Influence Of Surface Treatment Research Articles

Bond performance and damage assessment of self-sensing steel–fiber composite bar with geopolymer concrete

This study employed a novel steel–fiber composite bar (SFCB) enhanced with Distributed Optical Fiber Sensors (DOFS) technology to reveal the local bonding and damage mechanisms between composite reinforcement and seawater sea sand geopolymer concrete. By embedding DOFS within the steel core of the SFCB reinforcement, the local bond stress between the reinforcement and geopolymer concrete was monitored. The continuous measurement provided by DOFS revealed a non-uniform strain distribution along the length of the SFCB reinforcement and an uneven distribution of bond stress within the bonded section. Based on test results, a modified bond–slip model was utilized to predict the bond–slip relationship between the SFCB reinforcement and the geopolymer concrete, taking into account the influence of surface treatment on the descending branch of the bond–slip curve. Additionally, a damage model was employed to evaluate the extent of damage at the bond interface between the SFCB reinforcement and the geopolymer concrete under different load levels. Finally, the modified bond–slip model was also used to propose the anchorage length for SFCB reinforcements, which was compared with ACI, CSA, and JSCE codes.

(Kesan Rawatan Permukaan pada Ikatan Struktur Mikro antara Muka Zirkonia-Dentin terhadap Saiz Zarah Serbuk Zirkonia yang Berbeza)

Zirconia-based materials have emerged as promising resources for dental restoration applications owing to their excellent strength and aesthetic appearance. In clinical practices, surface treatment on zirconia is essential to ensure enhanced dental bonding. In this study, a novel method was used to produce zirconia block, and the influence of surface treatment on zirconia-dentine microstructure bonding interface was investigated for different particle sizes of zirconia powder. The particle sizes used in this study were 90 and 30 nm on the basis of manufacturer claims. A zirconia block of both particle sizes underwent surface treatment airborne-particle abrasion (50 μm, 0.4 MPa). Dentine specimens were prepared from extracted premolars stored in 0.1% tymol solution before being randomly cemented with the zirconia block sample by using self-adhesive resin cement (RelyX U2000 Clicker, 3M) and then light polymerised. The results after surface treatment showed higher surface roughness values for 90 and 30 nm at 0.17 and 0.18 μm, respectively, than those of the sample without surface treatment at 0.05 and 0.06 μm, respectively, showing no significant difference between particle sizes. Surface treatment improved the bonding of zirconia because the surface roughness allowed for enhanced interlocking of the cement onto the zirconia surface. However, the unbonded dentine and cement was due to the existence of a smear layer on the dentine surface that prevented the selfadhesive resin cement to work well with the dentine surface. Thus, dentine primer must be used to chemically remove the layer and allow for proper bonding between the resin cement and dentine surface.

The Influence of Surface Treatment on the Performance of Photoconductive Detectors Based on Silicon Wafer

The Influence of Surface Treatment on the Performance of Photoconductive Detectors Based on Silicon Wafer

Flame retardant characteristics of natural fibre reinforced polymer composites: A thematic review

