Influence Of Nitrogen Fertilization Research Articles

Aspergillus and Fusarium Mycotoxin Contamination in Maize (Zea mays L.): The Interplay of Nitrogen Fertilization and Hybrids Selection

Maize plays a significant global role as a food source, feed, and as a raw material in industry. However, it is affected by toxin-producing fungi, mainly Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium verticillioides, and Aspergillus flavus, which compromise its quality. This study, conducted in 2022 and 2023 at the Látókép long-term research site of the University of Debrecen, Hungary, investigated the effects of different nitrogen fertilization rates (0, 90 and 150 Kgha−1 N) on mycotoxin contamination (DON vs. FB vs. AFB1) in the kernels of three (3) maize hybrids: DKC4590 (tolerant), GKT376 (sensitive), and P9610 (undefined). The results showed a significant (p = 0.05) influence of nitrogen fertilization and maize genotype on mycotoxin levels. Sole nitrogen impacts were complex and did not define a clear trend, contrary to the hybrids selected, which followed superiority to resistance. Increased nitrogen fertilization was associated with higher DON production, while hybrid selection demonstrated a clearer trend in resistance to mycotoxins. Therefore, to maximize yield and minimize mycotoxin contamination., future research should focus on optimizing nitrogen application rates and breeding for resistance to balance yield and mycotoxin management. These results suggest that while nitrogen fertilization is crucial for maximizing yield, selecting less susceptible maize hybrids remains vital for minimizing mycotoxin contamination.

Effects of nitrogen fertilization on the fate of high-risk antibiotic resistance genes in reclaimed water-irrigated soil and plants

High-risk antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in reclaimed water-irrigated soil pose a potential threat to ecosystem and human health. Inorganic fertilization – including with nitrogen, a key ingredient in agricultural production – may affect the ARG profile in soil. However, little is known about nitrogen fertilization's influence on ARGs profiles in the soil–plant system. This study investigated the effects of different nitrogen fertilizer types (CO(NH2)2, NO3–-N (NaNO3) and NH4+-N (NH4HCO3)) and different nitrogen fertilizer application rates (low, medium, high) on the distribution of high-risk ARGs in reclaimed water-irrigated soil and plants using quantitative PCR, high-throughput sequencing and metagenomic sequencing. Soil microcosms results revealed that nitrogen fertilization significantly affected the pattern of high-risk ARGs in soil, and also affected high-risk ARGs abundance and transfer capacity in plants. Compared with nitrogen fertilizer application rate, nitrogen fertilizer types significantly contributed to enhancing the soil resistome, with the order of CO(NH2)2 > NO3–-N ≈ NH4+-N. The medium application of NO3–-N and NH4+-N significantly reduced high-risk ARGs abundance in the leaf endophyte. Bacterial community mainly drove the variation of ARGs in nitrogen-fertilized soil–plant system, and class I integron and metal resistance genes (MRGs) also had direct effects on these high-risk ARGs. A similar high-risk ARGs pattern was also found in field plot experiments, and several dangerous pathogens were observed as the main high-risk ARGs potential hosts in nitrogen-fertilized soil. Based on an economic assessment, application of NH4+-N (NH4HCO3) could reduce costs by $1,312.83 ha−1 compared with NO3–-N (NaNO3). These results showed that the more important role of nitrogen type might be an effective and economical way to control high-risk ARGs spread in soil–plant system under reclaimed water irrigation.

The influence of nitrogen fertilizer treated with low-temperature, low-pressure glow plasma on the growth and quality of selected species

Water treated with low-pressure glow plasma of low frequency takes unique properties which might be utilized as a novel, benefi”cial nitrogen fertilizer. Th™at assumption is tested in this report. ™Thus, plantations of dill (Anethum graveolens) var. Moravan, grass Universal (5% westerwold ryegrass (Lolium multiWorum), 20% tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea), 40% perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), 35% red festuce (Festuca rubra) and strawberry ((Fragaria) var. Senga Sengana were watered with that nitrogen fertilizer (LPGPAm) prepared of 1% ammonia solution in tap water treated for 30 min with plasma generated at 38oC at 5x10-3 mbar, 800 V, 50 mA and 10 kHz frequency. Watering lasted from August 1th (sowing) till September 30th (harvesting) 2023 in a greenhouse.Th™e eff˜ect of the use of watering plants with LPGPAm was checked involving the following parameters: plant height, mass of stems, total mass of crops, content of fat, proteins, carotenoids, ascorbic acid, sulphur content chlorophyll, content of dry mass, and ash and bioaccumulation of cations and anions.

