Influence Of Tin Content Research Articles

Microstructure and properties of open‐cell Ni–Sn–P alloy foams prepared by electroless plating

AbstractIn this study, open‐cell Ni–Sn–P alloy foams were prepared by electroless plating. The influence of tin content on the surface morphology and properties of Ni–Sn–P alloy foams were investigated. The surface structure of Ni–Sn–P alloy foams became more uniform and compact with the increase of Sn content. The X‐ray diffraction result showed that Ni–Sn–P alloy foams gradually transformed from an amorphous structure into crystallization with the increase of heat‐treatment temperature. The introduction of Sn significantly enhanced the corrosion resistance of Ni–P coatings in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution, the corrosion current density decreased from 5.022 to 0.805 μA/cm2 and the corrosion potential shifted positively from −0.423 to −0.294 V after adding 5.96 wt% Sn to Ni–P coatings. However, the corrosion resistance of Ni–Sn–P foams was deteriorated after heat treatment. Adding Sn to the Ni–P system slightly weakened the compressive strength of Ni–P binary foams. Nevertheless, significant improvement in the antioxidant performance of Ni–Sn–P alloy foams was indicated by the reduction of the mass change rate in that the mass change rate of Ni–P foams obviously reduced from 5.15% to 0.25% after adding 5.96 wt% Sn.

Influence of tin content on the texture properties and catalytic performance of bi-metallic Pt–Re and tri-metallic Pt–Re–Sn catalyst for n-octane reforming

The effect of a relatively inactive metal on the texture properties and catalytic performance of bi-metallic platinum–rhenium (Pt–Re)–S/Al2O3–Cl catalyst was investigated. The concentration of introduced tin (Sn) varied between 0.06 and 0.32 % (weight basis). The parent and modified catalysts were characterized using the following techniques; BET, X-ray diffraction, SEM–EDX, and atomic absorption spectroscopy/inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy. The bi-metallic and tri-metallic catalysts were also screened for their activity and selectivity in the reforming of n-octane under the following conditions: T = 480 °C, p = 10 bar, WHSV = 3.3 h−1 and H2:HC = 4.5. Results showed that, on n-octane conversion, selectivity have changed favorably i.e., low selectivity to aromatics but high selectivity to iso-paraffins and olefins. In addition, less cracking products were detected and high liquid yields (LYs) were obtained. However, there is a strong and closely linear correlation between aromatics and octane number. The results of this work showed that catalyst with Sn >0.14 and <0.32 performed the best catalyst i.e., no major effect on research octane number, LY and selectivity with the addition of more Sn.

Erosion–corrosion behavior of Ti(C,N)-based cermets with different TiN contents

Ti(C,N)-based cermets are fabricated with diverse contents of TiN addition by traditional powder metallurgy technique. The microstructure and properties are investigated and discussed. The influence of TiN content on the erosion and erosion–corrosion resistance is researched under alkaline conditions. Results reveal that the grain size decreases along with the increase of TiN. However, too much TiN results in incompact material and residual porosities in cermets. The grain size plays an important role in wear behavior. The effect of TiN content on erosion–corrosion of Ti(C,N)-based cermets is the same as that on erosion. It is advantageous for the wear resistance to add a small amount of TiN. Excessive TiN makes the wear resistance decrease on the contrary. In alkaline slurry, the cermets with coarse grains deteriorate largely due to corrosion which decreases the mechanical properties and speeds up the total loss of material. Nevertheless, the mechanical erosion is responsible for the degradation of cermets with fine grains. Cermets with 7.5wt.% TiN addition have the highest erosion and erosion–corrosion resistance.

Corrosion behaviour of bronze in urban environments: influence of tin content

In this paper, the influence of the tin content on the corrosion behaviour of copper alloys was investigated. Three different bicomponent bronze alloys were exposed to a natural urban environment. The kinetic corrosion processes and the patina properties were monitored using the open circuit potential, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and spectrocolorimetry. Results show that the bronze corrosion behaviour improves upon increasing the tin content. In addition, the mechanism of the patina formation is different for the three alloys.