AbstractGlobally, with the advancement of industrialization and globalization, the automotive sector has drastically increased for transportation and commercial purposes. Hence, to maximize efficiency and minimize the weight of automobiles, the automotive and aerospace industries have welcomed synthetic fibre‐reinforced composites, vastly replacing conventional metals. Despite the superior performance, the usage of synthetic fibre composites has led to the massive dumping of automotive waste in landfills, making the land unfit for future purposes. Therefore, natural fibre‐reinforced composites (NFRCs) quickly replace synthetic fibres with their unique features, such as being lightweight, biodegradable, and non‐toxic, en routing a new path towards a sustainable environment. Though NFRCs are finding new applications in various industries, researchers are trying to enhance their thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties to make them synergic composites. However, with the presence of cellulose, lignin, and wax, natural fibres become highly responsive toward flammability, limiting their use in various emerging applications. As the subject of the flammability of NFRCs has a limited amount of literature, the current review article aims to address the current flammability studies and strategies adopted to improve the flame‐retardant characteristics of NFRCs exclusively. Also, this review covers the factors and influence of different types of flame‐retardant fillers adopted to improve the flame retreatant characteristic of NFRCs and their mechanism. Additionally, this review article summarises various official and laboratory flame‐testing techniques such as radial panel test (RPT), cone calorimetry, and limited oxygen index (LOI) adopted to characterize the flammable properties of NFRCs.Highlights Natural fiber biocomposites are becoming a potential candidate for structural and interior applications in the automotive and aircraft industries. Flammability becomes a major alarm as it concerns with the safety of passengers. The flammability behavior of natural fiber composites is extensively discussed. Mechanisms, factors, and selection of flame‐retardant materials are reviewed to improve the flame‐retardant characteristics. The influence of surface treatments, fiber content, and flame‐retardant nanofillers are also elaborately discussed. Advanced flame testing techniques were conversed with pictorial representation.

Enhancing bonding of zirconia lithium silicate ceramics to dentin: The effect of surface treatment and resin cement

This laboratory study evaluated the influence of surface treatments on surface topography, and the bonding of CAD/CAM (computer-aided design computer-aided manufacturing) zirconia-containing lithium silicate (ZLS) surfaces to human dentin using various contemporary resin cements. Specimens from ZLS CAD/CAM blocks (Celtra™ Duo and Vita™ Suprinity) underwent three surface pretreatments: grinding only; 5 % hydrofluoric acid etching followed by application of a silane coupling agent, and a self-etching ceramic primer. The specimens were bonded to a flat exposed dentin surface using two etch-and-rinse and two self-adhesive resin cements, and then sectioned into microspecimens for microtensile bond strength (μTBS) testing. Failure modes of bonded surfaces, and ceramic surface roughness and topography were assessed. Results indicated that surface treatment was essential for ZLS-dentin bonding. Hydrofluoric acid and silane, along with the self-etching primer resulted in comparable strengths and outperformed the control group. Etch-and-rinse cements yielded significantly higher μTBS than self-adhesive cements. Significant differences in surface roughness and topography were observed among the treatment groups. Hydrofluoric acid exhibited the highest roughness parameters and most prominent surface changes. These findings highlight the importance of surface treatment for enhancing zirconia-containing lithium silicate bonding to dentin, and emphasize the critical role of the resin cement choice in optimizing dental restorative outcomes.

Influence of Surface Treatments on Urea Detection Using Si Electrolyte-Gated Transistors with Different Gate Electrodes.

We investigated the impact of surface treatments on Si-based electrolyte-gated transistors (EGTs) for detecting urea. Three types of EGTs were fabricated with distinct gate electrodes (Ag, Au, Pt) using a top-down method. These EGTs exhibited exceptional intrinsic electrical properties, including a low subthreshold swing of 80 mV/dec, a high on/off current ratio of 106, and negligible hysteresis. Three surface treatment methods ((3-amino-propyl) triethoxysilane (APTES) and glutaraldehyde (GA), 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (11-MUA), 3-mercaptopropionic acid (3-MPA)) were individually applied to the EGTs with different gate electrodes (Ag, Au, Pt). Gold nanoparticle binding tests were performed to validate the surface functionalization. We compared their detection performance of urea and found that APTES and GA exhibited the most superior detection characteristics, followed by 11-MUA and 3-MPA, regardless of the gate metal. APTES and GA, with the highest pKa among the three surface treatment methods, did not compromise the activity of urease, making it the most suitable surface treatment method for urea sensing.

