Influence Of Ultrasonic Treatment Research Articles

Ultrasonic treatment assisted extraction of sunflower protein

Sunflower meal is a promising source of protein, which can be used as a food ingredient in the formulations of meat, flour and confectionery products. Alkaline extraction technology is traditionally used to obtain sunflower protein, but its efficiency can be increased using physical methods: ultrasound, microwave radiation, extraction at high pressure and others. Thу article deals with an application of the ultrasonic treatment for increase of the efficiency of protein extraction from defatted plant material: from the protein fraction of sunflower meal and from sunflower meal. The trial samples for protein extraction were prepared by the preliminary treatment of the samples in the ultrasonic bath for 15 minutes at a frequency of 40 hertz at temperature 24-28° C. The control sample was not subjected to such pretreatment. Then protein was isolated from the raw material by alkaline extraction followed by isoelectric precipitation. The possibility of the protein preparation isolation with a higher crude protein content (93,66% m.f.b) compared to the control sample has been shown. The mass yield of protein was 64% of its content in the raw material. The influence of ultrasonic treatment on the efficiency of protein extraction from raw material with different crude protein content is demonstrated. The results of the study show the feasibility of usage of ultrasound treatment in isolation of sunflower protein. In particular, the crude protein content in the trial protein sample after ultrasonic treatment was increased by 8,23% compared to the control sample. The obtained results demonstrated their consistency when compared to the results of other studies. However, there are only a limited number of studies on the use of ultrasound in the extraction of sunflower derived products.A comparison of the results obtained showed their consistency with the results of other studies. However, there are only a small number of studies on the use of ultrasound in the extraction of sunflower processing products.

Ultrasonic treatment assisted extraction of sunflower protein

Sunflower meal is a promising source of protein, which can be used as a food ingredient in the formulations of meat, flour and confectionery products. Alkaline extraction technology is traditionally used to obtain sunflower protein, but its efficiency can be increased using physical methods: ultrasound, microwave radiation, extraction at high pressure and others. Thу article deals with an application of the ultrasonic treatment for increase of the efficiency of protein extraction from defatted plant material: from the protein fraction of sunflower meal and from sunflower meal. The trial samples for protein extraction were prepared by the preliminary treatment of the samples in the ultrasonic bath for 15 minutes at a frequency of 40 hertz at temperature 24-28° C. The control sample was not subjected to such pretreatment. Then protein was isolated from the raw material by alkaline extraction followed by isoelectric precipitation. The possibility of the protein preparation isolation with a higher crude protein content (93,66% m.f.b) compared to the control sample has been shown. The mass yield of protein was 64% of its content in the raw material. The influence of ultrasonic treatment on the efficiency of protein extraction from raw material with different crude protein content is demonstrated. The results of the study show the feasibility of usage of ultrasound treatment in isolation of sunflower protein. In particular, the crude protein content in the trial protein sample after ultrasonic treatment was increased by 8,23% compared to the control sample. The obtained results demonstrated their consistency when compared to the results of other studies. However, there are only a limited number of studies on the use of ultrasound in the extraction of sunflower derived products.A comparison of the results obtained showed their consistency with the results of other studies. However, there are only a small number of studies on the use of ultrasound in the extraction of sunflower processing products.

Effects of ultrasonic treatment on the microstructures and hardening of Al–Cu–Mg–Ag alloys

The influence of ultrasonic treatment (UT) on the microstructure morphology and hardness of Al–Cu–Mg–Ag alloy is systematically investigated by a combination of electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis. Our results show that the hardness of as-cast and T6-tempered alloys becomes higher by UT. TEM analysis indicates that UT greatly accelerates the precipitation of θ precipitates and prohibits its rapid coarsening during exposing at 225 °C. This positive effect is ascribed to the combined results of the increasing Cu content in matrix, reduced dendritic segregation and more uniform distribution of Cu solutes by UT. Besides, UT is found to affect the precipitation kinetics of Ω phase because the higher number density of Ω plates is detected in UT alloys. This feature ensures a greater precipitation strengthening contribution to hardening in T6-termperd alloy with UT. Although the grain sizes of as-cast and T6-tempered alloys are reduced by UT, the grain boundary strengthening effect is very limited in UT alloys. This work also reveals that the solute content within the matrix increases by UT and therefore favors a stronger solid solution strengthening effect, leading to the higher hardness of as-cast UT alloys. After exposing at 225 °C for 100 h, all the T6-tempered alloys with and without UT exhibit a similar hardness despite the exposed microstructures exhibit clear differences. The absence of the enhanced hardening by UT in exposed alloys is arising from the fact that Ω and θ precipitates significantly coarsen during exposing.

