Influence Of Pedestrians Research Articles

Investigations on the Influence of Pedestrians on the Buffeting of a Long-Span Suspension Footbridge

Investigations on the Influence of Pedestrians on the Buffeting of a Long-Span Suspension Footbridge

Parametric Study on the Influence of Pedestrians' Road Crossing Pattern on Safety

Objective: The present research concentrates on studying the road crossing time of pedestrians based on their pattern of the road crossing. The factors that influence the road occupancy time due to the irregular road crossing patterns of pedestrians have been studied. Methods: The research used a videographic survey of three midblock locations with different land-use types. The pedestrian variables from the video data are extracted to excel using a custom-made video player. The data set consists of 8718 pedestrian data, including all three sites, and the data is analysed using statistical methods. A binary logit analysis is performed to predict the variable influencing the crossing time High/Low. Results: According to the analysis, females making path changes and an increase in stage number show a higher road crossing time for pedestrians. Also, the absence of motor vehicles results in a higher road crossing time for pedestrians. The prediction accuracy of the model is 58.2%, and a variance of 6% shows a lesser degree of spread in the dataset. Conclusion: The inference from the study is that the crossing time of path-changing pedestrians is more than straight-moving pedestrians. Thus, an increase in road crossing time decreases the safety of pedestrians by increasing the exposure rate while crossing the road. So, the probability of safety risk is high when they practice irregular road crossing patterns.

Influence of pedestrians` behavior on the scenario of urban streets public spaces functional zoning

Influence of pedestrians` behavior on the scenario of urban streets public spaces functional zoning

Reduction in Entry Capacity of Roundabout under the Influence of Pedestrians in Mixed Traffic Conditions

Models developed in Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) are not suitable to cater to the effects of mixed traffic conditions and hence, its use is unjustifiable. This research investigates such a challenging problem as the effect of undesignated pedestrian crossings on the entry capacity of roundabouts. For the present study, field survey data were collected using video cameras from three roundabouts such that the base section (roundabout without pedestrian influence) and non-base sections (with pedestrian influence), both scenarios, were captured. A modified HCM equation was developed to estimate entry capacity and further, the reduction in capacity with respect to pedestrian volume is determined. Lastly, a relationship was developed to check the effect of pedestrian crossflow on the entry capacity. The relation shows that capacity reduced to 1841 Passenger Car Unit (PCU/h) when the pedestrian flow increased to 288 pedestrians/hour.

A Study on Safety Evaluation of Pedestrian Flows Based on Partial Impact Dynamics by Real-Time Data in Subway Stations

With the rapid development of urban rail transit, the scientific assurance of pedestrian safety has become an important issue. Orderly behavior is a crucial factor affecting pedestrian safety. Therefore, in-depth research into pedestrian behavior is needed. This study carries out an evaluation of safety in pedestrian flows by establishing a new force model based on real-time data. In this model, we consider the microscopic characteristics of pedestrians and define four force influence mechanisms for simulating pedestrian behavior. Compared with existing models, this model incorporates partial impact dynamics to make it applicable to the particular environment of subway stations. Through the validation of real-world data, it is demonstrated that the model can accurately describe pedestrian behavior and better reproduce the characteristics of pedestrians. The influence of pedestrians and of environmental factors on the model are also discussed. Using our model, we propose a risk evaluation system based on pedestrian volatility. By using real-time pedestrian information from subway stations, the potential risk to pedestrians can be discerned and assessed in advance. This research advances the management of pedestrian safety and provides a framework for studying behavior models and for safety evaluation.