Influence of surface treatments and addition of a reactive agent on the properties of PLA/flax and PLA/bamboo composites

Polylactic acid (PLA) composites reinforced with 10 wt% of flax (FF) or bamboo (BF) fibers were prepared via an internal mixer and/or twin-screw extrusion. Alkali pretreated fibers were soaked in silane to improve adhesion between fibers and matrix. 0.8 wt% of Joncryl™, a grafted copolymer acting as PLA chain extender, was also used alone or in combination with silane treatment of fibers to improve interfacial adhesion. The influence of silane treatment and/or Joncryl on the composite materials on mechanical, thermal and thermomechanical properties of materials processed through injection molding was investigated. Improved adhesion of the fibers to the matrix was shown using a scanning electron microscope. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy indicated that chemical bonds were formed between the silane coupling agent and fibers. X-ray Photo-electron Spectroscopy confirmed that fibers and silane derivatives were effectively coupled. XPS also highlighted that silane coupling agent reacted in higher amounts on bamboo than flax fibers, probably due to a higher amount of lignin in the case of bamboo fibers. Thermogravimetric analyses indicated that silane-treated flax and bamboo increased the thermal stability of the corresponding composites (PLA-SFF and PLA-SFB) compared to non-treated fiber composites. The incorporation of Joncryl alone entailed a degradation of the thermal stability of the corresponding composites (PLAJ-FF and PLAJ-FB) but enhanced the PLA/fibers interfacial adhesion. The combination of Joncryl and silane treatment resulted in strong improvements of thermal stability and interfacial adhesion for the PLAJ-SFF and PLAJ-SBF composites. Increase in tensile moduli and decrease in tensile strengths with the incorporation of the pristine fibers were noted. For silane-treated fibers, the tensile modulus and the strength of the corresponding composites were improved when adding Joncryl alone or in combination with silane. From also rheological and molar weight measurements, it could be concluded that Joncryl acts both as PLA chain extender and coupling agent.

Retraction Note: Influence of surface treatment on osseointegration of dental implants: histological, histomorphometric and radiological analysis in vivo.

Retraction Note: Influence of surface treatment on osseointegration of dental implants: histological, histomorphometric and radiological analysis in vivo.

Failure of Porcelain Coating on Milled and SLM Fabricated Titanium Alloy with Different Surface Treatment

The present paper aimed at investigating the influence of surface treatment on the failure of porcelain coating on Ti6Al4V alloy fabricated by milling and selective laser melting (SLM). The titanium alloy surface was treated by three different ways: sandblasting, application of a layer of bonding agent and combined (sandblasting and subsequent bond layer). A coating of ultra-low fusing ceramic was fabricated on one surface of the samples. The adhesion of the porcelain to the titanium alloy was investigated by standard 3-point bending test and the failure of the coating was evaluated by optical microscopy. It was found that the type of surface treatment of the titanium alloy affects the failure mechanism of porcelain coating on its surface. In case of all samples, the fracture of the ceramics was observed to occur by a mixed adhesion-cohesion mechanism with a difference in the layer of adhesive or cohesive failures. These differences are greater for the milled alloy compared to its SLM-treated counterpart. In the milled sample, adhesive failure occurs along the metal/oxide layer interface and cohesion through the oxide layer. After sandblasting, both adhesion and cohesion fractures were observed between the oxide layer and the porcelain. In the bond-treated samples, adhesive and cohesive failures were found to occur mainly between the oxide layer and the bond. Most of the specimens treated in a combined way failed cohesively by cracking the ceramic coating. In the control and sandblasted subgroups of the SLM-processed alloy, the porcelain coating was destroyed through adhesive-cohesive route: adhesive along the metal/oxide layer interface, and cohesive through the porcelain. Ceramic fracture in the bond- and combined treated subgroups was observed to occur adhesively along the bond/porcelain interface, and cohesively through the bond and porcelain.

