Influence Of Situational Variables Research Articles

Play as practice? Comparative analysis of preparation period and match adjustments in a basketball team's performance.

In basketball, successful performance relies on the optimal use of top-down strategic guidance by coaches and bottom-up adjustments by players, requiring a preparation plan consistent with match demands. The aim of this study was to analyze the strategic-tactical tendencies between a basketball team's preparation and match performance phases for a U16 men's national team during a continental tournament. The team was composed by 12 players (aged 16 ± 0.4) with at least three years of participation in basketball competitions. Data from team strategy (the playbook), team practices, and match performance were integrated through a common set of variables in a decision support framework, the Team Learning Cycle (TLC). The influence of situational variables with respect to preparation and match performance consistency and efficiency was also investigated. The preparation phase significantly emphasized small-sided games focused on group-tactics-based attacks, combining offense and defense, usually in the set offense. During the matches, the set offense was also significantly prioritized. The frequency of group-tactics-based attacks increased relative to team plays from the group phase to the elimination phase (p < 0.05). Efficiency generally improved during close matches, suggesting successful team strategy learning and tactical autonomy from preparation to matches. Using consistency and efficiency together provided for an effective evaluation of a team's preparation-performance relationship. This evidence underscores the importance of sensitive monitoring methods for establishing accurate associations between preparation and performance. Coaches can use this systematic procedure to critically examine their use of preparation time relative to match performance. Additionally, basketball managers may find that TLC-related evidence supports evaluating coaches' multi-dimensional skills from a broader perspective than simply winning rates, offering a more objective and comprehensive assessment of coaching effectiveness.

When showrooming is not a threat: Uncovering opportunities for showroomer retention

Showrooming is an increasingly common behavior that challenges the profitability of store-based retailers when the purchase is done at a competing online retailer. However, showrooming can also be a loyal behavior, although few studies differentiate between loyal and competitive showrooming. This study aims to provide multichannel retailers with knowledge about how to retain consumers who enter their stores with the intention to showroom. To this end, the influence of situational variables and loyalty towards the retailer are considered. With information from 466 showroomers and applying the fsQCA methodology, the results allow us to conclude that online price advantage and salesperson quality play a role in favoring loyal showrooming and preventing competitive showrooming respectively. Additionally, product category and the purchase device influence the transition from competitive showrooming intention to behavior. From these results, several managerial implications are proposed for store-based retailers.

Effect of Situational and Individual Factors on Training Load and Game Performance in Liga Femenina 2 Basketball Female Players

There is research that has shown how individual characteristics and performance indicators influence the load in basketball; however, studies on the influence of situational variables on performance are lacking. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of certain situational and individual variables on the training load (weekly load, game load and pre-game recovery) and the individual performance (statistical game evaluation) of female basketball players of Liga Femenina 2 during competition. The 28 games played by the 13 players of a group B team of the Liga Femenina 2 of the Spanish Basketball Federation (FEB) during the 2020/2021 season were analyzed. Data on rate of perceived exertion (RPE), perceived performance and recovery were collected through the Quanter mobile application as well as performance statistics from the FEB website. Five mixed linear analyses for repeated measures were performed to evaluate the effect of each situational and individual variable on each dependent variable (weekly load, game load, game RPE, pre-game recovery, and game statistical assessment). The results show how the weekly load increases after playing against a low-level opponent (p &lt; 0.001). In games, the players who play the most minutes and accumulate the most load are also the most valued (p &lt; 0.001). The pre-game recovery worsens as the season progresses (p &lt; 0.001). After playing against a high-level opponent, the pre-game recovery values for the next game are lower (p = 0.031). The results obtained indicate that the situational and individual variables should be taken into account to monitor the workload. These results help coaches and physical trainers to better plan training weeks, taking into account the situational variables studied.

A systematic review about the performance indicators related to ball possession.

