weak. When comparing temporary and lasting effects on male stature, we see that in general the influences of socioeconomic status and sociocultural factors were, although weaker, still visible at age 25. The results also make clear, that the height at the age of 19 is a better, more sensitive, indicator for the circumstances in which a child grew up. The results of this exercise should be interpreted with caution, as they are based on a small number of cases.

Assessing the implicit achievement motive: effects of input-condition, administration and picture-position

Implicit measurements are sensitive for influences of experimenter and situation. An assessment using computers could therefore avert those negative effects, if there is an adequate translation to computer (Blankenship, 2010). We split the achievement motive into the two components hope of success (HS) and fear of failure (FF) and investigated the effects of input condition (handwritten vs. keyboard), administration (online vs. computer vs. human experimenter) and picture-position for each of these two components. Therefore 140 undergraduates were randomly assigned to 18 experimental groups of a counterbalance within-between-design and assessed with the Thematic-Apperception-Test (TAT; Heckhausen, 1963). The outcome is that handwriting increases the HS-score, whereby FF-score did not differ in typed and handwritten answers. People instructed by human experimenter show higher FF and lower HS compared to computer based tested people in the labor and online. There is no statistical significant interaction effect of administration and input condition. There is either no position effect for any of these motive-components. The TAT seems to be more robust than commonly thought.

Research on Treatment Process for Chemical Agent VX Polluted Water by Enhanced Coagulation

The influences of coagulant species, dose, water turbidity, and pollution situation of raw water on the results of enhanced coagulation have been investigated targeted at water contaminated by chemical agent. Ferric trichloride and polymeric aluminum ferric chloride (PAFC) acted as coagulant, poly dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride (HCA) worked as coagulant aid and paraoxon acted as simulation agent of chemical agent VX in this process. The results show that: enhanced coagulation process cannot remove effectively chemical agent (paraoxon) in raw water; the result of treatment by PAFC and PAFC+HCA is better than that by FeCl3 and FeCl3+HCA; the addition of certain amount of HCA based on the condition that coagulant has been added will improve removal rate of both chemical agent and turbidity; the bigger the turbidity of raw water is, the higher the removal rate of paraoxon will be.

Female entrepreneurship in Poland

The aim of this paper is to present the issues connected with female entrepreneurship and in particular to analyse the changes in the rates of female entrepreneurship in Poland between the years 1993 and 2010 against the background of the job market situation, as well as identifying the factors which determine the entrepreneurship of women. The dynamics of female entrepreneurship will be contrasted with entrepreneurship among men. The entrepreneurship gender gap in Poland only slightly decreased during the studied period even though the situation of women in the job market is more difficult than that of men, which could engender a negative entrepreneurial motivation. The results of the research show that female entrepreneurship is significantly more susceptible to the influences of the general market situation, measured by GDP, than the entrepreneurship of men. This means that the entrepreneurship gender gap can decrease only when there is long-term economic growth. (original abstract)

Physical model of fluid flow characteristics in RH-TOP vacuum refining process

To understand the characteristic of circulation flow rate in 250-t RH-TOP vacuum refining process, the l:4 water model test was established through the bubble behavior and gas holdup in the up-leg to investigate the effects of different processes and equipment parameters on the RH circulation flow rate. With the increases of lifting gas flow rate, lifting bubble travel, and the internal diameter of the up-leg, and the decrease of nozzle diameter, the work done by bubble floatage and the circulation flow rate increase. The expression of circulation flow rate was derived from the regression analysis of experiment data. Meanwhile, the influences of vacuum chamber pressure and nozzle blockage situation on the circulation flow rate were discussed in detail by the bubble behavior and gas holdup in the up-leg. It is necessary to maintain a certain vacuum chamber liquid level in the molten steel circulation flow. Compared with a nozzle with symmetrical blockage in the up-leg, when a nozzle with non-symmetrical blockage is applied, the lifting gas distribution is non-uniform, causing a great effect on the molten steel circulation flow and making the circulation flow drop largely.

Microscale Spatially Resolved Thermal Response of Si Nanotip to Laser Irradiation

Under laser irradiation, the atomic force microscope (AFM) tip can give rise to strong near-field scattering and focusing, leading to strong heating of the tip itself. We report a systematic study of laser heating of an ordinary AFM silicon tip under lateral laser irradiation with micrometer spatial resolution. The temperature rise of the tip can be determined from the relationship between Raman shift versus temperature. The influences of focal situation and energy density of the incident laser on the Raman shift/temperature are studied extensively. The microscale spatially resolved temperature response is also investigated when the laser spot moves along the tip axis until to the cantilever. When the laser irradiates the tip apex, the middle of the tip, and the cantilever, the corresponding temperatures are 603, 754, and 626 K under laser density of 5.6 × 108 W/m2. We substantiate our Raman measurement by theoretically modeling the electric field distribution using the finite element method as well as th...

Constructing Images in Presidential Primaries: An Analysis of Discourse Strategies in the Dole and Bush Iowa Straw Poll Speeches

This study examines how two major presidential contenders strategically developed their presidential images. The candidates' strategies are examined through the lens of a presidential candidate image prototype. Specifically, this study investigates whether, and how, gender shapes these strategies. Although both candidates emphasized images of competence, integrity, reliability, and charisma, and both presented themes of policy issues and experience, their presidential images nonetheless were clearly different. The influences of gender, situation, and position within the race are examined as distinctively influential factors.

