Influence Of Various Environments Research Articles

Influence of various environments on the mechanical properties of nanoclay reinforced S‐glass/sisal hybrid polyester composites

AbstractThis investigation aims to study the influence of various environments, such as groundwater, seawater, mineral water and sub‐zero, on reinforced polyester/S‐glass/sisal composites with nano clay (NC). Composites with a configuration of S‐glass/sisal/sisal/S‐glass (GSSG) with different wt% of NC, such as 0, 2, 4, and 6, were manufactured using the hand lay‐up method. For 6 days, the composites were conditioned in different environments like seawater, mineral water, groundwater at room temperature, and sub‐zero environments at −17°C. The influence of these environments on the tensile and flexural properties of manufactured composites was studied. Composites with 4% NC displayed higher tensile strength, while composites with 2% NC exhibited maximum flexural strength for all the environments. It was perceived that the weight gain was maximum in seawater (0.1857 g) and minimum in mineral water (0.06 g) and sub‐zero (0.101 g) conditions for 6% NC condition. Tensile and flexural strengths were reduced by 27% and 24% when samples were submerged in seawater compared to other environments. TEM images for 4 wt% of NC and 6 wt% of NC were studied for dispersions of NC in Polyester, and the effect of NC mixing with polyester was understood for the hybrid polymer composites.Highlights A novel hybrid composites were fabricated using a double stirring process. The ultra‐sonication led to uniform distribution of nanoparticles. The mechanical properties and the effect of environments on these properties are studied. SEM images revealed the aging due to various environments. The hybrid composites can store mineral water and the sub‐zero environment.

Experimental Validation of Non-Marker Simple Image Displacement Measurements for Railway Bridges

Simple bridge displacement measurement using a video camera is effective in realizing the efficient management of numerous railway structures via condition-based maintenance. Although non-marker image measurement is significantly influenced by the measuring environment, its practical applicability considering the displacement measurement accuracy of non-marker images and the influence of various environments is not completely understood. In this study, the accuracy of non-marker image displacement measurement and the influence of illuminance are confirmed using a model bridge, and the accuracy and applicable range are discussed. Moreover, field tests on two bridges—a steel and a concrete bridge—on low-speed and high-speed railways confirm the accuracy and practical application of non-marker image measurement in a real environment. The displacement was observed to be measured with an accuracy of ~1/30 pixel (error of ~0.4 mm at 20 m position) in the daytime with sufficient brightness. Moreover, the settings for subset positions and post-processing methods to ensure accuracy in non-marker image measurement on concrete bridges with low surface contrast are discussed.

Laser scattering, optical constants and connection to other material performances (Kerr constant, mobility/diffusion coefficient/electrophoresis and depolarization)

Scattering of optical photons from the view of parallel methods related to absorption, scattering, fluorescence, reflection with inclusion of the polarization states of laser beams from experiment and theory give many possibilities for obtaining indirect data on material, processes, and dynamics. As a method with minimal perturbations, if low power beams are involved, certain type of data is provided. In fundamental dependences of various material properties, many phenomenological and basic laws are covered. Several coupled variables, primarily with the processes of scattering, pointing out further possibilities for linking the obtained theoretical or experimental results were presented. By including simulations, this associates with biological environments / variables for properties equivalent to defined tissues, cells, and characteristics. Along with selected formalisms including Stokes vectors and scattering matrices, a biological cell as an object can be monitored in time and influence of various environments could be predicted. Connecting Kerr’s effect with depolarization and scattering makes the complete description of molecule possible. Angular scattering observation with experimental possibilities gives the fastest practical data. This enables interpretation of E. coli with the application of Stokes vector formalisms. A relatively small number of material constants for many simulation cases could give draft estimation, but the experiment depends on the measuring devices and samples. The necessary symmetries showing the size of the scattering centers are analyzed, with the scattering data for some liquids (known / less known). From measured data, depolarization could be calculated, and with refractive index (molar refraction) connection with Kerr effect/ birefringence for selected solutions and behavior of molecules could be monitored. From the experimental Rayleigh factors, cross section (apparent/ effective) and attenuation coefficients for pure liquids were calculated. An approach for the correct assessment of the measurement uncertainty in the process of calibration of polyethylene samples was used.

