Influence Of Price Changes Research Articles

The influence of pricing interventions in food choices on Brazil: An agent-based modelling approach

This study introduces an agent-based model (ABM) to analyse beef consumption trends in Brazil from 2017 to 2020. The ABM assesses the influence of price changes, specifically a rise in beef prices, on consumption behaviours and their diverse impacts across income groups. By integrating demographic and socioeconomic factors, the model replicates beef consumption decisions within Brazil. Findings show that consumer preferences are highly responsive to beef prices, with consumption decreasing as prices increase. A 60 % price increase due to a US$ 42/tCO2e tax could potentially reduce beef consumption by 55 %, cutting livestock-related greenhouse gas emissions by 53 % in Brazil. However, this tax would disproportionately affect lower-income individuals, worsening social inequality. To address potential food insecurity and ensure adequate nutrition for all, the consequences of food price interventions must be considered. Additional measures, such as tax incentives for plant-based alternatives, should be adopted to encourage suitable dietary choices. By thoughtfully assessing pricing intervention impacts, policymakers can support climate change mitigation, promote reduced meat consumption, and ensure fair access to nutritious food. This research improves our understanding of dietary decisions, the efficacy of pricing interventions, and their implications for affordability and social equality, with relevance beyond Brazil to nations facing similar challenges.

The Influence of Price Changes on Enrollment: Research Designs to Examine Price Responsiveness in Graduate and Professional Schools

The Influence of Price Changes on Enrollment: Research Designs to Examine Price Responsiveness in Graduate and Professional Schools

Asymmetric Relationship between Changes in Food Prices and Household Consumption in Nigeria

The influence of price changes on consumption is believed to be enormous. This is because consumption expenditure constitutes a significant part of a consumer’s expenditure. For the household, the most important expenditure is on food items. This makes food price changes an important factor in predicting the direction of household consumption in Nigeria. While ffod price changes can be positive or negative, the effect of each on household consumption in Nigeria has not been empirically examined. This study, therefore examined the asymmetric effect of negative and positive changes in food prices on household consumption in Nigeria. The study utilized time series data for Nigeria over 1981 to 2020. The Non-linear Auto Regressive Distributed Lags Model (NARDL) was used to evaluate the asymmetric effects. The study found that food price changes whether positive or negative have no significant effect on household consumption in Nigeria. However, household income was found to have significant short-run and long-run positive effect on household consumption in Nigeria. The study recommends deliberate efforts by households and the government targeted at increasing the income of household so as to meet up with consumption demands.

Experiments with Pyrotechnic Compositions Based on a Mathematical Model—Part III: Comparative Analysis of Manufacturing Costs of Pyrotechnic Composition Producing an Acoustic Effect

The article presents a comparison of the influence of price change of the components of pyrotechnic compositions producing an acoustic effect on their manufacturing costs. The analysis was based on the prices of raw materials in 1981 and 2021. The influence of price fluctuations of individual raw materials on the final cost of composites was determined. The impact of price changes on the profitability of pyrotechnic composition manufacturing was evaluated for the adopted models. The conducted economic analysis allowed for the determination of pyrotechnic compositions characterised by the lowest manufacturing costs, in terms of the unit cost, and for the assumed industrial models.

ANALYSIS OF FOOD CONSUMPTION PREFERENCES AND FOOD DEMAND IN CENTRAL JAVA, INDONESIA

The efforts of the Government in food diversification of rice to local food thus generating household conditions that tend to switch to wheat consumption compared to local commodities. So the necessary analyse to look at preferences in consuming the food commodities. Besides seeing the influence of price changes and the expenditure against the demand for food as the evaluation of food diversification successfully implemented. This analysis were using Susenas data (2016) analyzed by the Linear Approximation/Almost Ideal Demand System (LA/AIDS) model. The results of the analysis note that the highest preference is present on rice and flour, seen from the amount of consumption as well as the proportion of its expenditure. The results of the demand elasticity indicates that diversifies effort still hadn't done very well because there were still a dependency of the rice. So that the effort to maintain the affordability of the rice should still be enacted.

Analysing the drivers of the intensity of electricity consumption of non-residential sectors in Europe

The electricity consumption of non-residential productive sectors represents a significant share of the overall energy consumption in the Member States of the European Union. Therefore, determining the main factors affecting the intensity of such consumption (defined as the ratio of the electricity consumed by the productive system of a given country to gross value added) is a research effort worth undertaking. The aim of this paper is to identify the main factors which affect such intensity with the help of a static panel data model, which is estimated with three different methods. Our results show that a higher degree of technological progress in the production systems and higher retail prices of electricity for non-residential consumers reduce such intensity. Other variables, which are statistically significant, lead to an increase of electricity intensity, including the accumulated stock of physical capital and the lagged gross fixed capital formation. The accumulated capital stock per unit of GDP is the variable with the highest influence on electricity intensity. Whereas the influence of price changes is limited, these results indicate that there is some rigidity to change energy intensity through demand-side policy measures, suggesting that they will need to be complemented with supply-side measures aimed at increasing low-carbon electricity generation capacity.