The purpose of this review was to investigate the influence of the performance indicators related to ball possession on the match outcome and team performance. Following the PRISMA 2020 (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses) guidelines, this systematic review searched for literature on Web of Science, Scopus and Pub Med database, the publication date of the retrieved literature is set from January 2000 to December 2020. The keywords ‘football’ or ‘soccer’ were each paired with the following terms: ‘ball possession’, ‘ball recovery’, ‘ball regain’, ‘transition’, ‘playing style’, ‘possession zone’, ‘duration’ and ‘running performance’. The search returned 2,436 articles. After screening the records against set criteria, 75 analysis were made, and their technical and physical indicators were identified. Through analysing ball-possession related variables, the review concluded that the match outcome is not related to ball possession percentage. The ball possession percentage is not dominant to predict the match success. The status of ball possession percentage can affect the team’s performance in passing, organizational and running distance with the ball possession. There are league differences in ball possession strategies and duration. The frequency and offensive efficiency of direct ball recovery types are higher than indirect types. Ball possessions regained in the defensive third were higher than the final third. However, there remain some limitations such as the difference in the definition of concepts and sample participants, only a few studies consider the influence of situational variables and lack of in-depth analysis on ball possession strategy. Therefore, further study should adopt a more comprehensive approach, establishing a new connection between possession strategy and more technical and tactical indicators.

Influence of Situational Variables, Team Formation, and Playing Position on Match Running Performance and Social Network Analysis in Brazilian Professional Soccer Players.

Aquino, R, Carling, C, Palucci Vieira, LH, Martins, G, Jabor, G, Machado, J, Santiago, P, Garganta, J, and Puggina, E. Influence of situational variables, team formation, and playing position on match running performance and social network analysis of brazilian professional soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 34(3): 808-817, 2020-The purpose of this study was to investigate the independent and interactive effects of situational variables, opposition team formation, and playing position on running performance and network analysis in Brazilian professional soccer players (n = 22). Global positioning system technology was used to determine total distance covered, mean speed, maximum running speed, and distance covered in 6 speed ranges. Social network analysis was used to assess interpersonal coordination (team interactions characterized as successful passes [n = 3,033] between teammates). Observations of match running performance (n = 129) and network analysis (n = 108) were obtained. The main results were: (a) no interactive effects between team formation and playing position were observed for running and network variables (unclear to possibly); (b) matches played at home or against "weaker" opponents presented greater running demands and individual/global metrics of network analysis (likely to almost certain); (c) match outcome demonstrated influence only for running performance; matches in which the reference team won resulted in higher values than in matches lost; (d) when the reference team competed in 1-4-4-2 formation, this resulted in greater running demands than 1-4-2-3-1 formation (likely to almost certain); (e) reduced values of running performance variables were reported in central defenders compared with other positions. Central/external midfielders reported greater closeness/betweenness centrality, outdegree, and eigenvector compared with central/external defenders and forwards (likely to almost certain). The results from this study provide practical information to potentially impact on physical, tactical, and technical training.

The Influence of Situational Variables on Ball Possession in the South African Premier Soccer League.

Although the influence of ball possession in soccer has been well studied in other leagues, such information is sparse concerning the South African Premier Soccer League (PSL). The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of situational variables on ball possession in the PSL. Thirty-two matches played during the 2016–2017 PSL season were analysed using a multiple-camera match analysis system (InStat®). Three situational variables (match outcome, match location, and quality of opposition) and team performance variables (percentage of ball possession, ball possession <5 s, ball possession 5–15 s, ball possession 15–45 s, and ball possession >45 s) were examined. The results showed that losing teams had the highest ball possession (52.35 ± 5.90%) compared to winning (47.65 ± 5.90%) and drawing (50.00 ± 9.98%) teams. Playing away significantly (p < 0.05) decreased ball possession by 5.21% compared to playing at home. Playing against weak opposition was associated with increased ball possession by 4.09%. Conclusively, soccer coaches should be aware of the potential role of situational variables in determining successful team performance in a league season.