Influence of ultrasonic treatment and heating/cooling under electric field on high-k cellulose-barium titanate composites

Influence of ultrasonic treatment and heating/cooling under electric field on high-k cellulose-barium titanate composites

Analysis of Oleogel Volatile Profile Formation under Ultrasonic Treatment.

Under certain conditions, ultrasonic treatment of certain foods and ingredients can contribute to the appearance of an extraneous odor, which is not usual for them, especially in fat-containing products. Since the food sector uses high-intensity ultrasound to control the crystallization of fats, the development of foreign smells and secondary fat oxidation products may impact the quality and safety of such items. In this work, we studied the volatile compounds' profiles of oleogels structured with individual fractions of beeswax using ultrasonic treatment. For this work, six samples of oleogels were obtained. Sunflower oil was used as a fatty base, and three fractions of beeswax were used as gelators: hydrocarbon fraction (>99%), monoester fraction (>95%), and a mixture fraction of wax di- and triesters (10.1%), free fatty acids (40.1%), and free fatty alcohols (49.8%). The influence of ultrasonic treatment on the properties of oleogels was assessed using light microscopy in polarized light, texture analysis, gas chromatography with flame ionization, and mass spectrometric detection. Ultrasonic treatment affected the crystallization of oleogels and led to the formation of smaller crystals. At the same time, sonication led to both an increase and a decrease in the firmness of oleogels, depending on the composition of the gelator. As regards volatile compounds, a total of 121 fragrant substances were identified in all samples, including such groups as alkanes, alkenes, alkadienes, alkynes, alkadiynes, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, terpenes, alkyl alkane, and alkyl benzene derivatives. Ultrasonic treatment caused formation of new volatile unsaturated compounds. Some of them are known to have an unpleasant odor and thus might be responsible for the extraneous odor formation in studied fatty systems. Those were mainly (E)-2-octene, 1-heptene, 1,3-butadiene, and 1,3-octadiene in all oleogel samples. Sonicated samples B and C additionally had but-1-en-3-yne, pentenyne, and 1,3-butadiyne, whose odor can also be characterized as extraneous and distasteful. Several volatile compounds, supposed to be products of lipid oxidation, were also identified. Here we assume a reasonable approach is needed when selecting sonication conditions to prevent undesirable taste and flavor in oleogels and oleogel-based food products.

Improvement of the emulsifying properties of Zanthoxylum seed protein by ultrasonic modification

The influence of ultrasonic treatment (100–500 W, 30 min) on the molecular structures and emulsifying properties of Zanthoxylum seed protein (ZSP) was explored for the first time in this work. Research results indicated that the all ultrasonic treatments at different power levels decreased the particle size but increased the surface charge of ZSP. In addition, the ultrasonic treatments induced the structural unfolding of the ZAP, as indicated by the increase in α-helix, ultraviolet–visible absorbance, surface hydrophobicity and the amount of surface free sulfhydryl groups, as well as the decrease in β-sheet and intrinsic fluorescence intensity. As a result, the significantly (p < 0.05) increased emulsifying activity index (EAI) and emulsion stability index (ESI) of ZSP were observed after ultrasonic treatment. In addition, the emulsion prepared by ultrasonically treated ZSP exhibited the smaller and more uniform droplets with significantly improved stability against environmental stress (temperature, salt concentration, pH), creaming and oxidation due to the increased ratio of interfacially adsorbed ZSP. Furthermore, ultrasonic treatment at 400 W was found to be the optimum condition for modification. These findings will provide a theoretical foundation for the utilization of ultrasound in enhancing the emulsifying properties of ZSP and promoting its application in the field of food processing.

The Influence of Ultrasonic Activation on Microstructure, Phase Transformation and Mechanical Properties of Porous Ni-Ti Shape Memory Alloys via Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis.