The Research on the Impact of the Changes of Commodity Price Level in the World Commodity Exchanges on Variation of General Price Level

ABSTRACT. The purpose of the paper is to investigate the influence of changes of commodity price level in the world commodity exchanges on variation of general price level index in Lithuania. Object of the research is commodity price level in the world commodity exchanges. The methodology applied is following: study of the recent scientific literature, collection and analysis of statistical data, correlation regression analysis. The conclusion can be made that variation of general price level in Lithuania depends on changes of commodity prices in world commodity exchanges, mostly from the prices of aluminium, cocoa, coal and oil. Regression function made with analysed commodities is adequate to real situation and chosen variables X explain the 64% of inflation variability and 36% are explained by other factors. The results show that the determinate regression function could be practically used to forecast the dependence of inflation rate on the particular factors.JEL Classification: E31Keywords: general price level, inflation, commodity price, commodity exchange, market, Lithuania.(ProQuest: ... denotes formulae omitted.)IntroductionFor many years modern economies is facing significant problem of overall increasing general price level. During which the value of monetary unit falls and decreases its purchasing power - so called inflation appears. Inflation affects not only the area of prices, but directly and indirectly it touches the various areas of economic and social life, causing many negative consequences for countrys economic development.Commodity prices are volatile as well as most of commodity exchanges are volatile and dynamic. It affects the domain of specific fields, such as agricultural economics. For many financial institutions worldwide commodity trading has become an important mean to gain profit. Commodities nowadays are an important component of many investors' portfolios.One of the most influential factors affecting inflation rate is the price of production costs, from which mainly depends the final price of goods and services in a market. Therefore the price changes of the most important commodities in the worlds commodity exchange markets influence the price of local producers or imported production. This paper analyses the influence of price changes of commodities to general price level in Lithuania. The aim of the research is to analyze the variation of general price level in Lithuania and changes the prices of commodities in the worlds commodity exchange markets, identify the influence of the price changes of commodities on variations of general price level as inflations parameter. In order to achieve the aim correlation regression analysis was used. It allows to set the relation and establish the connection between price changes of commodities and general price level.1. Inflation and factors conditioning itRelative prices changes, income and assets are repartitioned among the different people and groups, indexes of national production and employment depart form the average during the inflation period. In such situation some are winners, some are losers. But these factors have an influence on the whole economy. The costs of inflation depend not only on its rate, but also on the expectation factor. When inflation is expected people may prepare better, and impact will be less painful (Snieska, 2006). It is important to notice that increase of prices of one product or several groups of products is not evaluated as inflation. Scientific and technological development and demand fluctuations allow the prices to increase and decrease. At the other hand change of prices of particular groups of products can be named as increase of price level. That is why the inflation and the change of price level are adequate terms when it comes to the growth of general price level. Some economists emphasize that the inflation is not onetime, but long term change of price level. …

A study of the LCA based biofuel supply chain multi-objective optimization model with multi-conversion paths in China

In this paper we present a life cycle assessment (LCA) based biofuel supply chain model with multi-conversion pathways. This model was formulated as a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) problem which took economic, energy, and environmental criteria (3E) into consideration. The economic objective was measured by the total annual profit. The energy objective was measured by using the average fossil energy input per megajoule (MJ) of biofuel. The environmental objective was measured by greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per MJ of biofuel. After carefully consideration of the current situation in China, we chose to examine three conversion pathways: bio-ethanol (BE), bio-methanol (BM) and bio-diesel (BD). LCA was integrated to a multi-objective supply chain model by dividing each pathway into several individual parts and analyzing each part. The multi-objective MILP problem was solved using a ε-constraint method by defining the total annual profit as the optimization objective and assigning the average fossil energy input per MJ biofuel and GHG emissions per MJ biofuel as constraints. This model was then used to design an experimental biofuel supply chain for China. A surface of the Pareto optimal solutions was obtained by linear interpolation of the non-inferior solutions. The optimal results included the choice of optimal conversion pathway, biomass type, biomass locations, facility locations, and network topology structure in the biofuel supply chain. Distributed and centralized systems were also factored into our experimental system design. In addition, the influence of price change on the optimal solutions was investigated. The optimal solutions obtained in this study reveal a tradeoff between the impact of the 3E criteria. These results indicate that our model will be extremely useful for the design and planning of biofuel supply chains in China.