Unsupervised person re-identification based on removal of camera bias and dynamic updating of the memory bank

In recent years, unsupervised person reidentification technology has made great strides. The technology retrieves images of interested persons under different cameras from massive repositories of unlabeled images. However, in the current research, there are some existing problems, such as the influence of pedestrians appearing across cameras and pseudo-label noise. To solve these problems, we conduct research in two ways: removing the camera bias and dynamically updating the memory model. In removing the camera bias, based on a learnable channel attention module, the features that are only related to cameras can be extracted from the feature map, thereby removing the camera bias in the global features and obtaining the features that can represent the pedestrians. In regards to dynamically updating the memory model, since the instance features do not necessarily belong to the identity represented by the pseudo-label, we adopt a method to update the memory dynamically according to the distance between the instance features and the category features so that the category features tend to be true. We combine the removal of the camera bias and the dynamic updating of the memory model to better solve problems in this field. Extensive experimentation demonstrates the superiority of our method over the state-of-the-art approaches on fully unsupervised Re-ID tasks.

Interdependence in Vehicle-Pedestrian Encounters and its Implications for Vehicle Automation

Communication among road users smooths interactions, improves efficiency, and mitigates risk. Eye contact and waving may be the most salient of this communication, but more often road users use their movement or position as implicit signals. Vehicle automation may disrupt these signals by introducing unfamiliar or unclear interactions that may not align with other road user expectations. This creates a need to evaluate how effectively vehicle automation communicates and how this affects safety and efficiency. Vehicle automation with effective communication can enter the roadway ecology more naturally and facilitate acceptance across society. We modeled the outcomes of vehicle-pedestrian encounters where drivers yielded for pedestrians. Models of the initial conditions revealed that drivers and pedestrians jointly contribute to safety and efficiency; however, the initial conditions were generally poor predictors, suggesting that dynamic interaction may be an important determinant of those outcomes. An interdependence model of wait times revealed that driver and pedestrian influence on one another varied across traffic control devices. During the nonintersection encounters, pedestrian wait time depended on their own speed and distance when entering the encounter, indicating that they may linger away from the road and choose the encounter conditions. The stop sign encounters showed a division of influence, with pedestrian and driver initial conditions influencing their own wait time. The unprotected encounters showed negotiation, with pedestrian initial conditions influencing the driver wait time. We demonstrate the need and methods to understand interdependence between road users and the implications for vehicle automation communication.

W/CDM-MSFM-driven pedestrian path prediction at signalized crosswalk with mixed traffic flow

In this paper, pedestrian path prediction at a signalized crosswalk with pedestrian-electric bicycle-vehicle mixed flow is investigated. Firstly, a waiting/crossing decision model (W/CDM) is developed to predict pedestrians’ waiting/crossing intentions with approaching vehicles. Secondly, a Modified Social Force Model (MSFM) is developed by taking the evasion with conflicting road users, the reaction to traffic lights and crosswalk boundary into consideration. The influence of pedestrians’ heterogeneous characteristics and mixed traffic flow are considered for the first time. Then the mixed traffic data at a signalized crosswalk is recorded and analysed. A maximum likelihood estimation is proposed to calibrate the parameters. Finally, the integrated method (W/CDM-MSFM) is compared with the existing methods. The results show that the method outperforms the existing methods and accurately predicts the pedestrians’ paths, which makes it possible for autonomous vehicles to present the feasibility to protect the safety of pedestrians and improve the efficiency of dynamic traffic.

Capacity Model of Exclusive Right-Turn Lane at Signalized Intersection considering Pedestrian-Vehicle Interaction

In high density urban areas, pedestrians have a great influence on the capacity of intersections. This paper studies the influence of pedestrians on road capacity and proposes an exclusive right-turn lane capacity model considering pedestrian-vehicle interaction (PV-RTC). Firstly, a pedestrian-vehicle interaction (PVI) model is proposed based on the logit model and static games theory of incomplete information. Through this model, the probability of 6 kinds of pedestrian-vehicle interaction situations (vehicles yield to pedestrians, pedestrians yield to vehicles, etc.) in the crosswalk can be obtained. Then, based on the basic idea of the stop line method and the probabilities of above situations, the PV-RTC model is established, and the sensitivity analysis of the important factors (pedestrian arrival rate, yielding rate, and green time ratio) affecting the model is carried out to clarify the mechanism of the proposed model. Finally, a pedestrian-vehicle interaction model of cellular automata for the exclusive right-turn lane is established and its simulation results are compared with the results of the PV-RTC model. The results show that the relative error between the microscopic simulation model and PV-RTC model is less than 15% overall, which verifies the validity of the PV-RTC model. This study provides references for a more precise estimation method of pedestrian impact on road capacity.