Porous Ni-Ti shape memory alloys (SMAs) have been widely studied in biomedical and engineering applications. Porous Ni-Ti SMAs were obtained via self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS), and their microstructure, phase transformation, and mechanical properties were investigated. This article presents the results of a study of changes in the microstructure, phase transformation, and mechanical properties of porous Ni-Ti SMAs when Ni and Ti metal powders were preliminarily subjected to ultrasonic activation at various periods. It was determined that the porosity of the obtained alloy samples was 62-68 vol%. The microstructure was composed of the main matrix Ni-Ti phase and the accompanying Ti and Ti2-Ni phases. The results show that the hardness 34.1-86.8 HB and elastic modulus 4.2-10.8 GPa increased with an increase in the ultrasonic activation time of the samples. The phase transformation temperature of the Ni-Ti shape memory alloy remained almost unchanged under the influence of ultrasonic treatment.

Bulk Ultrasonic Treatment of Crystalline Materials

Ultrasound is widely used in the treatment of materials. Its applications in melt processing, surface hardening or finishing, metal forming, welding, etc., are well known and have been reviewed in numerous review articles and books. Among ultrasound-assisted processes, the direct action of ultrasonic waves on the structure and properties of bulk materials is of special interest. Ultrasonic waves induce oscillating shear stresses in materials which exert mechanical forces on crystal lattice defects, primarily on dislocations, which can yield a number of interesting effects on the structure and properties of crystals. The present paper aims to review studies on the effects of ultrasonic treatment (UST) on crystalline materials. First, the methods for the excitation of standing ultrasonic waves in bulk samples of materials are analyzed. Then, early studies on the effect of UST on the dislocation structure and phase composition, hardness and strength of materials with different initial structures are analyzed. An emphasis is then made on the influence of UST on the structure and mechanical properties of advanced ultrafine-grained (UFG) metals and alloys processed by severe plastic deformation (SPD). The results of simulations of ultrasound’s effect on the dislocation and atomic structures of materials by dislocation and molecular dynamics methods are also reviewed.

Influence of ultrasonic treatment on the structure and properties of MgAl2O4 particle-stabilized aluminum foams

This study compared the foaming behavior of in-situ 6061-2MgAl2O4 composites processed by ultrasonic treatment and conventional route. Foaming of these composites was performed by melt route using TiH2 as blowing agent. Macrostructural characterization of the foams was performed by combining X-ray tomography and image analysis. The mechanical properties of the foams were extracted by conducting quasi-static compression tests. Foams produced using the ultrasonically-treated composite exhibited superior structure and microstructural strength, resulting in higher compressive strength and energy absorption than those produced using the composite processed by the conventional route.

Influence of ultrasonic treatment on heat transfer in the heat exchanger

This paper deals with the influence of guided ultrasonic waves on heat transfer. Two piezoelectric transducers, whose structure can be vibrated at different powers and at their resonant frequency in the ultrasonic range of 27–45 kHz, were placed on the plates of a heat exchanger to inhibit the formation of a mineral deposit. These waves were set to diffuse only into the metal plates of the exchanger. During these tests, an increase in the heat transfer between the two fluids was directly observed on the continuous recording of the outlet temperature, on the calculations of the global exchange coefficient, and on the flow exchanged between the two fluids in the laminar regime. Tests are presented in this article, tests in the presence of the 45 kHz transducer, another with a 27 kHz transducer, and which combines the two have a different positioning on the exchanger. The results obtained from the ultrasonic guided waves are similar to the classical ultrasonic waves.

Influence of ultrasonic treatment on functional properties and structure of tussah pupa protein isolate

Tussah pupa protein is one of the high-quality insect proteins with high nutritional value and has been gradually recognised by the public, which can be used as a substitute for traditional animal-derived food proteins. But in contrast, the processing potential of it is much worse. Given this, this study took tussah silkworm chrysalis as the research object, and the isolated protein was extracted by alkali dissolution and acid precipitation and treated by ultrasonic wave (suspension concentration 9%, ultrasonic time 100 min, ultrasonic amplitude 40%), the effects of ultrasound were evaluated by determining the tussah pupa protein isolate (TPPI) functionalities and its structure changes. The results showed that compared with the untreated TPPI, the ultrasound-treated TPPI solubility significantly increased 4.57 times, water-holding capacity increased 1.06 times, emulsifying activity and emulsifying stability increased 2.10 times and 1.23 times respectively, foaming capacity as well as foaming stability increased 1.83 times and 1.05 times respectively (P&lt;0.05). Besides, the protein surface hydrophobicity and flexibility were also strongly improved (P&lt;0.05). Protein structure analysis showed that the disulphide bonds content reduced 1.21 times, sulfhydryl content increased 0.82 times, α-helices and random coils content in protein secondary structures increased significantly, β-sheets and β-turns content significantly decreased (P&lt;0.05) after ultrasonic treatment, indicating that ultrasound caused the transformation of some ordered structures into irregular structures. According to Fourier transform infrared spectrum, some protein characteristic peaks changed, including O-H stretching vibration intensity increased, and the amide I band moved to the low wavenumber direction, which indicated that the spatial structure of TPPI had been extended. Ultrasonic treatment can expose the internal polar groups and increasing the surface active sites of protein, to improve some functional properties of TPPI to a certain extent, which provided a theoretical foundation for developing new types of tussah pupa protein foods.