Influence of surface treatment on the bonding quality of wood for load-bearing purposes

ABSTRACT This study investigates the influence of different machining processes on the tensile shear strength of glued lumber, focusing on optimizing the tool geometry of face milling. The data obtained were analyzed using statistical methods. The roughness of the surface produced by the machining process and the damage to the microstructure under the cutting edge are identified as important factors influencing the quality of the bond. The results show that the optimized process (low roughness and microstructure damage) leads to more effective gluing.

Study of the Influence of Surface Treatment with a Flexible Tool on the Cyclic Durability Resistance of Steel Grade 25

Study of the Influence of Surface Treatment with a Flexible Tool on the Cyclic Durability Resistance of Steel Grade 25

Combined effect of surface treatment and heat treatment on the fatigue properties of AISI 316L, manufactured by powder bed fusion of metals using a laser (PBF-LB/M)

This work deals with the combined influence of surface treatment and heat treatment of 316L manufactured by powder bed fusion of metals using a laser (PBF-LB/M/316L) on the fatigue behavior. Two surface treatment methods (manual polishing, vibratory grinding) were investigated. Fatigue testing of six different surface and heat treatment parameter setups was conducted. Metallurgical investigations such as etching patterns, density measurements, surface roughness measurements, fracture surface analysis with a scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) were performed. The mechanical properties were examined by tensile tests and fatigue tests. The influence of grain size on fatigue life was found to be the primary factor, followed by the surface roughness and subsequently the residual stresses on the surface ultimately contributing to the overall effect.

Influence of surface treatment on metal dusting resistance of welds

AbstractWelds of the commercial Ni‐based alloys 602 CA, 699 XA, 601 and 690 were exposed under harsh metal dusting conditions. The pit formation was compared for as‐welded, brushed, ground, glass bead blasted, steel shot peened and dry cathodic pickled surfaces. Surface treatments were applied by industrial partners. When (stainless) steels were involved in the surface treatment, Fe contaminations acted as catalyst sites for pit initiation. A fast metal dusting attack was also observed on dry cathodic pickled samples. A beneficial effect was attributed to deformation of the sub‐surface zone, as it provides diffusion paths for oxide formers (by grinding and glass bead blasting). In the same region, formation of α‐Cr (BCC) precipitates was observed. The best performance was found for samples where the weld bead was fully flattened by grinding to P40 grit. In addition, it was demonstrated that on‐site slurry aluminization further enhances the resistance against metal dusting attack.

Optimizing the Production of Hydrogel Microspheres Using Microfluidic Chips: The Influence of Surface Treatment on Droplet Formation Mechanism.

Microfluidic chips have been widely applied in biology and medical research for stably generating uniform droplets that can be solidified into hydrogel microspheres. However, issues such as low microsphere yield, lengthy experimental processes, and susceptibility to environmental interference need to be addressed. In this work, a simple and effective method was developed to modify microfluidic chips at room temperature to improve the production performance of hydrogel microspheres. Numerical simulation-assisted experiments were conducted to comprehensively understand the effect of solution viscosity, hydrophilicity, and flow rate ratio on droplet formation during microsphere production. Chitosan was selected as the main component and combined with poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate to prepare photocurable hydrogel microspheres as a demonstration. As a result, grafting fluoro-silane (FOTS) increased the contact angle of the channel from 90 to approximately 110°, which led to a 12.2% increase in droplet yield. Additionally, FOTS-modification attenuated the impact of the flow rate ratio on droplet yield by 19.1%. Alternatively, depositing dopamine decreased the channel's contact angle from 90 to 60°, resulting in a 21.4% increase in particle size and enabling the chip to adjust droplet size over a wider range. Further study demonstrates that the obtained hydrogel microspheres can be modified with layers of aldehyde, which can potentially be used for controlled drug release. Overall, this study proposed a facile method for adjusting the yield and droplet size through surface treatment of microfluidic chips while also enhancing the understanding of the synergistic effects of multiple factors in microfluidics-based microsphere production.

Influence of surface treatments and adhesive protocols on repair bond strength of glass-matrix and resin-matrix CAD/CAM ceramics.