Traffic flow in the vicinity of crosswalks on a provincial highway in China

In this paper, motorized traffic flow in the vicinity of an unsignalized crosswalk on a provincial highway in China was studied. Based on the Kerner–Klenov–Schreckenberg–Wolf (KKSW) three-phase cellular automaton (CA) traffic flow model for single-lane roads, the cars’ moving rules when there were pedestrians walking on the crosswalk was redefined. A series of simulations were carried out to reveal the cars’ travel process and the influence of pedestrians crossing behavior on traffic flow. The simulations results show the redefined model can be used to study not only the characteristics of traffic flow in the vicinity of crosswalks on provincial highways but also some complex traffic problems such as traffic breakdown, synchronized flow, and moving jams. Moreover, some suggestions about signal control for the pedestrians crossing in the future were presented. Thus, this work is helpful for managing traffic flow and improving road safety and capacity in the vicinity of crosswalks on provincial highways in China.

Total Capacity of Roundabouts Analyzed by a Conflict Technique

The conventional method of analysis for capacity of roundabouts is based on gap-acceptance methods or on empirical regression or a combination of both. The influence of pedestrians is modeled by reduction factors with a questionable empirical background. Thus, the current methods are based on an incoherent mix of approaches. Moreover, they do not account for the interaction between the different elements. The paper presents a new model which treats the whole intersection as one entity. Here all the conflict points where different streams (vehicles and non-motorized road users) intersect within the roundabout are identified. Each conflict point is treated as one queuing system with a simplified queuing mechanism. In addition, the interactions between the consecutive queuing systems are taken into account according to the theory of chains of queues where the distance (= storage area) between the conflict points becomes important. The paper explains the development of the model, presents the mathematical derivations of ready-to-use capacity equations plus parameter calibration by existing data, and demonstrates its real-world application. The advantage of the technique is that all conflicts—both between vehicle streams and with pedestrians at entries and exits—are treated by the same congruent methods. In addition, the interactions between consecutive arms of the roundabout are modeled. The method can also model limited priority (e.g., for pedestrians at crosswalks) for all conflict points. Finally, the conflicts that are decisive for the performance of the whole intersection are identified. The method can be easily implemented into computer software.

Influence of pedestrians’ jaywalking behavior on vehicle flow

There always exist a conflict between vehicles and pedestrians on urban streets. To study the complicated behaviors of vehicles and pedestrians is significant to understand the dynamics of traffic flow and explore efficient strategies for solving traffic problems. Based on this, this paper studies the effect of pedestrian’s jaywalking behavior on vehicle flow with no crosswalks and no traffic lights, and constructs a cellular automata model to describe the dynamic traffic flow by considering some significant traffic behaviors of pedestrians and vehicles. Experimental results show that the maximum vehicle flow will be greatly affected as long as there are jaywalking pedestrians; retreating behavior may lead to the fluctuation in vehicle flow; the maximum vehicle flow is greater if more pedestrians choose the behavior of fast crossing. This research is helpful to further study the interaction between pedestrians and vehicles.