The impact of scoring first on match outcome in women’s professional football

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to explore the impact of scoring first on the final match outcome and teams’ performance in women’s professional football competition. Data from all matches with at least one goal (n = 230) of 2015/2016 season from the first Spanish women’s football league were collected using the official match reports. Logistic regression detected important relationships between team ranking and match outcome in scoring first odds. Scoring first increased from 2.8 to 11.1 times the winning chances. The better the ranking position, the higher the chances to score first. No influence of game location, quality of opposition and game surface was observed. Decision tree analyses revealed significant effects of situational variables on both match outcome and scoring first. When scoring first, teams ranked 1st to 3rd get the victory in over 90% of times whilst 3rd to 10th teams in almost the 80%. In turn, teams ranked 11th to 14th decreased to 54% the winning chances even if scoring first. Given the impact of the first goal in women’s football, data provide about the influence of situational variables may help in designing teaching and training tasks and competition plans to deal with first goal situations.

Personal and situational influences on the functions of music listening

On the one hand, the majority of research on the functions of music listening focuses on individual differences; on the other hand, a growing amount of research investigates situational influences. However, the question of how much of our daily engagement with music is attributable to individual characteristics and how much it depends on the situation is still under-researched. To answer this question and to reveal the most important predictors of the two domains, participants ( n = 587) of an online study reported on questions regarding the situation, the music, and the functions of music listening for three self-selected situations. Additionally, multiple person-related variables were measured. Results revealed that the influence of individual and situational variables on the functions of music listening varied across functions. The influence of situational variables on the functions of music listening outweighed the influence of individual characteristics. On the situational level, main activity while listening to music showed the greatest impact, while on the individual level, intensity of music preference was most influential. Our findings suggest that research on music in everyday life should incorporate both – individual and situational – variables determining the complex behavior of people interacting with music in a certain situation.

The influence of situational variables on defensive positioning in professional soccer

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of match conditions on the defensive positioning in professional soccer. One hundred and ten ball recovery situations from an elite soccer team were analysed using a tracking system (Amisco Pro). Three team performance variables (ball recovery location (BRL), position of the defensive line (PDL) and position of the offensive line (POL), and three situational variables (match location, quality of opposition and match status) were considered. The results suggest that teams alter their style of play as a consequence of the match conditions. BRL was advanced by 4.87 and 1.80 m (p < 0.05) when the teams were losing and winning, respectively, and POL by 3.67 m (p < 0.05) when losing, than when the scores were even. Playing away decreased the BRL, the PDL and the POL by 4.62, 3.41 and 3.48 m compared with playing at home (p < 0.01). Playing against strong opposition decreased the BRL and the PDL by 5.32 and 3.51 m (p < 0.01) respectively, compared with playing against similar opponents. A combination of these variables can be used to develop a model to predict future performances. The findings emphasise the need for match analysts and coaches to consider the impact of match conditions during assessments of technical and tactical components of football performance.

The use of classification and regression tree when classifying winning and losing basketball teams

&lt;div&gt;The aim of the present study was to identify the best predictors when classifying winning and losing teams in basketball in consideration of situational variables using the classification and regression tree (CRT) non-parametric analysis. The sample was composed of 1,404 balanced games (score-differences: 1-14 points) from the Spanish EBA Basketball League that presented high heterogeneity and a non-parametric distribution. These games were split into faster- and slower-paced games according to ball possessions per game (using a cluster k-means). The CRT analysis was used to predict which game-related variable/s better classified winning and losing teams during slower- and faster-paced games. In total, this approach explained 72% of the total variance in the slower- and 69.3% in the faster-paced games. The results identified importance of defensive-rebounds (100%), successful free-throws (94.7%), assists (86.1%), and fouls committed (55.9%) for the classification of winning and losing teams in the fast-paced games. Conversely, in the slow-paced games the better classification of winning or losing teams was accomplished by the following variables: successful free-throws (100%), defensive-rebounds (82.3%), fouls committed (68.4%), assists (66.9%), successful 2-point (62.2%) and 3-point field-goals (61.6%). The influence of situational variables was identified only for team quality in the slow-paced games. The present findings allow coaches for a better control of games and competition.&lt;/div&gt;

When Employment and Caregiving Collide: Predictors of Labor Force Participation in Prospective and Current Caregivers