Influence of ultrasonic treatment on the change of monocrystalline silicon defective region

The article presents the results of an experimental study of ultrasonic action on monocrystalline silicon samples. The influence of the processing modes on the surface strength of the material under study was found.

Influence of ultrasonic treatment on kinetic of asphaltene aggregation in toluene/heptane mixture

This article illustrates the results of a study of ultrasonic dispersion’s influence on kinetic of asphaltene aggregation in a toluene/heptane mixture. The study was carried out by the method of dynamic light scattering. This optical method allows to measure the size of nano- and submicron particles in liquid medium. This method allows to measure the dependence of the average size of asphaltene aggregates during primary and secondary asphaltene aggregation. The primary aggregation was studied in a solution of asphaltenes in toluene and was initiated by the addition of heptane. Secondary aggregation of asphaltenes was initiated by ultrasonic dispersion of a mixture of toluene/heptane/asphaltene, in which primary aggregation finished and which contained asphaltene floccules. The effect of stabilization of asphaltene aggregates was experimentally detected after multiple ultrasonic dispersions.

Microstructural Evolutions under Ultrasonic Treatment in 304 and 316 Austenitic Stainless Steels: Impact of Stacking Fault Energy

Herein, the influence of ultrasonic treatment (UST) on the microstructure of AISI‐304 and AISI‐316 stainless steels as two common commercial grades with similar properties but different levels of stacking fault energy (SFE) is compared. The softening effect of the ultrasonic wave on the predeformed structure is demonstrated by microhardness measurements, and the relaxation of tensile residual stresses is affirmed through the X‐ray diffraction (XRD) peak shifting. Electron and optical microscopy reveals a significant impact of ultrasound on the reduction of the deformation twins’ fraction. A new mechanism for detwinning under the action of ultrasonic vibration is proposed using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis. Reductions of 25% and 34% are detected in dislocation density of the 10% predeformed tensile sample after 300 W UST for the 304SS and 316SS alloys, respectively. The effect of the SFE is discussed, and it turns out that cross‐slip is the main mechanism of dislocation annihilation as a result of UST. Observation of the low‐deformation regions close to the grain boundaries indicates the occurrence of the recrystallization phenomenon during UST. Dislocation annihilation, detwinning, dislocation absorption to grain boundaries, and recrystallization are regarded as the softening and relaxation mechanisms of UST for austenitic stainless steels.

Effects of Ultrasonic Treatment and Nanoparticles Addition on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of AS41A Magnesium Alloy

TiB2 nanoparticles reinforced AS41A alloys were fabricated by ultrasonic assisted stir casting. The influence of ultrasonic treatment and TiB2 nanoparticles on the microstructure and mechanical properties of AS41A magnesium alloy was investigated. The results showed that the ultrasonic treatment obviously refined microstructure, thereby improving the mechanical properties of the magnesium alloys. The addition of TiB2 further increased the tensile strength slightly while maintaining the improved elongation as the ultrasound-treated matrix alloys.The ultimate tensile strength, yield strength and elongation of the obtained nanocomposites were improved by 27.4%, 43.5% and 84.6% compared with those of the as-cast matrix alloys, respectively.

The influence of ultrasonic treatment on the properties of oil systems

In this work, we summarize experimental data on the influence of ultrasonic treatment alone and sonication with subsequent introduction of oil with high resin content, on the structural and rheological parameters of highly paraffinic oil. Our results clearly indicate that Ultrasonic treatment of oil stimulates the crystallization of paraffin. This leads to an increase in viscosity, pour point and the amount of paraffin deposited. The introduction of highly resinous oil into the sonicated highly paraffinic oil improves the viscosity-temperature characteristics, reduces the specific energy of degradation of the supramolecular structure, and positively affects the mass and the structure of sediments. Significant inhibition of the process of sedimentation and improvement of the viscosity-temperature properties is observed only when 10 wt.% of resinous oil is added to sonicated paraffinic oil. The results of our work indicate that mixing oils with various compositions in combination with ultrasonic treatment could be used for the transportation of highly paraffinic feedstocks through pipelines at low temperatures.

