Western Influence Research Articles

Multidisciplinary Approaches to Food and Foodways in the Medieval Eastern Mediterranean Edited by Sylvie Yona Waksman (Archéologies 4). Lyon: Maison de l’Orient et de la Méditerranée 2020. Pp. 508. €65. ISBN 978-2-35668-070-9 (paper).

<i>Multidisciplinary Approaches to Food and Foodways in the Medieval Eastern Mediterranean</i> Edited by Sylvie Yona Waksman (Archéologies 4). Lyon: Maison de l’Orient et de la Méditerranée 2020. Pp. 508. €65. ISBN 978-2-35668-070-9 (paper).

Land and Sea: The Evolving Great-power Contest in Asia

The contest for strategic dominance in Asia between the United States and China is playing out differently inland and at sea. Following the US withdrawal from Afghanistan in 2021, China’s influence across swathes of inland Asia is ascendant, due also to China’s strengthening partnerships with Iran, Pakistan and Russia. However, a bigger set of challenges confronts China’s growing maritime ambitions, since the US has corralled its own partners through arrangements such as AUKUS and the Quad to balance China’s growing naval ambitions. While nothing can predetermine the future course of US–China rivalry in Asia, its emerging contours indicate an inner Asia relatively free of Western influence and an increasingly contested maritime Asia.

The Nature of Chinese and Russian Subcultures in Urban Discourse

The paper seeks to examine the communicative aspect of modern Chinese and Russian urban subcultures. The nominations of urban social groups representing young people in Russia and China and their connection to modern communication practices are viewed from the perspective of urban communication studies, which provides an opportunity for a new comprehension of issues connected with verbal and nonverbal constituents of urban discourse. The indicates that the subcultures in the Russian urban landscape are reflected in such nominations as фрики (freaki), мажоры (majory), хипстеры (hipstery), брейк-дансеры (break-dancery), байкеры (bikery), etc. The Chinese subcultures are known under such names as shamate, xiaoqingxin, tuyayawenhua, erciyuanyawenhua, egaoyawenhua and many others. We argue that in both countries the unity of social subgroups is based not so much on ideological preferences, but rather on lifestyles, hobbies and interests, many of them formed under the Western influence. The subcultures discussed in the research represent a broad panorama of Chinese and Russian social life. They reflect the sociocultural dynamics of attitudes, values and lifestyles influenced by globalization but acquiring nationally specific features, which transform them into unique sociocultural phenomena.

Lead-Glazed Pottery at Late Medieval Corinth: Assessing Craft Production and Trade at a Greek City under Western Influence

We present a multimethod analysis of 97 lead-glazed tablewares from the so-called Frankish Area at Corinth, at the time of the transition from Frankish feudalism to an administration by powerful Florentine bankers, then the Despotate of the Morea in the late 13th to early 15th century a.d. This sector of the medieval city appears to have been continuously occupied after the Catalan raid of 1312. The results shed new light on the late years of the Corinthian Sgraffito ware industry, and on the role of northern Italian trading cities and their possessions overseas as production and distribution centers of lead-glazed pottery, including imitations of Zeuxippus and other Byzantine wares using specific glaze recipes and pigments.

Korean Painting in the 18th - early 19th century and Western Influence: Dialogue of Cultures

Korean Painting in the 18th - early 19th century and Western Influence: Dialogue of Cultures

Global Animal Law and the Problem of “Globabble”: Toward Decoloniality and Diversity in Global Animal Law Studies

AbstractGlobal animal law has emerged as a new legal subdiscipline and area of study following the widespread proliferation of animal law and animal law studies across the globe. However, there remains confusion as to what exactly global animal law is. Early global animal law studies are also entrenching norms that facilitate coloniality and neglect intersecting oppressions. In response, this article proposes a conception of global animal law based in global law metatheory and second wave animal ethics. This article critically analyses instances of “globabble” within global animal law, where global-speak has masked ethnocentric, western influence, and bias. This article recommends diversifying and decolonizing global animal law, relabelling some such work as western/European perspectives on animals and international law. It also recommends focusing on deep, critical, and radical animal justice in lieu of welfarism or rights-based theory. The article argues this could inspire a more interconnected, post-Westphalian, multilateral global animal lawscape.