ABSTRACTObjective: Female caregivers often reduce time spent at work to care for aging family members, which precipitates financial hardship and other adverse outcomes. Little is known about psychosocial correlates of labor force participation (LFP) among female caregivers. The theory of planned behavior posits that social norms, attitudes, and perceived control predict intentions and volitional behaviors, but also that the compelling influence of situational variables undermines enactment of behaviors consistent with one’s intentions. The objective of this study was to employ the theory of planned behavior to examine how psychosocial characteristics predict willingness to reduce LFP among prospective caregivers and actual LFP reduction among active caregivers. Methods: Subsamples of 165 female prospective caregivers and 97 active female caregivers responded to a survey assessing filial beliefs and LFP. Results: Filial obligation and caregiver preparedness predicted intentions to reduce LFP among prospective caregivers, but did not predict actual reduction in LFP in active caregivers. Weekly care demands exceeding 20 hours emerged as the sole correlate of LFP among active caregivers. Conclusions: Domains of the theory of planned behavior predict LFP intentions, but LFP decisions are subject to external pressures, specifically, time demands of the caregiving relationship. Prospective caregivers may benefit from proactive interventions aimed at reducing conflict between situational demands and filial beliefs.

Variables influencing teacher autonomy, administrative coordination, and collaboration

Purpose– Schools often vary in how they balance teacher autonomy (TA) and administrative control, and research suggests that there may be several context-specific variables which may be influential. The purpose of this paper is to determine the influence of program variables on the level of TA, administrative coordination, and administration-staff collaboration in English as a second or other language (ESOL) programs.Design/methodology/approach– Administrators from 130 ESOL programs completed an empirical questionnaire aiming to understand the influence of variables on the level of TA, coordination, and collaboration. The following five variables were hypothesized to be influential based on the literature review: complexity/size; the variability of students’ needs; external pressures; teacher qualifications; and feasibility.Findings– Top-down coordination was significantly influenced by four of the five of the program variables, and collaboration was predicted by two. However, program complexity/size was the only significant variable influencing the reported level of TA.Research limitations/implications– Teachers were not surveyed in this stage of the research. Follow-up research is planned to involve teaching staff.Practical implications– Administrators may benefit from reflecting more on how they coordinate their program by considering the potential influence of context-specific variables highlighted in the research. The findings could influence administrators to adapt their management style potentially leading to a better working environment and improved student learning outcomes.Originality/value– Previous research has looked at the influence of situational variables on leadership style, but research has not explicitly analyzed the effect of context variables on the level of TA and administrative coordination in educational programs.

Effects of team timeouts on the teams’ scoring performance in elite handball close games

This study identified temporal effects (immediate, short-term, and medium-term effect) of team timeouts on elite handball scoring performance in reference to several situational variables that may influence performance: match status, game location, quality of the opposition, game period, and game type. The sample consisted of 646 team timeouts from 142 close games (score differences less than or equal to five goals) of the 2011/2012 men’s Spanish Professional Handball League (ASOBAL League). For each team timeout, the goals scored and conceded within the previous and post timeout 1st, 3rd and 5th ball possessions were recorded for the teams that called a timeout and for their opponents. Multiple linear regression models were used for analysis. The results showed positive effects on goals scored for the teams that called a timeout, with increases of 0.59, 1.40 and 1.85 goals for the periods within the previous and post team timeout 1st, 3rd and 5th ball possessions. Conversely, significant negative effects on goals scored were found for the opposing teams, with decreases of 0.59, 1.43 and 2.04 goals for the same periods, respectively. Unexpectedly, the influence of situational variables on scoring performance of the teams was only registered for certain game periods. These findings could be useful for a better team timeout management during games and competitions.

Consuming Entertainment Media: How Media Effects Can Vary by Users’ Controllability

Previous communication studies have focused on how media content influences human aggression. Few studies, however, have been conducted regarding the influence of situational variables on human aggression. Regarding online gaming, the present study examines how game users’ aggression is influenced by two idiosyncratic situational variables: “degree of control” (playing vs. watching) and “degree of interaction” (alone vs. together). The feeling of presence is also examined as a mediator to explicate the mechanism through which these situational variables influence the game users’ levels of aggression. The results demonstrate that degree of control significantly affects users’ aggression. Aggression is increased when players actively participate in the game versus simply watching; situational factors that are associated with the way people engage in interactive media cause short-term shifts in players’ aggression. Implications and future research directions are discussed.

