Influence Of NaCl Salinity Research Articles

The influence of NaCl salinity on evapotranspiration, yield traits, antioxidant status, and mineral composition of lettuce grown under deficit irrigation

The scarcity of clean water resources is increasing the use of salty water with high EC (electrical conductivity) for irrigation, particularly in water-stressed areas. In this study, the responses of lettuce plants grown under water stress to the increased sodium chloride (NaCl) stress were determined. Therefore, an experimental trial with 15 treatments, including five different water salinity levels (from 0.3 dS/m (control) to 6.0 dS/m) and three different irrigation regimes (from full irrigation to 50% water stress), was conducted. Increasing the NaCl concentration in water decreased the evapotranspiration (ET) of lettuce under full and deficit irrigation conditions. The highest fresh weight yield was obtained in plants treated with 1.5 dS/m water salinity under full irrigation conditions, and increasing the water salinity level resulted in a decrease in yield. Lettuce showed greater sensitivity to water stress than to salinity stress, and yield losses were 29.8% at 25% water stress and 64.2% at 50% water stress compared to those under full irrigation. On the other hand, the 1.5 dS/m NaCl level significantly increased the contents of lettuce's color pigments, such as Chl-a and Chl-b, compared to the control and upregulated the non-enzymatic antioxidants of defense systems such as carotenoid and proline and the enzymatic antioxidant of defense systems like catalase (CAT). Leaf sodium content increased significantly (+357%) in plants exposed to high NaCl stress level (6.0 dS/m), compared to the control, while mineral contents such as nitrogen (-20.0%), iron (-49.3%), sulfur (-23.9%), and lead (-19.7%) decreased significantly. Our findings showed that lettuce could be irrigated with saline water with a threshold electrical conductivity of 1.5 dS/m without yield loss, but water with a salinity of more than 4.5 dS/m resulted in significant yield losses.

Influence of NaCl salinity on the aggregation performance of anammox granules

Although the influence of salinity on the aggregation of anaerobic ammonia oxidation (anammox) granules has been investigated, the mechanism behind its effect remains poorly understood. Herein, the changes in the surface characteristics, extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) components, and EPS surface groups of anammox granules were studied at 0, 15, and 30 g/L NaCl salinity to elucidate this mechanism. The results showed that as the salt concentration in wastewater increased (0, 15, and 30 g/L NaCl), the size of anammox granules decreased (2.85 ± 0.20 mm, 2.17 ± 0.13 mm and 1.75 ± 0.17 mm, respectively), the aggregation index (AI) of sludge decreased (21.3 % ± 1.5 %, 14.6 % ± 0.8 % and 7.1 % ± 0.9 %, respectively), and the ratio of extracellular protein (PN) to extracellular polysaccharide (PS) decreased (8.8, 6.2 and 4.2, respectively). Analysis of the surface free energy of the anammox granules based on extended Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek (XDLVO) curves showed that increasing salinity decreased the zeta potential and hydrophobicity of the sludge but increased the repulsive barrier in the sludge. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and three-dimensional excitation emission matrix (3D-EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy showed that increasing salinity decreased the anammox granule hydrophobicity by changing the EPS surface groups, and the reduction in hydrophobicity was not conducing to the aggregation of anammox granules. These results provide further useful guidance for practical applications of the anammox process to saline wastewater treatment.

Influence of NaCl salinity on plant growth and nutrient assimilation of Zea mays L.

Maize (Zea mays L.) is the world’s leading edible oil and third largest important cereal. In addition to it is used as food for human consumption as well as food grain for livestock. High concentrations of NaCl in soils account for large decrease in the yield of a large variety of crops all over the globe. The objective of the present study was conducted to evaluate NaCl stress on growth and mineral nutrient composition of maize plants. Maize seeds were grown in plastic pots having fine sand. After 20 days of germination, the plants were subjected to seven different concentrations (Control, 25mM, 50mM, 75mM, 100mM, 125mM and 150mM) of NaCl. Plants were analyzed on 15th day after salt treatment. Factorial experiments in a completely randomized design (CRBD) with three replications were applied. The growth parameters and mineral contents Na, Ca, K and Cl were investigated from saline treated and non saline treated plants. Results indicated that the NaCl stress markedly reduced the shoot and root length fresh and dry masses. Moreover Na+, Cl- content increased with increase in NaCl stress, while Ca2+ and K+ were decreased significantly.