Зовнішня політика Грузії в умовах нового балансу сил на Південному Кавказі після закінчення Другої Карабаської війни

The article examines the specific features of Georgia’s foreign policy in the South Caucasus. The key interests that shape the foreign policy orientation of Tbilisi (European and Euro-Atlantic integration; liberation of the occupied territories; use of the state’s transit potential) are determined. The article analyzes the position of Georgia in relation to the current regional initiatives, which form the agenda of the South Caucasian politics after the events of the Second Karabakh War. The readiness of Georgia to play the role of a mediator in the peace process between Armenia and Azerbaijan is emphasized – however, at the same time, the limited potential of Tbilisi in this matter is pointed out. Concerns from some of the Georgian experts about the prospects of unblocking the Armenian-Azerbaijani border are describes, as such scenario may deprive Georgia of its exclusive role as a transit hub. The impossibility of Georgia’s participation in the work of multilateral regional formats, which include the Russian Federation, is explained. Also, the influence of the internal political factor on the foreign policy of Tbilisi is considered in the article. Aggravation of the confrontation between the authorities (“Georgian Dream”) and the opposition (“United National Movement”) exacerbates the situation, threatening the interests of the state. At the same time, the critical approach of certain Western experts to assessing the activities of the Georgian authorities is noted, as they see signs of a deliberate undermining of the pro-Western course from Tbilisi. These fears do not affect the immutability of European and EuroAtlantic integration, which is being implemented by Georgia. No alternative for such course is determined by public opinion, which demonstrates an extremely high level of support for the idea of membership in the EU and NATO. However, a clear pro-Western orientation at the same time limits Tbilisi’s regional potential. In fact, it is difficult for Georgia to find its place in the region in the context of an intensified competition for influence between the Russian Federation and Turkey, as well as under the conditions of decrease of Western influence in the South Caucasus

Язык описания традиционной Японии в медиадискурсе британской кинохроники 1920-х годов

The article aims to distinguish the features of the language used to describe traditional Japan in the media discourse of the 1920s British newsreels. This becomes possible thanks to a modern trend of digitizing reels from the archives of companies which were involved in production and distribution of films at that time. In this paper, I consider reels of Pathé News, Gaumont Graphic, and Empire News Bulletin. At the present time, open access to video footage is provided by British Pathé Internet archive, therefore it served as a basis for my source database. The language for describing traditional Japan was derived from the media discourse of newsreels, or, in other words, their linguistic space, which determined the possibilities and limitations of expressive means; this is why considerable attention is paid to the reconstruction of this language. For this purpose, I address the multifaceted context of newsreel production. The article raises questions of authorship, motives, goals and objectives of newsreels, its audience and ideological content. In order to analyze the means for describing traditional Japan, I choose films in which discursive markers of Japanese culture are present: Japanese costumes, samurai and geisha, Shinto temples, cherry blossoms, chrysanthemums, summer umbrellas, wooden sandals, ritual practices, etc. Judging by the patterns used, British newsreels of that period reproduced the Western tradition of describing Orient as an ahistorical space in which ancient customs were preserved. At the same time, newsreels modified this Orientalist discourse by accentuating Western influence on Japan, giving it some temporality by placing it in the conventional context of modern civilization.

Высочайшие выезды Хирохито: изменение образа японского правителя в ХХ в. (на примере функции движения)

Through many centuries tenno, or the emperors of Japan, while being nominally the higher rulers of the country, were in fact deprived from the function of movement in their image, and such means of representation of their power, as tours around the country or voyages abroad, were absent from their governing instruments. From the beginning of Meiji period, the image of the sovereign had undergone many changes, partially due to the western influence and foreign views on the role and the functions of the ruler. The attempt to make tenno more like a public figure made by the Japanese elites led to the necessity of conducting imperial trips around the country, so the ruler could face life conditions of his subjects. Emperor Meiji was the first tenno to take such a journey. Other imperial ancestors, including crown princes, had also become more mobile from that time on. The case of Hirohito’s voyages as a crown prince and then as the emperor is one of the great interests as it enlightens the view of the imperial power and its functions through different stages of its evolution in the 20th century. This paper describes four major historical trips by Hirohito and analyzes their symbolical and political significance.