KONTRIBUSI LINGKUNGAN KELUARGA DALAM MEMBANGUN PERILAKU SEKSUAL ANAK USIA DASAR

Sexual behavior is all behavior that is driven by sexual desire that is naturally owned by each human being. But the influence of various environments on child sexual behavior, making each child has different sexual behavior. One environment that plays a major role in contributing to child sexual behavior is the family environment. The contribution of the family in building the child’s sexual behavior can be done in the form of: (1) Provision of sex education for the child (2)Parental supervision on child sex behavior and (3) Parental attention to children’s activities. By considering these three things, the child’s sexual behavior can be safeguarded early and can prevent sexual behaviors that should not have occurred at the age of the basic child.
 Keywords: Family Contribution, Sexual Behavior, Basic Age

Influence of Various Environments on Information and Entanglement Dynamics for Two Interacting Qubits

Analytical solutions of the master equation for two interacting qubits in different environments are considered. The qubits are initially prepared in a mixed state. Under the effect of different models of environments, we compare the temporal evolution of atomic quantum Fisher information with the negativity as a measure of entanglement.

Dwarf galaxy populations in present-day galaxy clusters - II. The history of early-type and late-type dwarfs

How did the dwarf galaxy population of present-day galaxy clusters form and grow over time? We address this question by analysing the history of dark matter subhaloes in the Millennium-II cosmological simulation. A semi-analytic model serves as the link to observations. We argue that a reasonable analogue to early morphological types or red-sequence dwarf galaxies are those subhaloes that experienced strong mass loss, or alternatively those that have spent a long time in massive haloes. This approach reproduces well the observed morphology-distance relation of dwarf galaxies in the Virgo and Coma clusters, and thus provides insight into their history. Over their lifetime, present-day late types have experienced an amount of environmental influence similar to what the progenitors of dwarf ellipticals had already experienced at redshifts above two. Therefore, dwarf ellipticals are more likely to be a result of early and continuous environmental influence in group- and cluster-size haloes, rather than a recent transformation product. The observed morphological sequences of late-type and early-type galaxies have developed in parallel, not consecutively. Consequently, the characteristics of today's late-type galaxies are not necessarily representative for the progenitors of today's dwarf ellipticals. Studies aiming to reproduce the present-day dwarf population thus need to start at early epochs, model the influence of various environments, and also take into account the evolution of the environments themselves.

Decoherence effects in interacting qubits under the influence of various environments

We study competition between the dissipative and coherent effects in the entanglement dynamics of two qubits. The coherent interactions are needed for designing logic gate operations with systems such as ion traps, semiconductor quantum dots and atoms. We show that the interactions lead to a phenomenon of periodic disentanglement and entanglement between the qubits. The disentanglement is primarily caused by environmental perturbations. The qubits are seen to remain disentangled for a finite time before getting entangled again. We find that the phenomenon is generic and occurs for a wide variety of models of the environment. We present analytical results for the time dependence of concurrence for all the models. The periodic disentanglement and entanglement behaviour is seen to be a precursor to the sudden death of entanglement (ESD) and can happen for environments which do not show ESD for non-interacting qubits. Further we also find that this phenomenon can even lead to delayed death of entanglement for correlated environments.

The Influence of the Cation in Organometallic Boroacylate Adhesion Promoters on the Adhesion Between Steel Cord and Skim Rubber Compound

The influence of transition metal cations (cobalt, nickel and zinc ion) associated with organometallic boroacylate adhesion promoters on the adhesion between brass-coated steel cord and rubber skim compound under the influence of various environments, which simulate tyre service conditions, has been studied. Incorporation of adhesion promoters individually in the steel cord-skim formulation leads to increase in crosslink density, Young's modulus and cord pull-out force. The adhesion energy is enhanced significantly with the addition of cobalt adhesion promoter. The performance of the promoter is influenced by the ease of dissociation of the transition metal ion from the promoter, its participation in the rubber curing and the modification of the interfacial film responsible for adhesion. During aerobic ageing, cobalt followed by nickel is found to be effective, whereas cobalt and, partially, zinc salts offer certain resistance to thermal ageing. Against salt and steam ageing, cobalt boroacylate is very effective followed by zinc salts. The influence of the variation of concentration of zinc ion on adhesion energy is not appreciable. The study points towards the supremacy of cobalt ion among the cations studied, considering its overall good performance and the protection offered against various hostile environments.