To specify the effects of self-etching ceramic primer, Monobond Etch and Prime (MEP), and universal adhesive (UA) on repair bond strength between CAD/CAM blocks and resin composite. Vita Mark II (VM), IPS e.max CAD (EMAX), Shofu Block HC (SHC), and Tetric CAD (TET) blocks were sliced and thermocycled. They were divided into four groups according to surface treatments (n = 24): control, sandblasting (AL), hydrofluoric acid etching (HF), and MEP application. SEM analysis assessed surface topography. Subdivided, specimens followed distinct adhesive protocols (n = 12): control (silane + adhesive [SA] or adhesive [A] only for MEP group) and UA. Microshear bond strength (μSBS) was measured following resin composite repair. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey tests (p < 0.05). The μSBS of CAD/CAM blocks was significantly influenced by surface treatment type and adhesive protocol. The highest μSBS values for each block, considering surface treatment + adhesive protocol, were VM, HF + SA, or HF + UA; EMAX, MEP + A; and SHC and TET, AL + SA, or AL + UA. Except for EMAX, it was not the adhesive protocol that made the significant difference in bond strength for each CAD/CAM block, but the surface treatment. MEP + UA application on glass ceramics lowered μSBS values significantly, so it is not recommended in clinical conditions. Repair is an essential therapeutic option, particularly in esthetic restorations, to swiftly repair the impaired esthetics caused by fracture. Repair protocol is dependent on the restorative material, and to have a reliable repair bond strength, the following surface treatment and adhesive protocol combinations are recommended for each CAD/CAM block: VM, HF + SA, or HF + UA; EMAX, MEP + A; and SHC and TET, AL + SA, or AL + UA.

The influence of surface treatment with triethoxymethylsilane and triethoxyethylsilane sols on the permeability of powder coatings

The influence of surface treatment with triethoxymethylsilane and triethoxyethylsilane sols on the permeability of powder coatings

Hydrogen embrittlement in high strength fasteners: Comparison between bainitic and tempered martensitic steels

The scope of this work is to explore innovative microstructure typologies, as well as heat treatments, for the manufacturing of high-strength steel fasteners aimed at obtaining a reduced susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement. The research evaluates the role of microstructure and the notch tensile strength (RNTS) in relation to the geometry tested on hydrogen embrittlement of steels used in fasteners production. High-strength steel fasteners are increasingly used especially in Automotive industry to mechanically join parts together, increase vehicle performance and promote car weight reduction. High-strength steel fasteners, included in property class 12.9 and higher, are characterized by an ultimate tensile strength above 1200 MPa, despite the remarkable mechanical performance they are historically prone to hydrogen embrittlement phenomena. The phenomenon of hydrogen embrittlement is widely investigated, characterized by its unpredictability and its ability to result in brittle fractures. In this study, slow strain rate tensile tests were conducted to investigate and compare the effect of internal hydrogen concentration on the mechanical properties of fasteners with martensitic microstructure in property classes 10.9and 12.9, as well as innovative high strength fasteners with bainitic microstructure in property class 12.9U.The commonly utilized methodologies for assessing hydrogen embrittlement in fasteners are standardized procedures primarily focused on mechanical tests conducted on finished fasteners. They do not effectively differentiate the influence of surface treatment from material selection and fastener design. For this reason, during the present research, a simpler, faster and very promising methodology has been used. This procedure could be the basis for developing a new Standard guideline for prevention of hydrogen delayed fracture. Additionally, SEM fractography has been interpreted according to the well-known HELP and HEDE models.

Influence Of Surface Treatment On The Physical Properties And Biofilm Formation Of Zirconia-Reinforced Lithium Silicate Ceramics: In Vitro Trial.