Nitrogen and molybdenum fertilization influence on enzymatic activity and productivity enhancement of forage sorghum under water deficit in the Brazilian semi-arid region

Water scarcity, combined with low soil fertility, constitutes one of the main limiting factors in crop productivity in semi-arid regions. However, nutritional supplementation techniques with nitrogen (N) and molybdenum (Mo) can lead to positive enhancements in the production of these crops. The objective was to evaluate the effect of increasing doses of N in the presence and/or absence of Mo on the activity of antioxidant enzymes and the productive increase of forage sorghum subjected to water deficit in the semi-arid region. The experiment was conducted in the field using a randomized block design, with four replications, in a 5 × 2 × 3 factorial scheme, comprising five doses of N (urea): 0, 50, 100, 150, and 300 kg ha−1, two doses of Mo (sodium molybdate): 0 and 160 g ha−1, and three production cycles. The highest yields of green mass (GM) (47.98 Mg ha−1), dry mass (DM) (19.66 Mg ha−1), water use efficiency (WUE) (5.57 kg/m³), and N use efficiency (NUE) (0.26 kg2/g) occurred at the highest N dosage (300 kg ha−1 N). The highest contents and extraction of total N, Mo, chloride (Cl), and potassium (K) were found in regrowth 2 and at the highest N dose (300 kg ha−1). The interaction of N and Mo resulted in higher catalase (CAT) enzyme activity. The meteorological conditions during the cycles strongly influenced the nutrient contents and extraction. The results of the study provide support for producers to use N and Mo fertilization strategies to improve crop productivity, even under water deficit conditions.

Modeling the effect of fertilizers on cotton yields and cotton fiber quality on saline soils in so uthern Kazakhstan

Yntymak st.,26, Kazakhstan Cotton in Kazakhstan is one of the strategically important crops and is cultivated in the extreme south of the republic in the Turkestan region, in the northernmost cotton-growing zone on the globe. The aridity of the climate, the shortage of irrigation water and the growing threat of the risk of increasing saline lands in cotton plantations, on the one hand, and the insufficient and unjustified use of minerals, on the other, are the main limiting factors in cotton production. On the industrial plantations of the peasant farm "Sabyr", v. Atakent, Maktaaral district, Turkestan region, field experiments were carried out on serozems of slightly and moderately salinity in 2022. In experiments on two salinity backgrounds, 9 identical treatments of fertilizers with different doses and ratios of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were studied. During the phases of budding, flowering and fruit formation of cotton, biometric studies and selection of plant samples were carried out to study photosynthetic and yield indicators depending on fertilizers on 2 salinity backgrounds. The effect and interaction of fertilizers and the amount of salts in the soil on the formation of leaves in various phases of cotton development isquite accurately described (R2 = 0,957-0,972) by regression equations. At the same time, the effect of single action of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers was negative, and that of phosphorus fertilizers was positive. During the growing season, double combinations of all the studied factors, with the exception of nitrogen and potassium, had a negative effect on the dynamics of accumulation of cotton plant biomass. The gross cotton yield is 86% determined by the complex total influence of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers and the degree of soil salinity. At the same time, the unilateral effect of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers and soil salinity on cotton yield was negative, and that of phosphorus fertilizer was positive. There is a high correlation between potassium nutrition and fiber quality indicators (r = 0,38-0,62). Changes in fiber quality indicators generally had a strong relationship with the amount of salts in the topsoil (r = 0,51-0,61).

Influence of nitrogen fertilization, seed inoculation and the synergistic effect of these treatments on soybean yields under conditions in south-western Poland

Soybean, belonging to legumes, has a specific ability to biological nitrogen fixation, which can be reinforced by seeds inoculation. However, support with a starter dose of mineral nitrogen fertilizer may be necessary to achieve high seed yields. A four-year field experiment was conducted to determine the effect of mineral N fertilization (0, 30, 60 kg ha−1), seed inoculation with two commercial inoculants and combinations of these treatments on yield components and yielding of soybean in conditions of south-western part of Poland. The synergistic effect of mineral fertilization at dose 30 kg ha−1 and inoculation on soybean productivity was the most beneficial. Similar effects were observed when 60 kg N ha−1 was applied both separately and with inoculation. However, due to the environmental impact of mineral fertilizers and to promote plants to biological nitrogen fixation (BNF), it is advisable to use lower doses of N fertilizer (at 30 kg ha−1) and inoculate soybean seeds in agro- climatic conditions of south-western Poland. Therefore, based on this study we recommend to apply starter dose of N and inoculation.