Using neural networks and GIS to forecast land use changes: a Land Transformation Model

The Land Transformation Model (LTM), which couples geographic information systems (GIS) with artificial neural networks (ANNs) to forecast land use changes, is presented here. A variety of social, political, and environmental factors contribute to the model's predictor variables of land use change. This paper presents a version of the LTM parameterized for Michigan's Grand Traverse Bay Watershed and explores how factors such as roads, highways, residential streets, rivers, Great Lakes coastlines, recreational facilities, inland lakes, agricultural density, and quality of views can influence urbanization patterns in this coastal watershed. ANNs are used to learn the patterns of development in the region and test the predictive capacity of the model, while GIS is used to develop the spatial, predictor drivers and perform spatial analysis on the results. The predictive ability of the model improved at larger scales when assessed using a moving scalable window metric. Finally, the individual contribution of each predictor variable was examined and shown to vary across spatial scales. At the smallest scales, quality views were the strongest predictor variable. We interpreted the multi-scale influences of land use change, illustrating the relative influences of site (e.g. quality of views, residential streets) and situation (e.g. highways and county roads) variables at different scales.

Beyond the Reaction Range Concept: A Developmental, Contextual, and Situational Model of the Heredity-Environment Interplay

Despite its popularity, the reaction range concept has several limitations that obscure the complexity of the heredity and environment interplay. This article presents a model that broadens the inherent limitations of the reaction range concept by including (a) multiple sources of variation, (b) changing contributions across development, and (c) dynamic influences of context and situation. The model is intended to expand the focus on sources of variation and to offer heuristic tools for hypothesis generation.

Health effects during a smog episode in West Germany in 1985.

In January 1985 a smog period occurred for 5 days in parts of West Germany, including the Rhur District. Mortality (24,000 death certificates), morbidity in hospitals (13,000 hospital admissions, 5400 outpatients, 1500 ambulance transports) and consultations in doctors' offices (1,250,000 contacts) were studied for a 6-week period including the smog episode and a time interval before and thereafter. The study region was the State of North Rhine-Westfalia (16 million inhabitants), but the analysis is restricted to the comparison of the polluted area and a control area (6 million inhabitants each). During the smog period, mortality and morbidity in hospitals increased in the polluted area, but there was no substantial increase in the control area. The increases were for the total number of deaths 8 vs. 2% (polluted area vs. control area), for hospital admissions 15 vs. 3%, for outpatients 12 vs. 5% and for deliveries by ambulance to hospitals 28% in the polluted area (not investigated in the control area). The effects were more pronounced for cardiovascular diseases than for respiratory diseases. The consultations in doctors' offices show a slight decrease (-2 vs. -4%). Regression analysis shows a moderate influence of temperature, but a strong influence of ambient air pollution. The maxima of the ambient concentrations are more important on the same day, whereas the influence of the daily averages is more pronounced after a delay of 2 days. The results are discussed considering other possible confounders such as indoor pollution and psychogenic influences of the alarm situation. In total, the study suggests moderate health effects due to increased air pollution during the smog episode.

Health Effects during a Smog Episode in West Germany in 1985

In January 1985 a smog period occurred for 5 days in parts of West Germany, including the Rhur District. Mortality (24,000 death certificates), morbidity in hospitals (13,000 hospital admissions, 5400 outpatients, 1500 ambulance transports) and consultations in doctors' offices (1,250,000 contacts) were studied for a 6-week period including the smog episode and a time interval before and thereafter. The study region was the State of North Rhine-Westfalia (16 million inhabitants), but the analysis is restricted to the comparison of the polluted area and a control area (6 million inhabitants each). During the smog period, mortality and morbidity in hospitals increased in the polluted area, but there was no substantial increase in the control area. The increases were for the total number of deaths 8 vs. 2% (polluted area vs. control area), for hospital admissions 15 vs. 3%, for outpatients 12 vs. 5% and for deliveries by ambulance to hospitals 28% in the polluted area (not investigated in the control area). The effects were more pronounced for cardiovascular diseases than for respiratory diseases. The consultations in doctors' offices show a slight decrease (-2 vs. -4%). Regression analysis shows a moderate influence of temperature, but a strong influence of ambient air pollution. The maxima of the ambient concentrations are more important on the same day, whereas the influence of the daily averages is more pronounced after a delay of 2 days. The results are discussed considering other possible confounders such as indoor pollution and psychogenic influences of the alarm situation. In total, the study suggests moderate health effects due to increased air pollution during the smog episode.

Stress diminishes infiltration and oxygen metabolism of phagocytic cells in calves.

The influences of a stress situation on the phagocytic cell function before and after infection with Pasteurella haemolytica were measured in calves. No differences in phagocytic and metabolic activity of alveolar macrophages (AMs) were observed in vitro between cells isolated from stressed and nonstressed animals. The uptake of bacteria and the migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) did not differ. However, the production of superoxide by PMNs isolated from stressed animals was significantly diminished as compared to control PMNs. The stressed and six of the nine control calves were then infected intrabronchially with P. haemolytica. Phagocytic cell function was again evaluated after three days. The lavage fluid obtained from the lungs of the infected animals contained about three times more PMNs and six times more AMs as compared to the lavage fluid of the control calves. However, the increase in phagocytic cell numbers was less by half in the calves infected after the stress period. No differences were detected in phagocytic and metabolic activity of PMNs and AMs among control, infected, and stressed and infected calves. However, the chemotactic activities of PMNs obtained from infected stressed and infected nonstressed animals were diminished as compared to control PMNs. In conclusion, the metabolic responsiveness of PMNs is diminished and the accumulation of phagocytic cells at a site of infection is reduced after a stress period.