The Islamization of Knowledge and Its Efforts to Neutralize The Idea of Liberal Islām: A Descriptive Study

This study deals with the conflict between the Islamization of knowledge and the liberalism of Islam. The necessity of the project of Islamization of knowledge is to be purifying from Western influences and elements in thought and human sciences because they do not suitable the Islamic world view. The phenomenon of liberal Islam became one of the challenges of Islamization of knowledge to reach its goals. The study aims to present the efforts that have been made to neutralize the idea of liberal Islam. The study was based on the descriptive approach by studying the concept of Islamization of knowledge and liberal Islam and tracing the history of them in Indonesia and Malaysia. From the results of the study: The researchers concluded that the Islamization of knowledge project has exerted its efforts in various activities to implement the neutralization of the elements that are affected by the Western world view in science and thought generally. Most of the activities revolved around editorial and publishing activities, discussions, lectures and scientific debates, and the establishment of social and scientific institutions or organizations.

Colonial Bungalow Design in the Twenty-First Century Karachi: A Cultural Identity Basis for Architectural Identity of Pakistan

Culture; the essence of Pakistan’s independence of 1947; has been impacted by various ideologies and civil powers like Mughals, Sikhs, Hindus, and most influential Britishers who ruled the land long before the country got its independence. Karachi, the port city of Pakistan has particularly attracted many powers for economic benefits, dominantly Britishers who later took over the land. Britishers brought the Bungalow-compound complex as a permanent residence typology due to their long stay in the city. The importation and transformation of this new housing typology have framed the architectural identity of Pakistan and have defined the lifestyle of its citizens, which is a cultural synthesis between the East and the West. Though the Bungalow design in Karachi has evolved with time as per the native’s culture and needs having different plot sizes, shapes/forms, open/built ratio, space arrangements, and materials that have changed its overall aesthetic point of view but the core remain the same. This research aims to analyse the British reign in pre-independence India through their socio-cultural, economic, and political influence on bungalow design and its transformation over time in the context of Karachi, Pakistan, i.e., Western influence combined with modernity. Keywords: Cultural Identity, Architectural Identity, Colonial Bangalows, Twenty- First Century Bangalows, Karachi

After İstanbul Hilton: Turkey’s local-global dichotomy in the 1950s interiors of Divan Hotel and Çınar Hotel

This study analyzes the socio-spatial qualities of hotel interiors built in Turkey after the opening of the İstanbul Hilton Hotel in 1955. It aims to reveal the construction of the modern interior in Turkey and its effects on social life at the Divan Hotel (1956) and Çınar Hotel (1958), which were Turkey’s first modern hotels built with local capital and local architects. As Turkey’s first modern hotel, İstanbul Hilton was regarded as a model for subsequent tourism buildings. Çınar and Divan Hotels hotels were usually compared with the Hilton’s aesthetics, and seen as reminiscent of the Hilton, particularly the outer shell and building formation. However, their interiors have been completely overlooked. This is an important omission, because, contrary to its modernist outer shell, the İstanbul Hilton Hotel interiors were designed with a contrasting orientalist approach. This study therefore investigates how this dichotomy influenced the interiors of the Divan Çınar Hotels. Drawing on the theory of transculturation by Ortiz, this study challenges the view that these hotels were mere host sites, embodying and copying modern architecture without any filtering. A complete interior atmosphere was analyzed in terms of the hotels’ materiality, such as furniture and art objects, but moreover, the social meaning of the space and transformation of social habits are examined to discuss local-global dichotomies. Information for the analysis was gathered through a literature review, observations, and an analysis of images obtained from personal archives and databases. This data was supported with oral interviews with architects, interior designers, craftsmen, tourism professionals, and contemporary witnesses. The findings show that the Divan Hotel and Çınar Hotel were both spatially and socially influenced by the İstanbul Hilton Hotel. However, they also sought a modernity of their own by carefully selecting and blending western influences, both spatially and socially. Most importantly, since the Divan Çınar Hotels refrained from the image difference between the “modern” and connotations of the “orient,” these spaces can be read as interpretations of an internalized modernity.