The mediating effect of traffic safety climate between pedestrian inconvenience and pedestrian behavior

Because most people are pedestrians at some point on any given day and walking is the most indispensable means of transportation, pedestrian safety should be investigated. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the relationships among the inconveniences that pedestrians perceive in city traffic, the traffic safety climate and pedestrian behavior. A total of 311 participants voluntarily and validly completed a survey that included the Pedestrian Inconvenience Questionnaire (PIQ), the Traffic Climate Scale (TCS) and the Pedestrian Behavior Scale (PBS). We discovered that pedestrians’ perceived inconvenience was positively correlated with transgression and positive behavior by pedestrians and it also positively correlated with the external affective demands (emotional engagement facet of TCS) while negatively correlated with the functionality (functional traffic system facet of TCS). We determined that the external affective demands were positively correlated with pedestrian risk behaviors (i.e., transgression, aggressive behaviors and lapses), internal requirements (traffic participants’ skills facet of TCS) were positively correlated with positive behaviors, and functionality was negatively correlated with transgression and lapses. Moreover, the results indicate that the relationship between the inconveniences pedestrians perceive in city traffic and pedestrians’ transgressive behavior was fully mediated by the functionality dimension of the traffic safety climate. Pedestrians’ perceived inconvenience is an important factor that affects pedestrian behavior, and the influence of pedestrians’ perceptions of the traffic safety climate cannot be disregarded.

Pedestrian ascent and descent fundamental diagram on stairway

Due to the interaction among individuals, pedestrian walking speeds in relatively dense crowds when descending and ascending stairs may present different features from a single pedestrian moving freely. Thus, to obtain a large range of densities, a series of single-file pedestrian movement experiments under laboratory conditions were performed. The trends of the fundamental diagram in a wide pedestrian density range for staircase movement are captured. Detailed features of pedestrian speed with the increase of pedestrian density, headway, and the influence of pedestrians’ lateral sway are further discussed. It is found that with the increase of pedestrian density, the speed decrease rate varies. Meanwhile, the decrease of headway, leads to two speed regimes, i.e. free movement and linear constrained movement. We show that pedestrian speed can be described by counting the number of steps separating pedestrians in longitudinal direction. These enrichments can benefit pedestrian modelling and improve the evaluation of the evacuation performance of a staircase.

The Study on In-City Capacity Affected by Pedestrian Crossing

Currently, the urban road traffic congestion is serious and the traffic accident is happening at a high frequency; thus it has not satisfied the travel needs of security and affects the quality of urban trips. In order to effectively relieve the confliction of people and motor vehicle, to make sure of the safety of pedestrians crossing the road, and to improve the capacity of urban roads, this passage focuses on studying the influence of pedestrians crossing the roads on the capacity of urban roads in three pedestrian crossing approaches including freely crossing the street, uncontrolled crossing of the pedestrian crosswalk, and controlled crossing of the pedestrian crosswalk. Firstly, it confirms the general formula of the road capacity when pedestrians are crossing the road based on three preassumptions, combined with the survey data, and then constructs the empirical mathematical model of pedestrian crossing on the capacity impact. Lastly, it takes the step of case calculation and simulation evaluation and calculates errors between them, finding that the error between the model calculation and software simulation is small. The efficiency of the model is validated and improved.

Evaluating Pedestrian Level of Service at Signalized Intersections in China: Intercept Survey Method

Approximately 1.24 million people die annually in road traffic deaths around the world, and more than 90% of those deaths occur in low-income and middle-income countries, such as China. Pedestrians are the most vulnerable components of road traffic; therefore, it is important to develop more refined methods of improving their walking experience. With use of an intercept survey (IS) method, the influence of pedestrians' characteristics, traffic design, and operation factors on pedestrian level of service (LOS) was evaluated. Factors related to pedestrians' perception and traffic operation had significant impacts on pedestrian LOS. When possible effects of other variables were held constant, significant factors included age, travel purpose, single-step crossing, nearside crossing, and conflicts with left-turning vehicles. Perceived and actual waiting times were compared, and when actual waiting time exceeded 60 s, the perceived waiting time increased faster than the actual waiting time. At 120 s, perceived waiting time was 50% longer than was actual waiting time. An ordered logit model of pedestrian LOS was constructed to evaluate pedestrian LOS in China. This study found several factors more influential in and specific to China than did other international LOS studies. The IS approach was compared with other LOS methods that are part of a series of studies of pedestrian LOS in China. Suggestions are provided on the applicability of IS, contingent field survey, and pedestrian crossing video simulation methods. IS was found to be more suitable for crosswalks of moderate to high levels of pedestrian LOS. Pedestrian crossing video simulation is not recommended for crosswalks with a high possibility of red light crossing.