To evaluate the performance of fully (Celtra Duo, Dentsply Sirona) and partially (VITA Suprinity, VITA) crystallized zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate and partially sintered lithium disilicate (IPS e.max CAD, Ivoclar Vivadent) glass-ceramics submitted to polishing, glazing, or no surface treatment after aging. Specimens of each glass-ceramic were subjected to polishing with rubber cups (POL), glazing (GL), or control (C; no treatment) and afterwards aged with 18,000 thermal cycles (5°C to 55°C). The average roughness (Ra), 2D and 3D morphology, contact angle, multispecies biofilm formation (Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans), and mechanical strength were evaluated by atomic force microscopy (AFM, n = 5), sessile-drop goniometry (n = 5), spectrophotometry (n = 5), and flexural strength test (n = 10), respectively. Data were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance and Tukey test (α = 5%). POL promoted lower Ra than glazing, and Celtra Duo presented higher Ra than IPS e.max CAD (P < .05). Surfaces without polishing promoted higher Ra than the POL group (P < .001), greater contact angle (P < .001), and significant morphologic changes, regardless of the glass-ceramic. Irrespective of the treatment, the contact angle was higher in Celtra Duo, and regardless of the material, there was higher biofilm formation and lower flexural strength of unpolished compared to POL or GL ceramics. Polishing with rubber cups promoted lower roughness and minor morphologic surface alterations, but biofilm formation and flexural strength were similar to the glazed surface. In general, Celtra Duo and VITA Suprinity showed similar behavior to IPS e.max CAD, which makes zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate glass-ceramics a good option for indirect restorations.

Influence of surface treatment on mechanical properties of Roystonea-regia/banana fibre reinforced hybrid polyester composites

An effort has been made in the current research to analyse the influence of alkali and saline treatments on the mechanical properties of Roystonea-regia (RR)/banana (BA) fibre reinforced hybrid polyester composites. Composites were prepared using both treated and untreated fibres using hand layup technique. Total reinforcement content in the hybrid composites was limited to 15 wt%. Prepared specimens were tested for tensile, flexural and impact properties as per ASTM standards. Highest tensile and flexural properties were obtained for the composites reinforced with 5 wt% RR fibres and 10 wt% of BA fibres for both treated and untreated conditions. Alkali treated specimens exhibited superior tensile and flexural properties in comparison to untreated and silane treated specimens. However, composite reinforced with untreated fibres showed better impact strength.

Osseointegration in additive-manufactured titanium implants: A systematic review of animal studies on the need for surface treatment

The objective of the systematic review is to find an answer to a question: “Do surface treatments on titanium implants produced by additive manufacturing improve osseointegration, compared to untreated surfaces?“. This review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA 2020) and was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) (CRD42022321351). Searches were performed in PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Embase, and Google Scholar databases on March 22nd, 2022. Articles were chosen in 2 steps by 2 blinded reviewers based on previously selected inclusion criteria: articles in animals that addressed the influence of surface treatments on osseointegration in implants produced by additive manufacturing. Articles were excluded that (1) did not use titanium surface, 2) that did not evaluate surface treatments, 3) that did not described osseointegration, 4) Studies with only in vitro analyses, clinical studies, systematic reviews, book chapters, short communications, conference abstracts, case reports and personal opinions.). 1003 articles were found and, after applying the eligibility criteria, 17 were used for the construction of this review. All included studies found positive osseointegration results from performing surface treatments on titanium. The risk of bias was analyzed using the SYRCLE assessment tool. Surface treatments are proposed to promote changes in the microstructure and composition of the implant surface to favor the adhesion of bone cells responsible for osseointegration. It is observed that despite the benefits generated by the additive manufacturing process in the microstructure of the implant surface, surface treatments are still indispensable, as they can promote more suitable characteristics for bone-implant integration. It can be concluded that the surface treatments evaluated in this systematic review, performed on implants produced by additive manufacturing, optimize osseointegration, as it allows the creation of a micro-nano-textured structure that makes the surface more hydrophilic and allows better contact bone-implant.