Legume cover cropping and nitrogen fertilization influence soil prokaryotes and increase carbon content in dryland wheat systems

Simple rotation systems as wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-fallow practiced in semi-arid regions are currently being transformed by replacing fallow with winter pea (Pisum sativum L.). However, there is insufficient understanding of how such diversification of plant functional groups impacts the biological and chemical soil properties which drive ecosystem services. This study investigated how diversifying rotation system coupled with nitrogen (N) fertilization impacts the diversity and activity of microbial communities and other essential soil properties such as soil organic carbon (C). Soils from a long-term field experiment (Pendleton, OR, USA) were sampled in 2021 at two depths (0–5 cm and 5–10 cm) and characterized for microbial biomass carbon (MBC), prokaryote community composition and diversity (16 S amplicon sequencing), activities of enzymes involved in C, N, phosphorous (P) and sulfur (S) cycles and soil chemical properties. The results indicated that MBC and enzyme activity were greater in the wheat-pea rotation compared to wheat-fallow, while fertilization was not a significant factor for these properties. Enzyme activities normalized by MBC showed fewer differences suggesting that the impact is mostly due to differences in MBC. Replacing fallow with pea decreased alpha diversity metrics at both depths and for both the highest and the lowest level of taxonomic hierarchy, although the effects upon phyla richness were not statistically significant. Nitrogen fertilizer decreased the Shannon index and Shannon evenness, especially in the 5–10 cm depth. While communities at the amplicon sequence variant (ASV) level were clearly separated by the rotation system, they were less separated by fertilization which distinguished communities only in the wheat-fallow system. Redundancy analysis (RDA) followed by variance partitioning analysis (VPA) indicated that soil properties explained most of the variation in the community structure at the phylum level with rotation and fertilization having no unique contribution. This suggests that the effects of rotation and fertilization are mediated through the changes these practices induce upon other soil properties. Overall, the results show that changing wheat-fallow into wheat-pea cover crop systems increases some soil health indicators while decreasing diversity which suggests that no direct coupling exists between above and belowground biodiversity.

Influence of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizers on Bulb Yield and Yield-Related Attributes of Onion (Allium cepa L.) in Fogera Area, Northwest Ethiopia

Aim: Onion is one of the most important vegetable crops grown under irrigation in the Amhara Region of Ethiopia. However, its productivity is affected by sub-optimal fertilization. The present research was conducted to investigate the response and economic returns of onion to N and P fertilizers application under irrigation.
 Study Design: Randomized Complete Block Design in Factorial Arrangement with three replications.
 Place and Duration of the Study: The research was conducted in 2020 and 2021 in the Fogera area of Northwest Ethiopia.
 Methodology: Four levels of N (0, 46, 92, and 138 kg N ha-1) and three levels of P (0, 46, and 92 kg P2O5 ha-1) were factorially combined and laid in a randomized complete block design with three replications.
 Results: The results showed that the yield and yield components of onion were significantly affected by the main effects of N. However, the main effects of P and its interaction with N did not significantly influence the growth and yield of onion. The highest plant height, number of leaves per plant, bulb girth and marketable bulb yield were recorded from the application of N138 statistically at par with N92. The maximum net economic return was obtained from the application of N138.
 Conclusion: Application of 138 kg N ha-1 was the economic optimum rate for maximum bulb yield of onion in the study area. Further investigation on the response of onion to P is recommended.