The self-concept of book publishers and its significance for job satisfaction and satisfaction with economic success

1. Aim of the studyIn the German literature on Business Administration (Betriebswirtschaftslehre) a distinction is made between formal goals (Formalziele) and goals which are directed towards contents (Sachziele). Content-related goals refer to goods and services (consumer goods, machinery, counseling etc.); formal goals refer to functional requirements of enterprises as for example liquidity, profit, and rate of return (Wohe & Doring, 2010, p. 73). Typically one assumes a means-end reladon: firms produce computers, cars, groceries etc. because of the profits they promise. When profits diminish, the product is taken out of the market and replaced by a variant or a new product. But in reality, things are not that simple, especially in industries where the entrepreneur has an intense sense of mission and in industries, where the entrepreneur develops a strong personal idendficadon with his products. An industry branch where one can find a lot of idealistic entrepreneurs with such strong content-related goals is the book publishing industry. This article therefore deals with two fundamental orientations: the emphasis on economic goals on the one hand and the emphasis on cultural goals on the other. We ask whether these orientations have an impact on the satisfaction of the publisher with his economic success and on his satisfaction with his work as a publisher. In a first step we present a theoretical frame of reference. Building on that, we formulate eight hypotheses, which are examined in the subsequent sections. The data for our analysis stem from a survey of 196 book publishers. In our article we focus on the situation of small and medium-sized publishing houses because in the German book publishing industry one can only find a few large firms which follow their own logic and therefore deserve a special analysis.2. Theoretical backgroundThe purpose of this paper is to explain why many publishers are satisfied and why others are not satisfied with their jobs. For that we do not deliver a new theory of entrepreneurship (in the publishing industry); we rather use elements of existing theories and combine important behavior variables in an integrated model. With this we follow a generally re-commended methodology to explain concrete phenomena (Bunge, 1973, Nienhiiser, 1996), which is also common in studies about entrepreneurial behavior (e.g. Baum, Locke, & Smith, 2001; Li, 2013; Dahan & Shoham, 2014). Our model is based on two considerations (figure 1). Firstly, we do not only look at the dispositions of the publishers but also at the challenges of the task environment of the publishing houses (for similar approaches see Rauch & Frese, 2007; Shane, 2003; Chell, 2008, pp. 145-173). Secondly, we look at two classes of behavior, the entrepreneurial function of managing the company and the publishing function, which is directed at activities as for example editing, design of the books, supporting and nurturing authors, networking etc. The managing function is the main subject of the entrepreneurial research, the working function is a main topic in motivation research. In our model we use both theoretical traditions. The influence of situational variables is also analyzed in various research areas. Contingency theories explain the relationship between properties of the economic environment on the structure and behavior of firms, and at the level of the working place a lot of theories in work psychology explain the impact of the work environment on motivation and task behavior. In our explanatory model we use elements of all the mentioned research areas, i.e. contingency theory, motivation theory, work psychology and entrepreneurial research.However, in these research areas one can find a wide range of theoretical approaches and empirical studies and many different variables which cannot all be used at the same time. Entrepreneurial research, for example, looks primarily at success factors which are located in the person of the entrepreneur, motivations (need for achievement, need for independence), attitudes (risk proneness, competitive orientation, passion), personality variables (extraversion, stability, tenacity), beliefs (self-efficacy, locus of control, tolerance for ambiguity), behavioral styles (aggressiveness, proactivity, determination) and abilities (intelligence, experience, social capital). …

Violence in Context: A Multilevel Analysis of Victim Injury in Robbery Incidents

Prior research highlights the importance of both situational variables and the broader social context in explaining the distribution of crime. It is unclear, however, whether these factors continue to influence a criminal event as it unfolds, thus affecting the severity of violence. The present study draws on developments in opportunity theory to assess the influence of situational variables and the broader social context on the severity of violence. Using incident-level data from National Incident Based Reporting System and city-level Census data, we estimated a series of multilevel models to examine the effects of location and time of day on victim injury during robberies. We also modeled cross-level interactions to observe the moderating influence of concentrated disadvantage. Findings suggest location and time of day are significantly associated with victim injury, and the broader social context conditions the effect of location on victim injury. We discuss the implications of our findings and directions for future research.