The Influence of NaCl Salinity on the Physiology and Quality of Four Cherry Tomato Fruits

The Influence of NaCl Salinity on the Physiology and Quality of Four Cherry Tomato Fruits The aim of the present work was to study the effects of increasing salinity (0, 75 and 150 mM) on the physiological (i.e. respiration, and emission of ethylene) and quality parameters (i.e. TSS, pH, acidity, ascorbic acid, dry matter, soluble sugars, sweetness index, lycopene and colour) of four ‘cherry’ tomato hybrids widely used in Greece (i.e. Cherelino F1, Scintilla F1, Delicassi F1, and Zucchero F1). The focus on salinity can be explained by the fact that it is a major environmental stress, especially in arid and semi-arid regions like the Mediterranean ones. To observe the effects of salinity, οne month old seedlings of uniform size plants were grown in a greenhouse in 12.0 L pots filled with a mixture of loamy soil and perlite (3:1 v/v) from April to July 2012. All fruits were harvested at their full ripening stage and, then, sorted into marketable and unmarketable fruits. Random samples of the marketable fruits were used to determine the physiological and quality parameters.

Influence of NaCl Salinity and Different Substracts on Plant Growth, Mineral Nutrient Assimilation and Fruit Yield of Strawberry

A hydroponic culture was carried out with strawberry cv. Camarosa to investigate the effects of four salinity levels and four different substrates on plant growth, mineral nutrient assimilation and fruit yield of strawberry. Total dry weight accumulation of plants was not inhibited at low salinities, but it was significantly inhibited at 60 mM NaCl. Dry mass (DM) partitioning in NaCl-stressed plants was in favor of crown and petioles and at the expense of root, stem and leaf, whereas leaf, stem and root DM progressively declined with an increase in salinity. Specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf area ratio (LAR) significantly decreased in cv. Camarosa at 60 and 90 mM. Results also showed that the presence of NaCl in the root medium induced an increase in total Na+ content of the plants in the shoot and root. Despite Na+ and K+, the increase in total inorganic ions resulted from increasing salinity, with Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentrations decreasing in shoot and increasing in roots with an increase in salinity. For all micro- and macroelements however, significant concentration changes related to different substrates were not detected in the present experiments. Results also showed a significant decline of Fe content of 40% and 49% in shoot and root, respectively.

Influence of NaCl salinity on some physiological aspect of strawberry cv. Camarosa

One of the most important elements affecting the growth and development of a plant is salinity. Therefore, to evaluate the effect of salinity on some physiological aspect of Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) plants cv. Camarosa, a greenhouse experiment was conducted at Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan in 2009. This study was carried out as Factorial experiment based on RCD design with 4 replications to determine the influence of salinities (0, 30, 60 and 9 mMol.L-1) on proline, soluble sugars content, chlorophyll a (CHLa), chlorophyll b (CHLb), total chlorophyll (TC), Spad and chlorophyll florescence. Results indicated that fresh leaves tissue were used to measure proline, soluble protein and soluble sugars content, CHLa, CHLb, TC. Salinity treatment significantly increased proline content, soluble sugars while chlorophyll a (CHLa), chlorophyll b (CHLb), Spad and chlorophyll florescence significantly decreased. Nine day after NaCl exposure, Fv/Fm and Spad in 60 and 90 mM NaCl were significantly lower than control. It was concluded that this cultivar of strawberry may uses osmoregulation by increasing proline and soluble sugars level in order to tolerate salinity conditions.

Influence of NaCl-salinity on growth, photosynthesis, water relations and solute accumulation in Phragmites australis

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of NaCl-salinity on the physiological attributes in common reed, Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steudel. Plants grew optimally under salinity treatment with standard nutrient solution without added salt and at NaCl concentrations up to 100 mM. Applied for 21 days, NaCl-salinity (300 and 500 mM) caused a significant reduction in growth allocation of all different tissues of P. australis. Shoot growth of reed plants displayed a highly significant correlation with plant–water relations and photosynthetic parameters. The net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance of reed plants treated with NaCl-salinity at varying osmotic potential (ψπ) of nutrient solutions were positively correlated, and the former variable also had a strong positive relationship with transpiration rate. Leaf water potential and ψπ followed similar trends and declined significantly as ψπ of watering solutions was lowered. The increase in total inorganic nutrients resulting from increased Na+ and Cl− in all tissues and K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentrations were maintained even at the most extreme salt concentration. Common reed exhibited high K+/Na+ and Ca2+/Na+ selectivity ratios over a wide range of salinities under NaCl-salinity. These findings suggest that reed plants were able to adapt well to high salinities by lowering their leaf ψπ and the adjustment of osmotically active solutes in the leaves.