Влияние азотных удобрений и запасов подвижного фосфора почвы на продуктивность сои в условиях лесостепи Южного Зауралья

Abstract. The purpose is to study the effect of nitrogen fertilizers on the yield and quality of soybean grain in the conditions of the forest-steppe of the Southern Trans-Urals. Methods. The object of the study is the early-ripening soybean variety Cheremshanka of the Omsk Agrarian Scientific Centre zoned in the Ural region. The studies were carried out in a stationary experiment included in the register of long-term experiments of the Geonetwork of the Russian Federation. Soybean was cultivated in a grain-grass crop rotation, the predecessor was winter rye. Nitrogen fertilizers are spread into the soil for pre-sowing cultivation. Factorial scheme of experience – 0, N1, N2, N3, P1, P2, P3, all combinations (4 × 4). Doses of fertilizers in the crop rotation for soybeans and peas – N20–60. The effectiveness of nitrogen fertilizers was studied against the background of the aftereffect of phosphorus fertilizers. The spatial implementation of the scheme was carried out in two blocks. The repetition of the fields is fourfold. The total area of an elementary plot is 240 m2, the accounting area is 114 m2. The following methods were used in the studies: common humus according to Tyurin; the sum of absorbed bases according to Kappen – Gelkovitz; pH potentiometrically; mobile phosphorus and exchangeable potassium according to Chirikov; protein in grains of peas and soybeans according to Kjeldahl; fat by the Soxhlet method. Results. Studies have established that soybeans in crop rotation are not inferior to peas in terms of productivity, and due to the oil yield, the soybean rotation even surpasses the similar crop rotation with peas. The protein content in soybean seeds increases with an increase in the dose of nitrogen fertilizer, while the fat content decreases. Scientific novelty. The responsiveness of soybeans to the doses of nitrogen fertilizers against the background of different availability of mobile phosphorus in the soil in the conditions of the forest-steppe of the Southern Trans-Urals was revealed.

Influence of woodchip size and nitrogen fertilization on carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide emissions from soils amended with orchard biomass

AbstractIncorporating large amounts of woody biomass into soil, such as in whole orchard recycling (WOR), can promote carbon sequestration, nutrient recycling, and ecosystem health in agricultural fields. Yet uncertainty regarding the effects of WOR on soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) dynamics influences management decisions. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of woodchip (WC) size and interaction with N fertilization on carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. An 8‐month incubation experiment incorporating WC (4% w/w, equivalent to ∼40 tons per acre) in four sieved sizes (0.2–1.6, 1.6–3.2, 3.2–6.4, and 6.4–12.7 mm) with and without N applications was conducted. All treatments with WC showed that CO2 emission peaked within the first week, then decreased drastically afterward. The CO2 peak delayed as the peak value decreased (WC size increased). The finest WC (<1.6 mm) yielded the lowest total CO2 emissions and resulted in the greatest increase in soil C at the end of incubation. Nitrogen application reduced total CO2 emissions by 1% in the smallest WC size and by 8%–9% for those larger than 1.6 mm. The N2O emissions spiked following each fertilizer application with lowest total emissions from the smallest WC size, suggesting substantial N immobilization. The results imply that larger WC sizes can delay C mineralization and reduce initial N immobilization risks, but the smallest WC size may have stabilized and increased soil organic carbon. This research increased our understanding on WC mineralization that can be used in WOR management.

Influence and selection of nitrogen and phosphorus compound fertilizers on emitter clogging using brackish water in drip irrigation systems

Emitter clogging is a major obstacle to the application of brackish water in drip irrigation systems, which can be aggravated with inappropriate fertilizer application. Among the major element fertilizers, nitrogen and phosphorus (NP) trigger a higher risk of clogging. However, the effect and selection of different types of NP compound fertilizers on emitter clogging remain unknown. This study investigated the effects of no fertilizer (CK), two types of industrial grade monoammonium phosphate (I_MAP) and diammonium phosphate (I_DAP), two types of agricultural grade monoammonium phosphate (A_MAP) and diammonium phosphate (A_DAP), and two types of new urea phosphate (UP) and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) on the clogging of three types of emitters. The results showed that the application of agricultural grade A_MAP and A_DAP fertilizers exacerbated emitter clogging compared to industrial grade fertilizers, decreasing the Christiansen of Uniformity (CU) by an average of 18.5%−22.8% and 21.4%−25.6%, respectively, mainly due to an increase in the content of insoluble particulate matter in the clogging material. Application of new UP and APP fertilizers reduced emitter clogging, increasing CU by 29.9%−37.1% and 10.2%−16.4%, respectively, compared to industrial grade fertilizers, mainly by decreasing the chemical precipitate content in the fouling material. Overall, the safe operation time of agricultural grade fertilizer system is about 1.2 years within the safe operation life (CU≥80%) of drip irrigation system, while the safe operation life of industrial grade and new NP compound fertilizers is about 1.6–3.4 times of that of agricultural grade fertilizers on average. It is suggested that in drip irrigation systems using brackish water, A_MAP fertilizer can be applied to annual crops whereas in perennial crops industrial and UP and APP should be applied. This study is of great significance for the application and promotion of brackish water drip fertigation technology.