The Influence of Price Change on Consumer Perceptions of Price Fairness: Focused on Roles of The Types of Price Change and Self-Regulatory Focus

The Influence of Price Change on Consumer Perceptions of Price Fairness: Focused on Roles of The Types of Price Change and Self-Regulatory Focus

문화콘텐츠산업의 파급효과 분석

Korea shared 2.4% of world culture contents market in 2006 and ranked 9th. Therefore Korean government classified culture contents industry as a new growth-driving industries and started fixing the total contents policy promote system, exterminating illegal copying, protect copyright,improving contents creativity power, and supporting foreign market pioneering. Thus the importance of culture contents industry is increasing day by day. This study analyze the amount changes about production-inducing effect, value-added-inducing effects, employ-inducing effect, supply shortage effect and sectoral price effect, using inter-industry analysis according to time series. Especially, the sectoral price effect of culture contents industry increased by time pass. Thus, the influence of price changes in the culture contents industry to the other industries are increasing.

Price and maternal obesity influence purchasing of low- and high-energy-dense foods

Background: Price can influence food purchases, which can influence consumption. Limited laboratory research has assessed the effect of price changes on food purchases, and no research on individual differences that may interact with price to influence purchases exists.Objective: We aimed to assess the influence of price changes of low-energy-density (LED) and high-energy-density (HED) foods on mother’s food purchases in a laboratory food-purchasing analogue.Design: Mothers were randomly assigned to price conditions in which the price of either LED or HED foods was manipulated from 75% to 125% of the reference purchase price, whereas the price of the alternative foods was kept at the reference value. Mothers completed purchases for 2 income levels ($15 or $30 per family member).Results: Purchases were reduced when prices of LED (P < 0.01) and HED (P < 0.001) foods were increased. Maternal BMI interacted with price to influence purchases of HED foods when the price of HED foods increased (P = 0.016) and interacted with price to influence purchases of LED foods when the price of HED foods increased (P = 0.008).Conclusion: These results show the relevance of considering price change as a way to influence food purchases of LED compared with HED foods and the possibility that individual differences may influence the own-price elasticity of HED foods and substitution of LED for HED foods.

Influence of price changes on the viability of heat pumps for heating water in south African homes

The influence of price changes on the viability of heat pumps for domestic hot water in South Africa is investigated. The price changes considered are an increase in electricity tariffs and the exemption of heat pumps from general sales tax. The total monthly energy consumptions of a residence using an electric geyser and one of the same size using a heat pump are compared. Based on the energy savings and cost of the heat pump, the payback period, net present value and internal rate of return are calculated for the main centra in South Africa for different household sizes. It is concluded that exemption from general sales tax or an increase in electricity tariffs will give rise to the expansion of the market for heat pumps in South Africa.

Dépenses de consommation, épargne et avoirs liquides

Consumer spending, saving and liquid assets Many, frequently divergent, theoretical explanations have been presented of the influence of liquid assets on consumer spending and saving habits. The author sets out to test some of these theories against empirical evidence drawn from American experience. It is found that liquid assets are highly concentrated in all income groups and that this distribution does not change much over time. As a result, only a few persons compared with all consumer units, hold most liquid assets. This being the case, the effect on overall spending of liquid assets cannot be considerable. Because they are distributed in roughly the same way, the same argument may be applied to holdings of other types of financial assets. Going even further, it may be said that, net worth itself being highly concentrated, the same conclusion holds. The second empirical test concerns the cyclical influence of price changes, via liquid assets, on the consumption function. In the 1930's there does not appear to have been any marked shift in the consumption function. From 1947 to 1948 the change observed is best considered as a once-for-all effect. It would seem that the Korean years do not furnish much support for liquid asset theories either.

Graphical Analysis of Trans-Canada Airlines' Progress on the North American Routes 1946–1950

Progress of any organisation may be related either to an assumed basis within the organisation itself, or to some other organisations, preferably competitors in the same business. The second method is more realistic and by relating the corresponding data in ratios, it helps to eliminate to a great extent the influence of price changes, which distort yearly comparisons of revenues and expenses.In the United States the trunk lines represent over 95 per cent. of the total revenue ton-miles flown on the domestic routes and in international aviation, the largest system with the highest quality of service. Therefore, by comparing in Part I the domestic services of Trans-Canada Air Lines (T.C.A.) to corresponding services of the U.S. trunk lines, the most severe criterion was chosen.Part II contains an investigation of trends of particular expenses in relation to the total expenses for T.C.A's North American Services.