Viktor Zhivov "Toward a Typology of the Baroque in Russian Literature of the XVII—Early XVIII Centuries"

Viktor Zhivov’s 2007 article, here translated into English for the first time, attempts to describe the specific nature of the Baroque in Russia. According to Zhivov, Russian Baroque culture arose via transplantation and was not the result of organic cultural development. Because of their cardinal differences, the language of Western Baroque and that of traditional Russian culture represent polar opposites in many ways. Hence the transplantation of even the most insignificant element results in its radical transformation, highlighting the peculiarities of the process of reception. The article outlines the principles that governed this process. It argues that it was the external features of the Baroque style that were borrowed, while its deeper orientation on polysemy, which defined the Baroque worldview in the West, was not. The assimilation of Western literature was eclectic and replaced rhetorical ambivalence with the rhetoric of didacticism. It took what could be synthesized with traditional culture most easily, at the same time as the more content-oriented features and those specific to European Baroque were rejected. If in Western Europe the Baroque posed riddles for the reader, in Russia authors on the “European" trajectory assisted the reader by providing solutions. The Baroque in Russia was primarily a phenomenon of Western influence, so that its unique features took second place in the process of forming a new cultural paradigm as a whole. “Baroque” elements acquired a completely new pedagogical function, becoming carriers of the new ideology that was being introduced. The Baroque became a servitor of power, whose aim was the political reeducation of society.

Moulding South African Public Opinion on Economic Cooperation with Russia

A study of over 300 articles and opinion pieces in popular and academic publications in South Africa, issued in 2016–2021, shows that South African journalists and political scientists are sceptical of large state-sponsored economic projects involving Russian state companies. Statements by the Russian partners that the current economic initiatives uphold the tradition of Soviet assistance to the anti-apartheid movement are interpreted by critics of the South African government as demagoguery and exploitation of history. Such authors assert that Russian-South African state cooperation in business led to “dodgy deals” which were concluded in the interests of South African high officials as well as entrepreneurs associated with them. South African journalists and political scientists focus on internal political and economic problems, presenting Russian initiatives as an aggravating factor. Many leading members of the ANC and the EFF have spoken in favour of cooperation with Russian state companies. Such initiatives are also often supported by the Independent Media &amp; News publications. Collaboration between Russian private companies and their local partners does not tend to raise objections from observers in that country. South Africans welcome joint ventures with Russian participation which not only create jobs and provide advanced training to their local personnel but also contribute to import substitution by establishing manufacturing facilities in South Africa. The previous failures have not discredited trade and economic cooperation with Russia. South Africans do not seem to be opposed to Russian economic initiatives, apart from major state projects which are often scrutinised by the media. A considerable number of South Africans view Russia as an alternative to the Western influence and favour economic collaboration between our countries.

Superstition and Statecraft in Late Qing China: Towards a Global History

Abstract The late nineteenth-century age of empire was also an age of anti-superstition. In China, Western missionaries, diplomats and travellers labelled practices that resisted Western technologies and ideas as ‘superstitious’. This article examines how a group of Qing scholar-officials, all members of the diplomatic corps, interpreted and ultimately defended these customs. Conventionally viewed as tragic figures unable to transcend a ‘Sinocentric’ world view, they were deeply embedded in the global circulations of empire. During their time in Europe and the United States, they compared Western culture and the development of capitalism with the changes they saw in China. For these cosmopolitan actors, Chinese popular cultural practices offered potential sources of anti-imperial resistance to Western presence in China. Yet they also had differing, at times conflicting, visions for how the Chinese state should relate to the ‘superstitious’. Some argued that they needed to be kept in place, undisturbed from the onslaught of Western influence; others believed the ‘superstitious’ could be mobilized as an anti-imperial force.

Study Perkembangan Perekonomian Jambi Masa Hindia-Belanda (1906-1942) Sebagai Bahan Ajar Pembelajaran Sejarah Berbasis Lokal

Jambi is one of the areas that can not be separated from the cultivation of Dutch colonialism in 1906-1942 (36 years), this brought changes in Jambi in the field of political system, brings in Jambi in the field of political, socio-cultural and economic systems. This research was conducted to identify how the economic development of western influences, especially Dutch Colonialism in Jambi, can be used as a source of learning, especially teaching materials based on local history in Jambi, especially during the period of colonialism and Dutch imperialism. This research method uses qualitative descriptive research. The results showed that the economic development of Jambi during Colonialism can be used as a teaching material for local history in the subjects of Indonesian History and The History of Interest. This locally based teaching material is very useful for learners because the material is close to the environment of life, thus making the goal of historical learning achieved and become more meaningful. In addition, it can also build a character of love for history and the nature of responsibility for preservation, concern for heritage and historical relics and the growth of nationalism.