Influence of nitrogen fertilisation on the technological quality of wheat

Wheat is one of the most grown crops around the world. Its primary use is in the production of bread, bakery, and confectionery. The provision of essential nutrients, mainly nitrogen, plays a pivotal role in the growth and development of wheat. The wheat varieties used in the experiment are Alfold and Mv. Menrot. The rates of nitrogen used in the experiment are: 0, 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1000 kg N ha-1. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of nitrogen fertilisation on technological quality of wheat and to find the appropriate fertiliser rate to reduce pollution. The results indicate that nitrogen fertilisation did not show a significant effect on thousand kernel weight and test weight. However, nitrogen fertilisation significantly affected protein content, gluten content, Zeleny sedimentation index, and the falling number. The higher the nitrogen fertilisation the better the technological quality parameters of the wheat. The protein content, gluten content, Zeleny sedimentation index and the falling number were the lowest at 0 kg N ha-1 followed by 200 kg N ha-1 then 400 kg N ha-1 and the highest at 600 kg N ha-1.

The influence of nitrogen fertilization on crop production and ecohydrology in an endorheic river basin

Nitrogen fertilization is extensively applied in agricultural activities to boost food production, which changes the local hydrologic and carbon cycles. Quantitative evaluation of nitrogen fertilization on carbon and hydrologic dynamics remains challenging due to the complex linkage between hydrologic and biogeochemical processes during irrigation. To address the challenge, we utilized the Community Land Model 5 (CLM5) with activated crop module (CLM5-Crop) to investigate the response of crop yield, gross primary production (GPP), evapotranspiration (ET), and water use efficiency (WUE) to nitrogen fertilization in the cropland area of the Heihe River Basin (HRB) in northwestern China. Two batches of numerical experiments (irrigation and non-irrigation) with different nitrogen fertilization rates (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 gN m−2, respectively) during 2000–2012 were designed to gain insights into the feedback of agricultural production and ecohydrological response to fertilization. As a result, the crop yield is significantly promoted by ∼ 120% with the nitrogen fertilization rate increasing from 0 to 20 gN m−2 under irrigation conditions. Unlike the crop yield, a clear peak of GPP is observed at the nitrogen fertilization rate of 5 gN m−2 under irrigation conditions, while higher nitrogen fertilization rates have no further promotion on GPP. ET shows a weak response to the nitrogen fertilization but a good correlation with irrigation. Different crops show different patterns of WUE under different nitrogen fertilization rates. Overall, our study demonstrates that the different influence of nitrogen fertilization on crop yield and hydrologic dynamics in a large endorheic river basin and such a finding should be taken into consideration in the future agricultural activities for the balance between food production and carbon neutrality.

Compositional Shifts and Assembly in Rhizosphere-Associated Fungal Microbiota Throughout the Life Cycle of Japonica Rice Under Increased Nitrogen Fertilization

Soil fungal microbiomes facilitate a range of beneficial functions for their host plants, and rhizosphere fungal community composition, richness, and diversity affect plant growth and development, and crop yield. Therefore, exploring the community structure and assembly of the rhizosphere fungal microbiome and its relationship with soil biochemical properties are fundamental to elucidating how rice plants benefit from their fungal symbionts. In this study, soil samples were collected at seedling, tillering, heading, and ripening stages of rice subjected to three levels of nitrogen fertilization. Plant growth demonstrates a substantial influence on fungal community composition and diversity. From the tillering to the ripening stage, the fungal communities were governed by homogenizing dispersal and dispersal limitation. The prevalence of Glomeromycota, the beneficial fungi, was considerably higher during the heading stage compared to the three other growth stages. This increase in abundance was strongly associated with increased levels of soil nutrients and enhanced activity of nitrogen acquisition enzymes. This may be a strategy developed by rice grown in flooded soil to recruit beneficial fungi in the rhizosphere to meet high nitrogen demands. Our study findings contribute to elucidating the influence of plant development and nitrogen fertilization on the structure and composition of the fungal community as well as its relationship with soil key soil nutrient content and nitrogen-related enzyme activities. They also illustrate how a shift in the fungal community mediates and reflects the effects of nitrogen fertilization input in rice agroecosystems. These findings provide new insights into the effects of changes in nitrogen application in rice rhizosphere at different growth stages on fungal communities and soil biochemical characteristics.

