Influence Of Various Rates Research Articles

The influence of various rates of royal jelly enriched extenders on frozen/thawed sperm quality and fertility in goats

The goal of this study was to detect the influence of royal jelly which has a strong antioxidant capacity supplementation in TRIS egg yolk and TRIS soybean lecithin extenders on quality and fertility. Sperm was collected from 5 Damascus bucks via an electro ejaculator during the breeding season. After dilution and cooling, the lowest motility and membrane integrity were detected in TEY-1RJ, in terms of abnormal spermatozoon rate, the TEY-1RJ group was the highest in cooled semen (P<0.05). After dilution and cooling, osmolality decreased significantly when the RJ ratio increased (P<0.05). After freezing-thawing, in both TEY and TSL extenders, the lowest sperm quality was detected in the 1% RJ groups. In terms of intact acrosome ratio, the highest value was recorded in the 0.50% RJ group in TEY and TSL diluents (P<0.05). Fertility assessments were conducted with 150 goats synchronized with intravaginal sponges and goats were inseminated transcervical. There was no difference between pregnancy rates between TEY and TSL-control and RJ groups (P>0.05). As a result, it was deduced that RJ additions to TEY and TSL extenders did not produce any alternative to freezing on sperm quality in Damascus goat semen except for the intact acrosome ratio and had no positive effect on fertility.

Thermo-Electro-Mechanical Characterization of PDMS-Based Dielectric Elastomer Actuators.

The present contribution aims towards a thermo-electro-mechanical characterization of dielectric elastomer actuators (DEA) based on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). To this end, an experimental setup is proposed in order to evaluate the PDMS-based DEA behavior under the influence of various rates of mechanical loading, different ambient temperatures, and varying values of an applied electric voltage. To obtain mechanical, electro-mechanical and thermo-mechanical experimental data, the passive behavior of the material, as well as the material’s response when electrically activated, was tested. The influence of the solid electrode on the dielectric layer’s surface was also examined. Moreover, this work focuses on the production of such DEA, the experimental setup and the interpretation and evaluation of the obtained mechanical hysteresis loops. Finite element modeling approaches were used in order to model the passive and the electro-mechanically active response of the material. A comparison between experimental and simulation results was performed.

The Effect of the Cooling Rates on the Microstructure and High-Temperature Mechanical Properties of a Nickel-Based Single Crystal Superalloy.

The as-cast alloy of nickel-based single-crystal superalloy was used as the research object. After four hours of solution treatment at 1315 °C, four cooling rates (water cooling (WC), air cooling (AC) and furnace cooling (FC1/FC2)) were used to reduce the alloy to room temperature. Four different microstructures of nickel-based superalloy material were prepared. A high-temperature tensile test at 980 °C was carried out to study the influence of various rates on the formation of the material’s microstructure and to further obtain the influence of different microstructures on the high-temperature mechanical properties of the materials. The results show that an increase of cooling rate resulted in a larger γ′ phase nucleation rate, formation of a smaller γ′ phase and a greater number. When air cooling was used, the uniformity of the γ′ phase and the coherence relationship between the γ′ phase and the γ phase were the best. At the same time, the test alloy had the best high-temperature tensile properties, and the material showed a certain degree of plasticity. TEM test results showed that the test alloy mainly blocked dislocations from traveling in the material through the strengthening effect of γ′, and that AC had the strongest hindering effect on γ′ dislocation movement.

Grass Response to Picloram and Clopyralid Applied Before Seeding1

Reduction of weed competition using herbicides is critical to the successful revegetation of weed-infested rangeland. However, little is known about the influence of persistent broadleaf herbicides on the establishment of many desired grasses. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of various rates and times of application of picloram and clopyralid before seeding on two native and two nonnative grasses important to western United States rangeland. The study was conducted in 1997 and 1998 in Wyoming, Montana, and Washington. Five herbicide treatments (none, picloram at 0.14, 0.28, 0.56 kg ai/ha, clopyralid at 0.14, 0.56 kg ai/ha), three timings of herbicide application (44, 24, and 0 d prior to seeding[DPS]), and four grass species (Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, crested wheatgrass, and pubescent wheatgrass) were factorially arranged in a randomized split-plot design with three blocks. The whole-plots were the seeded grass species, and the subplots were the herbicide treatments and timings of application. Treatments were performed in the spring of 1997. Treatment effects on grass vigor (1997) and biomass (1998) depended on grass species, herbicide and rate, and timing. Idaho fescue established at low densities, and it was not possible to determine the treatment effects. In general, crested and pubescent wheatgrass had higher vigor estimates and biomass than did bluebunch wheatgrass. Herbicide applied 24 or 44 DPS had less effect on grass vigor and biomass than did herbicide applied at seeding. Picloram at 0.28 and 0.56 kg/ha tended to reduce vigor and biomass more when compared with the 0.14 kg/ha rate and with both rates of clopyralid. On the basis of these experiments, applying picloram or clopyralid at rates as high as 0.56 kg/ha 24 d or more before seeding bluebunch wheatgrass, pubescent wheatgrass, or crested wheatgrass may allow effective weed control and long-term management through grass competition.Nomenclature: Clopyralid; picloram; bluebunch wheatgrass, Pseudorogneria spicata (Pursh.) Löve ‘Goldar’ or ‘Secar’; crested wheatgrass, Agropyron desertorum (L) Gaertn. ‘Nordan’; Idaho fescue, Festuca idahoensis Elmer ‘Joseph’; pubescent wheatgrass, Thinopyron intermedium (Host) Barkworth & D.R. Dewey ‘Luna’.Additional index words: Integrated weed management, noxious rangeland weed, restoration, revegetation.Abbreviations: DPS, days prior to seeding.

Influence of Various Rates of Ca(NO3)2 Fertilizer and Soil Management on Young Apple Trees

Abstract Calcium nitrate applied annually at rates ranging from 22.5 g actual N per tree (0.5 N, one-half the recommended rate) to 363 g/tree (8 N) and adjusted according to tree age did not influence the growth of 4 apple (Malus domestica Borkh) cultivars (‘Golden Delicious’, ‘Triple Red Delicious’, ‘Red Yorking’, and ‘Stayman 201’) on EM 7a rootstock. There was a significant soil management (herbicide, clean cultivation, or mowed sod) × rate interaction; trees in mowed sod responded to additional N with growth and leaf N levels comparable to the vegetation-free management systems at 4 times (4 N) the recommended rate (45 g N/tree/year age). Soil management and rate of fertilization influenced leaf N levels but not leaf Ca. Leaf N and Ca differed significantly among the 4 cultivars. Cumulative yield after 4 growing seasons was influenced by tree size and soil management, but not rate of fertilization. Soil pH was significantly higher under sod than under cultivated or herbicide strip culture. Soil Ca levels were not affected in the 0 to 30 cm profile. Residual soil NO3-N did not accumulate in the surface 30 cm for any of the management systems except at the highest rate (8 N) under the cultivated and herbicide systems. Data for residual NO3-N in the 0 to 120 cm soil profile indicated that the tree demand and leaching potential for NO3-N was met at the 0.5 N rate when competition was eliminated and between the 2 N and 4 N level in mowed sod.

Processing polyethylene film in the corona discharge

The authors discuss the influence of various rates of film treatment in the corona discharge on the wettability and adhesion of the film.