Modeling and simulation of pedestrian evacuation from a single-exit classroom based on experimental features

It is of fundamental importance to investigate the evacuation process from a room with obstacles. The typical case is the evacuation of students from a classroom. Based on evacuation experiments from a classroom, the essential features of evacuee are concluded. In the original floor field model, the dynamic floor field is introduced in order to reflect the interaction among pedestrians. A pedestrian may follow the virtual trace of another one in front. The static floor field does not consider the influence of pedestrians. In this paper, the original dynamic floor field is ignored. These desks and chairs are treated as impassable and passable static obstacles, respectively. The static and passible obstacles, such as chairs, lead to the delay of movement of pedestrians. Furthermore, pedestrians are regarded as movable obstacles. The effect of static obstacles on floor field does not change with time. However, the effect of movable obstacles on floor field is dynamic. Therefore, the whole floor field is updated dynamically according to the movement of crowd. Pedestrians may try to find another uncongested path or exit when they find the crowd in front. It provides a better description of the influence of downstream congestions on upstream crowd. The cellular automaton model based on the dynamic floor field is used to investigate the evacuation process in the case of four layouts and three exit widths. The spatial distributions of evacuation time in different conditions and also the average and maximum evacuation times are obtained. Numerical simulations reproduce the evacuation process observed in the experiment quite well. The evacuation time depends on arrangement of these desks and the exit width. For a given layout, the smaller exit leads to longer evacuation time. It is found that the evacuation time does not decrease monotonically with increasing the number of aisles, which depends on the width of aisle as well. When the aisle is not wide enough, the conflict of pedestrians from both sides reduces the efficiency of evacuation. It is helpful for coping with crowd evacuation with an aisle close to the exit side of the wall. The reasons of the differences between experimental and simulation results are also discussed in more detail.

The Conception of Improving Signal in Y-Intersection under Influence of Pedestrian

This paper puts forward new traffic rules and signal dispensation formula in Y-intersection under influence of pedestrian, qualitatively gives the proof of average passing through time ratio of each road in Y-intersection and provides new ideas for passing through time ratio in general intersections.

Analyses of pedestrian characteristics at zebra crossings on one way roads

Pedestrians are vulnerable transport participants, and their movement analysis is always an up-to-date issue. The paper tries to present the zebra crossing without traffic lights (in the following un-signalized) on one-way one-lane roads. The video opened up new dimension to evaluate some parameters (gap time, speed distribution). The measured and the estimated parameters were used in the simulations. With help of the simulation the paper aims are to analyze the influence of pedestrians and cars on crossing movements. The paper describes that the relationship between delay, volume and pedestrian volume could justify the establishment of the signalized control.

Evaluación de la predicción de aceleraciones debidas al tránsito peatonal en una pasarela en servicio

Pedestrian load models on the Valladolid Science Museum Footbridge have been evaluated in this paper following these steps: (i) experimental identification of the modal parameters using several methods for the modal mass estimation, (ii) estimation of acceleration response through pedestrian models given by codes, and (iii) development of experimental tests and comparison of acceleration records with acceleration estimates. The influence of pedestrians on the structural modal properties has been studied and its effects have been considered into the acceleration estimates, leading to better estimates. Then, this paper is an example of vibration analysis of an in-service footbridge focusing on the performance of vibration estimates as compared with experimental measures and on the influence of pedestrians on those estimates.