Transcriptome analysis of sugar and acid metabolism in young tomato fruits under high temperature and nitrogen fertilizer influence.

Environmental temperature and nitrogen (N) fertilizer are two important factors affecting the sugar and organic acid content of tomato fruit. N is an essential nutrient element for plant growth and development, and plays a key role in regulating plant growth, fruit quality and stress response. However, the comparative effect of different N fertilizer levels on the accumulation of soluble sugar and organic acid in tomato young fruit under high temperature stress and its mechanism are still unknown. Three N fertilizer levels (N1, N2, N3) combined with two temperatures (28/18°C, CK; 35/25°C, HT) were used to study the effects of N fertilizer, HT and their interaction on the soluble sugar and organic acid components, content, metabolic enzyme activity and the expression level of key genes in tomato young fruit, revealing how N fertilizer affects the sugar and organic acid metabolism of tomato young fruit under HT at physiological and molecular levels. The content of soluble sugar and organic acid in tomato young fruit under HT exposure was increased by appropriate N fertilizer (N1) treatment, which was due to the accumulation of glucose, fructose, citric acid and malic acid. High N (N3) and HT exposure had a negative impact on soluble sugar and reduce sugar accumulation. Further studies showed that due to the up-regulation of the expression of sucrose metabolizing enzyme genes (CWINV2, HK2, SPS, PK) and sucrose transporter (SUT1, SUT4, SWEETs) in tomato, N fertilizer increased the accumulation of soluble sugar by improving the sucrose metabolism, absorption intensity and sucrose transport of fruit under HT exposure. Due to the increase of PEPC gene expression, N fertilizer increased the accumulation of citric acid and malic acid by improving the TCA cycle of fruit under HT exposure. Nitrogen fertilizer can improve the heat tolerance of tomato young fruits by improving sugar metabolism under HT exposure. The results can provide theoretical support for the correct application of N fertilizer to improve the quality of tomato fruit under HT exposure.

Impact of elevated atmospheric CO2 on the wheat rhizomicrobiome under the additional influence of warming, drought, and nitrogen fertilization

The rhizomicrobiome is an important component of agricultural soil that may face vulnerability due to global change. Here, we focused on its response in a 2-year cropland free air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE) experiment on winter wheat in combination with warming (+3 °C) and drought. To characterize bacterial abundance and prokaryotic diversity, 16S rRNA gene PCR amplicons obtained from soil DNA were analysed. Elevated CO2 (e[CO2]) increased under conventional water supply bacterial abundance, along with higher above-ground plant biomass, but had no tangible effect on the overall diversity and community composition. In contrast, drought reduced bacterial abundance under e[CO2] despite higher plant biomass, while it did not affect bacterial abundance at ambient CO2. Warming and N-fertilizer supplies increased bacterial abundance and community composition, but these responses were not modified by CO2. Compared to the wheat growth stage and variation in N-supply, the effect of CO2 on the overall community composition was minor, explaining 2.2% of its variation. While 7 taxa, representing only 0.3% of relative abundance and most of them affiliated with Acidobacteria, changed with the CO2 level, many more responded to growth stages and nitrogen supply. Fewer growth stage and N supply-responsive taxa were detected with e[CO2]. Our results provide strong evidence that wheat plant responses to e[CO2] transfer to the rhizomicrobiome affecting the abundance composition of their constituting microbes. Additional drought conditions can strongly change the direction of these responses and should thus be considered for predicting implications of global change for the cropland soil microbiomes.

Experimental Study on Mechanical Properties of Hemp Fibers Influenced by Various Parameters

Hemp fibers produced by different extraction techniques that were cultivated in the Portuguese districts of Bragança and Mirandela under various nitrogen fertilization and planting density conditions are examined and mechanically described in this paper. The objective of this study is to evaluate the influence of sowing density, nitrogen fertilization, sample location, and extraction method in order to improve the mechanical properties of hemp fibers. To achieve this, we determined the modulus of elasticity, the tensile strength, and the density. The mean value for the modulus of elasticity was 92.44 ± 7.44 GPa, the mean of tensile strength was 564.98 ± 167.03 MPa, and the mean of the density was 1.64 ± 0.24 g cm−3. We performed a statistical analysis of all parameters using ANOVA and found that the retting method had the greatest influence among all parameters. The associated effects of nitrogen fertilization and sowing density revealed an important influence on tensile strength and specific tensile strength, respectively.