The influence of TiN content on erosion–corrosion behavior of Ti(C,N)-based cermets

Four groups of titanium carbonitride based cermets with different TiN addition were fabricated by traditional powder metallurgy and the effects of TiN content on the microstructure and properties were discussed. A series of erosion–corrosion experiments were conducted in the slurry with 0.5mol/L H2SO4 and 5wt.% Al2O3 particles. Grains are greatly refined and the thickness of rims decreases remarkably with TiN addition. The results indicate that in severe erosive condition the erosion–corrosion resistance is improved with the increase of TiN, and the Ti(C,N)-based cermet with 7.5wt.% TiN introduction shows the best performance. Results also show that the erosion–corrosion is a complicated process containing both the effects of erosion and corrosion. The wear mechanism changes from chemical corrosion dominated to mechanical erosion leading as the impinging time increasing. The two wear mechanisms together accelerate the mass loss of material.

Influence of tin content on tribological characteristics of spray formed Al–Si alloys

In the present investigation, tribological characteristics of spray formed and hot pressed Al–6.5Si, Al–12.5Si and Al–12.5Si–25Sn alloys have been studied. The alloys were spray formed in an environmental chamber using nitrogen gas at 1.0 MPa gas pressure and a deposition distance of 350 mm. The preforms were vacuum hot pressed, at appropriate temperatures, to achieve its densification, The spray formed alloys showed considerable microstructural refinement with uniform distribution of Si particles in Al–Si alloys and that of Sn and Si particles in the matrix of primary α-Al phase of Al–Si–Sn alloys. Dry sliding wear behaviour of these materials was studied as a function of sliding distance, applied load and sliding velocity. The wear response parameters such as wear rate, seizure pressure and frictional force were measured. A pressure-sliding velocity ( P– V) limit diagram was established from the data obtained. The P– V diagram indicated that the allowable pressure range for wear seizure increased with increasing Si content. A considerable increase in the wear resistance of the alloy and the seizure pressure is observed with Sn addition. The improved wear properties of the alloy containing Sn are discussed in light of the microstructural features of spray formed alloy and the nature of the debris particles.

The influence of TiN content on properties of Ti(CN) solid solution

Samples of Ti(CN) solid solution of various TiN content were prepared by hot pressing. Phase composition and lattice parameters of the samples were analysed by X-ray diffraction and metallography. Wetting characteristics of Co Ni(1:1) to the samples and solubility of WC, Mo2C, TaC and NbC in the solid solution were studied in detail. Undissolved Mo2C (and/or W2C) particles were found in the 4th sample ( R = 0.7, R =TiN/TiN+TiC), and more undissolved Mo2C (and/or W2C) and a little Mo in the 5th sample ( R = 0.9). Because more TiN decomposed in the 5th sample, carbon atoms of the Mo2C in the sample entered partly into the Ti(CN) solid solution. The wetting characteristics of Co Ni(1:1) to the samples can be improved by adding WC and TaC to the solid solution. When R = 0.7 and 0.9, the samples cannot be wetted by Co Ni(1:1) under vacuum at about 1500 °C. The melting temperature of Co Ni increases with an increase in the R value of the samples, and decreases with an increase in WC and TaC content.

Characteristics and flow behavior of molten tin-polypropylene blend systems

An experimental study of tin-polypropylene compounds involving melt mixing and melt extrusion and molding over a range of temperatures is described. Problems of coalescence which make continuous mixing impossible above the melting temperature are described. Significant coalescence of the tin also results in extrusion and injection-molding problems. The influence of tin content and melt temperature on shear viscosity and extrusion character is discussed and interpreted. The electrical properties of the compounds are investigated.

The influence of tin content on the reuse of magnetic metals recovered from municipal solid waste

The magnetically recoverable fraction of municipal solid waste (MSW magnetics) contains a large percentage of tinplate steel cans and, therefore, significant tin content. For areas where detinning is not readily available, this tin content is recognized as a potential barrier to the use of MSW magnetics in iron and steel production. Published reports on the effects of tin in iron and steel are reviewed. Tin is usually reported to harden steel, increase yield and tensile strength and decrease ductility and toughness, but the quantitative effects of tin have not been well defined. Reported tin levels in MSW magnetics are presented and a geometrical progression model for calculating tin residual buildup after repeated recycling is described. Based on tolerances for tin, a hierarchy of potential uses for MSW magnetics is proposed On a national scale, tin, by itself, would not present a barrier to reuse of recovered magnetics but this is not necessarily so on a local scale. Some steel plants, because of the types of products made, may not be able to reuse any MSW magnetics. Technological approaches to removing tin or reducing its effects are discussed.