The Influence of Perceptions, Attitudes, and Experiences on the Perceived Risks and Benefits of Free-Roaming Cats

Individual perceptions of free-roaming cats can vary from “voracious predators of small birds and mammals” to “cherished and beloved companion animals.” This paper focused on the influence of situational variables (e.g., experiences with outdoor cats), cognitive variables (e.g., attitudes toward cats and cat management), and demographic variables (e.g., gender, cat ownership) on perceptions of the risks posed by free-roaming cats to the ecosystem and the benefits that cats provide to people. In addition, we analyzed the potential role that risk and benefit perceptions play in mediating the relationship between attitudes toward outdoor cats and tolerance for the future cat population. We conducted an 11-item written survey of 474 undergraduate students enrolled in two introductory ecology courses. There were significant differences in perceived risks and benefits of cats between cat owners and nonowners and cat feeders (people who fed free-roaming cats) and non-feeders. Perceptions of the current cat population, experiences with cats and attitudes toward cats predicted both perceptions of risks to the ecosystem and benefits to people. The relationship between attitudes and tolerance was mediated by individual perceptions of benefits to people from free-roaming cats. Experience with free-roaming cats, attitudes toward cats, affection for cats, and demographic variables predicted individual risk perceptions. These perceptions, in turn, influenced support for future cat population levels and should therefore be addressed in management campaigns aimed at reducing the outdoor population of free-roaming cats.

Ball Possession Strategies in Elite Soccer According to the Evolution of the Match-Score: the Influence of Situational Variables

Ball Possession Strategies in Elite Soccer According to the Evolution of the Match-Score: the Influence of Situational Variables In soccer, the ability to retain possession of the ball for prolonged periods of time has been suggested to be linked to success. The accuracy of this assertion was investigated by examining 380 matches involving Spanish League First Division teams during the 2008-2009 season. Possession of the ball, according to the status of the match (winning, drawing and losing), was recorded during the different matches using a multiple-camera match analysis system (Gecasport®). The results suggest that the best classified teams maintained a higher percentage of ball possession and that their pattern of play was more stable. The coefficient of variation, with respect to ball possession per match, was smaller for the best placed teams. Indeed, first placed F.C. Barcelona had the smallest coefficient of variation for possession time (8.4%), while bottom placed Recreativo showed the highest values with 17.1%. Linear regression analysis showed that possession strategies were influenced by situation variables. Team possession was greater when losing than when winning (p&lt;0.01) or drawing (p&lt;0.01), home teams enjoyed greater possession than visiting teams (p&lt;0.01), and playing against strong opposition was associated with a reduction in time spent in possession (p&lt;0.01). The findings indicate that strategies in soccer are influenced by situational variables and that teams alter their playing style accordingly during the match.

Environmental Values, Beliefs, and Actions

This study investigated the influence of the interaction between personal and situational variables in environmental behavior and the predictive power of values and beliefs. Three different kinds of questions (environmental beliefs, Schwartz’s measure of values, and physical-environmental inhibition level) and 1 item of general environmental concern were presented, along with a 16-item list of environmental actions, to 125 randomly selected undergraduate students. The results permit two main conclusions. First, environmental behavior depends on personal and situational variables in an interactive way. Second, when high conflict level is generated between personal dispositions and situational conditions, the predictive power of attitudes tends to be minimal, whereas in the case of consistency between them it tends to be maximal. The influence of situational variables was found to depend on the environmental action considered. In some cases, situational variables were the most important, whereas in others, commitment or moral obligation played an essential role.

Students' anxiety in a senior thesis course.

The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory was administered on Weeks 8, 12, and 15 of a semester to 16 students enrolled in a senior thesis course. State anxiety scores were elevated when oral presentations began and declined following the presentations. Trait anxiety scores remained constant across test administrations. The influence of situational variables on students' anxiety was discussed.