Influence of nitrogen fertilization on the energy value of maize grain in non-ruminants

Abstract. Maize is the most widely spread energy source used in rations for farm animals and poultry, especially in countries in America, Southern Europe and Asia, where maize grain is the main cereal used for feed. The quality of maize grain is formed under the influence of several interrelated factors. The aim of the study is to determine the effect of different rates of nitrogen fertilization on the chemical composition and energy value of maize grain grown under irrigation conditions in non-ruminants. The study was conducted in the experimental field of the Agricultural Institute – Stara Zagora under irrigation conditions on cinnamon-meadow soil with maize for grain, medium late hybrid LG 35.36 with density of crops – 70000 plants per hectare. The study includes the following four treatments of fertilization: 1 experimental variant N0P80K60 – non-fertilizer control, 2 experimental variant N100P80K60 – fertilization with 100 kg N.ha-1, 3 experimental variant N150P80K60 – fertilization with 150 kg N.ha-1 and 4 experimental variant N200P80K60 – fertilization with 200 kg N.ha-1. Nitrogen fertilizer was applied during the vegetation of the crop in phase 3-5 leaf, and phosphorus and potassium fertilizers in rates 80 kg P2O5.ha-1 and 60 kg K2O.ha-1 in the main tillage. During the vegetation of the maize, pre-irrigation humidity of 80-85% of field capacity (FC) was maintained by 3 waterings. As the fertilization rate increases, the crude protein content in the maize grain also grows up. During the treatment with the highest fertilizer rate of 200 kg N.ha-1, 9.5% per 1 kg of dry matter (DM) was obtained, followed by the treatment with 150 kg N.ha-1 – with a value of 9.1% per 1 kg of dry matter. The content of crude fiber in the grain of maize with increasing fertilization rate decreases, being the smallest in the treatment with rate 100 kg N.ha-1 – 0.8% per 1 kg of dry matter. The fertilization rate does not have a significant effect on the content of digestible and metabolite energy in corn grain grown under irrigated conditions in pigs and poultry.

Effects of plastic film mulching and nitrogen fertilization on the emissions of greenhouse gases from vegetable field in Southwest China

This study identified the influence of plastic film mulching (FM) and nitrogen (N) fertilization on the CH4 emission, the global warming potential (GWP) and the greenhouse gas intensity (GHGI) in a summer-hot pepper and winter-radish rotation field from May 2014 to April 2017. The experiment had 8 treatments including no-mulching (NM) and plastic film mulching with four different N fertilization rates (0, 150, 300 and 450 kg N ha−1 and 0, 100, 200 and 300 kg N ha−1 in the respective hot pepper and radish growing periods). The results indicated that FM as well as N fertilization had insignificant effects on CH4 emissions in the hot pepper and radish growing periods (P > 0.05). Relative to NM, FM had little effect on GWP (P > 0.05) but lowered GHGI substantially (P < 0.05) during the hot pepper growing period. During the radish growing period, FM enhanced GWP and GHGI significantly (P < 0.05). Additionally, N fertilization significantly enhanced GWP and vegetable yields both in hot pepper and radish growing periods (P < 0.05). In hot pepper growing period, N fertilization increased GWP more significantly than yield which resulted in increased GHGI with N fertilization rate, and the promotion effect of N fertilization on hot pepper yield was strongest at 150 kg N ha−1 with a relatively low GHGI. However, in radish growing period, N fertilization increased yield more significantly than GWP which resulted in the decreasing effect of N fertilization on GHGI, and the promotion effect of N fertilization on radish yield was strongest at 300 kg N ha−1 with a relatively low GHGI. Therefore, FM with 150 kg N ha−1 and NM with 300 kg N ha−1 were respectively recommended for the hot pepper growing period and radish growing period to achieve high vegetable yields and mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions simultaneously under the present vegetable field condition in Southwest China.

Influence of nitrogen fertilizers on the concentrations of inulin and micronutrients in Jerusalem artichoke tubers and root chicory

Influence of nitrogen fertilizers on the concentrations of inulin and micronutrients in Jerusalem artichoke tubers and root chicory