The influence of NaCl salinity and hypoxia on aspects of growth in Trifolium species

The effects of salinity and hypoxia on growth, nutritive value, and ion relations were evaluated in 38 species of Trifolium and 3 check legume species (Trifolium fragiferum, Trifolium michelianum, and Medicago sativa) under glasshouse conditions, with the aim of identifying species that may be suitable for saline and/or waterlogged conditions. In the first set of experiments, plants were grown hydroponically at four NaCl concentrations (0, 40, 80, and 160 mm NaCl) and harvested after exposure to these treatments for 4 weeks. NaCl concentrations up to 160 mm reduced dry matter production in most species; however, there were differences in salt tolerance among species, with T. argutum, T. diffusum, T. hybridum, and T. ornithopodioides performing well under the saline conditions (dry matter production was reduced by less than 20%). Concentrations of Na+ and Cl− in the shoots increased with increasing salinity levels, and species again differed in their capacity to limit the uptake of these ions. Dry matter digestibility at 0 mm ranged from 49.8% (T. palaestinum) to 74.0% (T. vesiculosum) and decreased with increasing NaCl concentrations. A second set of experiments evaluated the tolerance of Trifolium species to hypoxic conditions in the glasshouse. Shoot growth, and to a lesser extent root growth, were reduced in all Trifolium species when plants were exposed to stagnant, non-aerated conditions for 28 days, but T. michelianum, T. resupinatum, T. squamosum, T. nigrescens, T. ornithopodioides, T. salmoneum, and T. fragiferum were the least affected species. All species acclimated to the oxygen-depleted conditions by increasing the gas-filled porosity in the roots. This study has provided information that will assist in the identification of forage species for saline and/or waterlogged areas.

The influence of NaCl salinity on growth, yield and fruit quality of strawberry cvs. ‘Elsanta’ and ‘Korona’

In a 2-year field study, strawberry cvs. ‘Elsanta’ and ‘Korona’ were exposed to three different levels of NaCl salinity supplied as aqueous solutions characterised by electrical conductivities of 0.3 dS/m, 2.6 dS/m, and 5.1 dS/m. Salinity in the rhizosphere reduced plant growth by up to 44% in ‘Korona’ and 90% in ‘Elsanta’. A rather distinct cultivar difference represented the reduction in leaf area per plant of 85% in the second year of experiment in ‘Elsanta’ compared to 29% in ‘Korona’. Strawberry can be regarded as a Na + excluder, because Na + content of both strawberry cultivars remained below 3 mg g −1 dry mass at all salinity levels. Cl − content increased considerably, up to 70 mg g −1 dry mass in ‘Korona’ and 80 mg g −1 dry mass in ‘Elsanta’ plants. ‘Korona’ retained most of its Cl − in roots and crowns, whereas in ‘Elsanta’ the maximum was detected in petioles. ‘Korona’ was able to accumulate up to 33% higher Cl − content in the roots than ‘Elsanta’. Macronutrient deficiency due to NaCl salinity was not observed and in comparison to ‘Elsanta’, higher Cl − content in roots of ‘Korona’ did not coincide with an impairment of macronutrient uptake. Salinity stress reduced fruit yield by up to 27% in ‘Korona’ and 64% in ‘Elsanta’. Fruit quality, characterised as taste, aroma, and texture by a consumer-type panel, decreased by more than 24% in ‘Elsanta’, but in ‘Korona’ differences were insignificant. Total soluble solids (Brix) and the ratio Brix/TA (TA, titratable acid) decreased significantly by about 20% in ‘Korona’ and 35% in ‘Elsanta’. To summarise, the ability of ‘Korona’ to retain Cl − in the root system more effectively than ‘Elsanta’ resulted not only in a 41% lower leaf Cl − content at the highest salinity level and a better growth under NaCl stress, but also in a relatively higher fruit yield and fruit quality.