The Effect of Ultrasound Treatment on Physicochemical and Tribological Properties of Electrolytic Cu–Sn–TiO2 Coatings

In this work, Cu–Sn–TiO2 composite coatings have been deposited from an oxalic acid electrolyte additionally containing 4 g/dm3 TiO2. Using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence analysis, the influence of ultrasonic treatment and current load on the inclusion and distribution of the dispersed TiO2 phase in the Cu–Sn metal matrix has been established. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed that ultrasound treatment leads to the formation of more uniform Cu–Sn–TiO2 coatings. It has been shown that an increase in the cathodic current density from 0.5 to 1.5 A/dm2 leads to the formation of coatings with higher TiO2 content. The effect of ultrasonic action and current load on the microhardness, tribological properties, and corrosion resistance of the formed Cu–Sn–TiO2 composite coatings have been studied.

Influence of ultrasonic treatment on mechanical and electro-physical characteristics of UHMWPE/MWCNT composites

The influence of ultrasonic treatment on the strength and dielectric properties of composites based on ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) is studied. It is revealed that the ultrasonic treatment of composite melt at 130 °C results in the uniform distribution of nanotubes in the UHMWPE matrix, an increase in the degree of composite crystallinity by 10%, an increase in abrasion resistance by 37%, an increase in elongation at rupture by a factor of 2. The change in the physical and mechanical properties of the composite is caused by the change in the polymer matrix structure, taking place as a result of ultrasonic action, and does not depend on the presence of nanotubes in the polymer matrix.

Effects of Ultrasound on Zinc Oxide/Vermiculite/Chlorhexidine Nanocomposite Preparation and Their Antibacterial Activity.

Microbial infection and biofilm formation are both problems associated with medical implants and devices. In recent years, hybrid organic-inorganic nanocomposites based on clay minerals have attracted significant attention due to their application potential in the field of antimicrobial materials. Organic drug/metal oxide hybrids exhibit improved antimicrobial activity, and intercalating the above materials into the interlayer of clay endows a long-term and controlled-release behavior. Since antimicrobial activity is strongly related to the structure of the material, ultrasonic treatment appears to be a suitable method for the synthesis of these materials as it can well control particle size distribution and morphology. This study aims to prepare novel, structurally stable, and highly antimicrobial nanocomposites based on zinc oxide/vermiculite/chlorhexidine. The influence of ultrasonic treatment at different time intervals and under different intercalation conditions (ultrasonic action in a breaker or in a Roset’s vessel) on the structure, morphology, and particle size of prepared hybrid nanocomposite materials was evaluated by the following methods: scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, carbon phase analysis, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy, specific surface area measurement, particle size analysis, and Zeta potential analysis. Particle size analyses confirmed that the ultrasonic method contributes to the reduction of particle size, and to their homogenization/arrangement. Further, X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed that ultrasound intercalation in a beaker helps to more efficiently intercalate chlorhexidine dihydrochloride (CH) into the vermiculite interlayer space, while a Roset’s vessel contributed to the attachment of the CH molecules to the vermiculite surface. The antibacterial activity of hybrid nanocomposite materials was investigated on Gram negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis) bacterial strains by finding the minimum inhibitory concentration. All hybrid nanocomposite materials prepared by ultrasound methods showed high antimicrobial activity after 30 min, with a long-lasting effect and without being affected by the concentration of the antibacterial components zinc oxide (ZnO) and CH. The benefits of the samples prepared by ultrasonic methods are the rapid onset of an antimicrobial effect and its long-term duration.

Ultrasonic and Heat Treatment of Crude Oils

One of the methods of influence on rheological properties of heavy high-viscosity crude oils is ultrasonic treatment. Ultrasonic treatment allows reducing the viscosity of crude oil and, therefore, reducing the costs of its production and transportation. In this paper, the influence of ultrasonic treatment on the rheological characteristics of crude oil (sample No. 1 API = 29.1, sample No. 2 API = 15.9) was investigated. An experimental method was developed. Experimental studies were carried out using the Physica MCR 102 rheometer. The influence of the intensity and duration of ultrasonic treatment on the viscosity of the initial crude oils was studied for 24 h. In addition, the rheological characteristics of the treated oil were investigated after its natural cooling to 293 K. The results are compared with similar results for thermal heating.