It’s Time to Consider LGBTQ-Affirmative Psychology in Malaysia

International studies have revealed stark mental health inequities affecting lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) people. While there is increasing awareness of higher prevalence of mental health difficulties among LGBTQ people in Malaysia, this issue has often been viewed through a cisheterosexist (cisgenderism and heterosexism) lens that criminalizes, pathologizes, marginalizes, and/or delegitimizes noncisgender and nonheterosexual forms of identities. Informed by LGBTQ-affirmative psychology, this viewpoint aims to scrutinize the common misconceptions surrounding the living experiences of Malaysian LGBTQ people; these include poor mental health among LGBTQ people, victim-blaming narrative of sexual violence, LGBTQ is a mental illness, and LGBTQ is a Western influence. This viewpoint draws on empirical and theoretical research, as well as international guidelines, to debunk these misconceptions. Recommendations are also provided for psychology practitioners and researchers to embark on the journey to supporting Malaysian LGBTQ people in a culturally safe manner.

Malay Editorial Cartoons in the 1930s: Humour and Sarcasm in Visualising the Other

This article defines Malay identity through their portrayal of the Malay Other - the Arabs, Indian Muslims and the Europeans. The Arabs and Peranakan Arabs were identified as foreigners in disguise, the Europeans colonisers as harbingers of modernity. From this perspective not much have been written, using editorial cartoons in Malaysia. This article then focuses on the depiction by the Malay of what constitutes the foreigner (and the West). The medium of the cartoon was a recent innovation in Malay-language newspapers, having first appeared in the first issue of Warta Jenaka a weekly pictorial newspaper on 7 September of 1936. This article surveys three major periodicals in the 1930s including that of Warta Ahad and Utusan Zaman in their construction of ambivalence toward colonialism and Western influence. These were the inter-war years. The periodicals capture Malay sentiments couched in humor and sarcasm ranging from the proximate culture of the Arabs to British or European notions of race, modernity and progress. It is cognizant of the colonial condition and the milieu and the inherent character of the Malay press, serving as instruments of criticism and satire. The visual ethno- nationalistic discourse is observed with regard to the trajectory of modernity brought into Malay awareness during the period.

SPATIAL-FUNCTIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF SALON APARTMENT IN SERBIA

&amp;lt;jats:p&amp;gt;The salon apartment is a residential typology that developed in Serbia from the middle of the 19th century until the beginning of the Second World War. The spatial-functional organization of the salon apartment is characterized by typological characteristics such as: division of space into two zones, salon, central room, pass-through dining room, etc. These characteristics have been developed according to oriental and western European influences. The paper will investigate the development, organization and typology of salon apartments in Serbia.&amp;lt;/jats:p&amp;gt;

Artistic image of a modern Japanese woman in the anime film “Paprika” directed by Satoshi Kon

Cross-cultural communications prompted the international popularity of the Japanese original genre of anime. It has become the translator of not only the Japanese mentality and traditional values to the West, but also demonstrates the changes taking place in Japan. The analysis of artistic image of the anime heroine Atsuko Chiba (Paprika) is the goal of this research. Noticeable changes in the status of women in Japanese society are observed only since the middle of the XX century, which immediately found reflection in Japanese cinematography. The use of empirical and comparative methods allow establishing that the changes taking place in Japanese traditional society changes retain the national peculiarities. The anime film &amp;ldquo;Paprika&amp;rdquo; directed by Satoshi Kon, which is based on the eponymous novel by Yasutaka Tsutsui, reflects the transformation of the role of women in modern society. The novelty of this work lies the fact that this article analyzes the virtually unstudied topic of the artistic imagery in anime and the structure of modern female image therein. The images of Atsuko Chiba and Paprika, translated from the novel to anime, indicate the changes that took place in the Japanese society in the late XX &amp;ndash; early XXI century, and namely the female image that gives a better perspective and sense of such changes. Despite the Western influence upon the traditional Japanese society and transition of the country into the new level of development, did not hinder the preservation of national peculiarities that are based on the century-old traditions and Japanese mentality.