Influence of NaCl-salinity imposed on half of the root system of hydroponically grown tomato on growth, yield, and tissue mineral composition

SummaryThe effects of splitting the root system of tomato grown in recirculating nutrient solution into two compartments receiving raw water (0.3.dS m–1) and saline nutrient solution (13.0.dS m–1, 100.mM NaCl), respectively, on growth, yield and tissue mineral composition were investigated. The water/salinity treatment was compared with standard nutrition for tomatoes (2.2.dS m–1) or supply of the entire root system with the above saline nutrient solution. The exposure of all or part of the root system to NaCl-salinity reduced the K concentration initially in the roots and, later, in the old leaves. The total-N concentration was restricted only in the older leaves by the exposure of all or half the root system to high NaCl concentrations. In all plant parts, the concentration of Na was more markedly raised when the entire root system was exposed to NaCl-salinity as compared with the root-splitting treatment. The P concentration was restricted in the part of the roots supplied solely with raw water. The leaf Ca and Mg concentrations were diminished on some sampling dates only when the entire root system was exposed to NaCl-salinity. Further, the root Mg concentrations were significantly increased in both root parts of plants subjected to root splitting as compared with those measured in plants receiving exclusively standard or saline nutrient solution. The obtained results indicated also an intensive retranslocation of K, Na, Mg and N between the two root compartments. The exposure of the entire root system of tomato to salinity depressed the fresh fruit yield mainly because of a restricted mean fruit weight but had no effect on the dry fruit production. Splitting the root system into two compartments receiving raw water and NaCl-enriched nutrient solution, respectively, also depressed the fresh fruit yield but to a slightly lesser extent than complete exposure to salinity. However, the yield decline was exclusively due to fewer fruits per plant, while the mean weight and the dry-matter content of fruit were not affected. As a result, the dry fruit yield was also markedly restricted in the water/salinity treatment. It is suggested that a moderate salt stress imposed on the entire root system of tomato restricts yield due to a lower water content of fruit owing to osmotic adjustment, while the exposure of the roots partly to salinity and partly to raw water diminishes the dry biomass production due to lack of osmotic adaptation.

Influence of NaCl salinity on the behavior of hydrolases and phosphatases in mulberry genotypes: Relationship to salt tolerance

Two genotypes (Tr4 and Tr10) of mulberry(Morus indica) were cultured using aqueous solutions that contained different concentrations of NaCl (0 to 30 mM). Electrical conductivity (EC) values ranged from 0.52 to 4.60 mS cm-1, with a pH of 7.0. Analyses were conducted to envisage the effects of NaCl salinity on some hydrolytic enzymes. Neither nitrate reductase nor nitrite reductase activities were affected by salt treatment in roots and leaves of either genotype. The activities of β- and α-amylases were higher in leaves than in roots. Both alkaline and acid phosphatases exhibited significant increases in the roots and leaves of Tr4; no such trend was observed in Tr10. The levels of peroxidase and Superoxide dismutase increased quite significantly in the leaves as well as the roots of both genotypes. Increased enzymatic activities may suggest a stress-tolerant nature for these genotypes against NaCl toxicity. This was also evidenced by the unaffected levels in percent rooting, chloroplast pigments, osmoprotectants, nitrogenous compounds, and some biomolecules, as had been observed in earlier studies.

The influence of salinity on growth, biomass production and photosynthesis of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. and Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. seedlings

The influence of NaCl salinity on growth, dry-matter production and leaf photosynthesis of seedlings of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. and Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. was studied by imposing 4 levels (40, 80, 120 and 160 mM) of NaCl in pot culture. Salinity up to 160 mM did not affect plant survival, but did affect plant growth and dry-matter production depending upon the species and salt concentration. NaCl reduced leaf number and dry-weight of all the plant components, but increased stem dry-weight, especially in E. camaldulensis. Salinization also stimulated total dry-matter production at all the salinity levels in E. camaldulensis but only at 40 mM in D. sissoo. The two species varied in protein and chlorophyll concentration and in leaf photosynthetic rate. Protein and chlorophyll concentration of the plants fell at all the levels of NaCl, except at 40 mM, where stimulation in the photosynthetic carbon assimilation of the plants occurred. However, no distinct relationship between leaf photosynthetic rate and dry-matter production was found. The study indicated that low salt concentrations generally stimulated growth, biomass production and rate of photosynthesis in both the species, and E. camaldulensis appeared more NaCl salt-tolerant than D. sissoo.