Effect of Anion in Cobalt Promoters on the Adhesion between Steel Cord and Rubber Compound

Abstract There is widespread use of two main groups of adhesion promoters, the SRH-system and an organic cobalt salt. They are used either jointly or individually in the rubber compound for promotion and maintenance of good adhesion of rubber to brass-coated steel cord in radial tyres. This paper describes the influence of anions associated with cobalt promoters on the adhesion energy and the pull-out force between brass-coated steel cord and rubber and their relationship to other relevant physical properties, under the influence of various environments which simulate tyre service conditions. It is observed that incorporation of a cobalt promoter greatly enhances the adhesion energy and influences the Young's modulus and crosslink density of the rubber compound in a similar fashion. The study establishes the supremacy of boroacylate among the anions considering its overall good performance and the protection offered against various hostile environments. However, the benefits of the cobalt promoter is not realised with stearate ion. The results are explained on the basis of chemical stability of the promoter and the properties of the interfacial film and the compounds.

Blood lead levels of South African long-distance road-runners.

Road runners are exposed to vehicular exhaust aerosols which are a major source of atmospheric lead pollution in those countries where lead additives are incorporated in petrol. The purpose of this study was twofold: the authors wished to determine the blood lead levels of South African road runners, and they wished to investigate the influence of various environments on such levels. Blood samples were obtained by the finger-prick technique and analyzed for lead by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results were analyzed statistically and compared with control samples from a selected urban nonrunning population and a remote rural population, respectively. The mean blood lead levels obtained were 20.1 micrograms/dl, 51.9 micrograms/dl, 45.8 micrograms/dl, and 53.00 micrograms/dl for the rural trainers, urban trainers, Two Oceans pre-race, and Two Oceans post-race samples, respectively. The mean level for the selected urban control was 9.7 micrograms/dl. The results suggest that road runners are exposed to increased lead inhalation and that atmospheric lead levels differ in urban and rural areas of South Africa.

Environmental effects on absorption spectra of isoalloxazine. A theoretical study

The spectral behaviour of isoalloxazine has been studied at INDO/S level. The influence of various environments on the electronic properties of isoalloxazine have been studied theoretically following the supermolecule approximation or by a self-consistent reaction field approach, corrected for the electronic polarizability of solvents. Also the effect of deviation from planarity has been tested. Results exclude large deviations from planarity of the molecule and point out the relevance of the dynamic polarizability of solvents and of dispersion forces in determining the spectral shifts.

Simpson Group (Middle Ordovician) Trilobites of Oklahoma

The Middle Ordovician Simpson Group of southern Oklahoma consists of an exceptionally continuous record of carbonates, shales and quartz sandstones which accumulated in a shallow shelf environment. Vertical changes in the distribution of trilobite genera from these rocks can reasonably be interpreted as due to age rather than the influence of various environments or faunal provinces. The affinities of the lower Simpson trilobite faunas are with inner shelf faunas of trilobite zones M and N known from Utah and eastern Nevada and, to a lesser degree, with early Middle Ordovician faunas of Quebec and Newfoundland. Middle Simpson (McLish and Tulip Creek) Formations reflect slightly higher energy conditions and very few well-preserved trilobites. Those few genera present (for example,PliomeropsandEorobergia) are more typical of the Chazy Group and correlatives from eastern North America. The higher Bromide Formation, also of shelf origin, displays a distinctly eastern fauna, very similar to elements found in the Chazy Group and the presumably younger Edinburg Group of the east. Although many of Cooper's (1956) Middle Ordovician correlations can be understood, the stage names proposed at that time overlap in some cases and lack proper biostratigraphic definition in others. Abandonment of these stage names is urged until description of Middle Ordovician conodont, graptolite and shelly faunas now underway is nearer completion.

A Review of Resistive Compounds for Primary URD Cables

Olefinic copolymers heavily loaded with high-structure conductive carbon black, used as conductor and core screens for primary feeders in underground distribution are discussed. These materials may be either thermoplastic or cross linked. Electrical and mechanical characteristics of these compounds and the manner in which they are affected by the type of base resin and by the type and quantity of carbon black are reviewed. The process of electrical conduction through the boundary layer and through the body of the compound is treated in some detail. Processability is an important consideration and orientation induced by the extrusion process can lead to anisotropic electrical properties. Reference is made to the influence of various environments which the cable may encounter in service. The value of resistivity required in cable constructions is also briefly discussed. Attention is drawn to the need for a specification of the required performance of a resistive compound. It is also recommended that cables using these types of covering that have been in service for a number of years should be examined to study the changes in properties that may have occurred.