Influence of NaCl Salinity on some Aspects of Nitrogen Assimilation and Mineral Composition in Moong (Vigna radiata L.) Plants in the Presence and Absence of Mycorrhizal inoculation

Influence of NaCl Salinity on some Aspects of Nitrogen Assimilation and Mineral Composition in Moong (Vigna radiata L.) Plants in the Presence and Absence of Mycorrhizal inoculation

Influence of NaCl Salinity on Behaviours of Nitrate Reductase and Nitrite Reductase in Rice Seedlings Differing in Salt Tolerance

AbstractActivities of enzymes nitrate reductase (NR) and nitrite reductase (NiR) were determined in rice seedlings differing in salt tolerance raised under increasing levels of NaCl salinity. Salinity caused marked increase in in vivo NR activity in roots and shoots of salt tolerant cvs. CSR‐1 and CSR‐3 whereas in salt sensitive cvs. Ratna and Jaya a marked inhibition in in vivo NR activity was observed under salimzation. Under both controls as well as salt treatments in all cultivars roots always maintained higher level of in vivo NR activity than shoots. In vitro NR activity increased in both roots and shoots of all cultivars during early days of growth with maximum at 10–15 days and decreased thereafter. In salt tolerant cultivars salinity caused an increase in in vitro NR activity in shoots but not in roots whereas in salt sensitives activity of the enzyme was always more in salt stressed seedlings compared to controls. Salinity increased NiR activity in seedlings of sensitive cultivars whereas in tolerants suppression in root NiR activity was observed due to salinity. Like NR the activity of NiR was also higher in roots than shoots. 1 M NaCl in the enzyme assay medium suppressed in vivo NR activity in roots of 15 days old nonsalinized seedlings with more suppression in sensitive cultivars than tolerants. Results suggest possible different behaviours of nitrogen assimilatory enzymes in rice cultivars differing in salt tolerance and that salt tolerance ability is associated with high in vivo NR activity in seedlings and its further activation under salinization.

Influence of NaCl Salinity on the Behaviour of Protease, Aminopeptidase and Carboxypeptidase in Rice Seedlings in Relation to Salt Tolerance

Activities of the enzymes protease, aminopeptidase and carboxypeptidase were determined in seedlings of rice cultivars with different salt tolerances raised under increasing levels of NaCl salinity. Salinity caused a marked increase in protease activity in roots as well as shoots, though activity was higher in roots than in shoots. Salt-tolerant cultivars possessed higher levels of protease activity in control as well as salt-stressed seedlings compared with salt-susceptible cultivars. During a growth period of 5-20 days, leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) activity increased up to days 10-15 and decreased thereafter. Salt treatment caused a sharp increase in LAP activity in roots of both sets of cultivars. The increase was larger in tolerant than in susceptible cultivars. In shoots, unlike roots, higher salinity suppressed LAP activity, and suppression was more marked in susceptible cultivars than in tolerant ones. Carboxypeptidase activity was higher in susceptible cultivars than in tolerant ones under both control as well as salt treatments. Roots maintained higher levels of carboxypeptidase activity than shoots. Results suggest an increased rate of proteolysis in salt-stressed rice seedlings and an association of salt-tolerance ability with higher protease and aminopeptidase activities and lower carboxypeptidase activity under salinisation.

Influence of NaCl Salinity on Growth and Metabolic Status of Protein and Amino Acids in Rice Seedlings

AbstractSeeds of four rice cultivars differing in salt tolerance when grown under increasing level of NaCl salinity and seedling vigour as well as metabolic status of total and soluble proteins, amino acids were evaluated in seedlings at increasing days of growth it was observed that increasing level of salinity caused loss in dry wt. of seedlings as well as reduction in lengths of root and shoot. In both sets of cultivars salt stressed seedlings showed higher levels of total as well as soluble proteins, total amino acids compared to non salinized seedlings. In roots of salt susceptible cvs. Ratna and Jaya increased salinity up to 14 mmhos/cm remarkably increased total as well as soluble protein level whereas in shoots moderate level of salinity increased protein level compared to controls and higher salinity level caused suppression in such increase. Tolerant cultivars always maintained higher levels of total as well as soluble proteins and total amino acids in salt stressed seedlings compared to susceptibles. Amino acids which accumulated greatly in salinized seedlings were arginine, phenylalanine, alanine, leucine, proline, valine and glutamine. Results suggest possible role of proteins and amino acids in confering salt tolerance in rice.