Influence Of Measurement Conditions Research Articles

Дослідження впливу фаз менструального циклу на функціональний стан кваліфікованої ветеранки спорту з дзюдо

Purpose: to investigate the influence of menstrual cycle phases on the functional status of a qualified female veteran judo athlete. Material and methods. The following methods were used in the study: analysis of scientific and methodological information and Internet sources; generalization of advanced practical experience; measurement of sensorimotor reactions and determination of heart rate variability indices; methods of mathematical statistics. A qualified veteran female judo athlete (Master of Sports of Ukraine) in the age category F2 (1983-1979) took part in the study. We performed 84 measurements of heart rate variability (n=42, HRV in the supine position; n=42, heart rate variability during the test task dedicated to measuring the choice reaction). The measurement was performed using two computer programs for mobile devices running iPadOS «Research HRV» and «HRV SR+CR» during morning hours (7-8 hours) and afternoon hours (17-18 hours). Results: analysis of the dynamics of changes in heart rate variability parameters obtained in the supine position indicates an increase in sympathetic activity in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. Analysis of comparisons of heart rate variability parameters in different phases of the menstrual cycle indicates that the greatest number of statistically significant (p<0,05) differences is observed in the first half of the day. These changes indicate the dynamics of the decrease in the tone of the sympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system in the follicular phase when performing test tasks provided by the computer program «HRV SR+CR». Analysis of the study results indicates that the indicators of heart rate variability are also influenced by the measurement conditions. The test tasks of the computer program «HRV SR+CR» provide cognitive load and concentration of attention, especially in the second stage, where it is necessary to choose the sought-after figure. During cognitive tasks there is an increase in the activity of the parasympathetic nervous system, which leads to an increase in heart rate variability. High level of heart rate variability is associated with better cognitive functions and adaptive response to stress. Consequently, these differences in heart rate variability obtained using the «Research HRV» and «HRV SR+CR» programs may be the result of interactions between physiological changes during the menstrual cycle as well as the influence of measurement conditions. Understanding the changes in heart rate variability indices during test tasks related to the manifestation of the choice reaction provides information about the influence of cognitive load and attention concentration on the functional state of the female athlete. This will allow to plan the training process of wrestling taking into account the phases of the menstrual cycle and functional capabilities that are inherent in high-skilled female athletes. Conclusions. The parameters of heart rate variability and sensorimotor reaction time provide information about the functional state of martial artists. Understanding of metabolic and hormonal processes in different phases of the menstrual cycle of qualified wrestlers will allow to optimize their training loads and recovery measures.

The Influence of Measurement Conditions on the Electrocaloric Effect in Ferroelectric Ceramics of Modified Barium Titanate.

In this work, the electrocaloric effect (ECE) and electrocaloric strength (ΔT/E) were measured and thermal and dielectric studies were performed on Pb-modified BaTiO3 (BPT). The saturated hysteresis loops and normal ferroelectric behavior of the ferroelectric ceramics allow the utilization of the indirect method to estimate the electrocaloric properties. The electrocaloric measurements were performed under high (18 kV/cm) versus low (8 kV/cm) electric field conditions. These conditions were chosen to notice and then eliminate an artificial negative electrocaloric effect in the tested ceramics. At the same time, relatively high values of positive electrocaloric temperature change ΔT (~ 2.19 K) and electrocaloric strength ΔT/E (~0.27-0.11 K·cm/kV) were obtained.

The influence of measurement conditions on the determined values of thermal parameters of different types of concrete

In recent years, great emphasis has been placed on the introduction of energy-saving solutions to the construction sector. Building envelopes made of concrete with a specially selected composition give great opportunities in this regard. As part of a wide-ranging experiment, the authors undertook to diagnose how much thermal conductivity, volumetric specific heat and thermal diffusivity can be improved with an aerating admixture and different types of aggregates. Three groups of composites were tested: B1 – on stone aggregate, B2 – on expanded clay aggregate, B3 – on sintered fly ash aggregate. Each of the groups was divided into 4 formulations made without an aerating admixture and with its increasingly higher content of 0.8, 1.1, 1.4% in relation to the weight of cement. The thermal parameters were measured on the top (T) and bottom (B) surfaces of 36 rectangular samples (3 samples from each of the 12 mixtures) with the ISOMET 2104 apparatus. Diagnostic tests concerning the influence of measurement conditions were carried out on dry and water-saturated samples. It has been proven that for each composite and in both conditions, the values of thermal parameters determined on the lower surfaces will not correctly describe the properties of the real structure present in the main volume of the element. Only measurements carried out on surfaces with a structure corresponding to the interior of the element provide adequate data that can be used in decision-making processes and in numerical simulations to assess the real thermal qualities of building envelopes.

Distance and camera features measurements affect the detection of temperature asymmetries using infrared thermography

ABSTRACT Small skin temperature asymmetries are claimed to indicate injuries, but the influence of measurement conditions and technical aspects of image acquisition are concerns for determining temperature asymmetries. This research determines whether distance and camera specifications affect thermal asymmetries detection. We simulated thermal asymmetries filling two glasses with water at different temperatures measured at two distances (0.7 and 1.5 m) using four different infrared cameras (T1020, E60BX, C2 and FLIR ONE). Linear regression verified the similarity between each camera and the T1020 camera (gold standard). The intraclass correlation coefficient assessed the inter-camera reproducibility. Linear regression reported increasing adjustment using mean temperature, with lower values at 1.5 m between the T1020 and FLIR ONE (0.7 m, r = 0.58; 1.5 m, r = 0.34), C2 (0.7 m, r = 0.90; 1.5 m, r = 0.62) and E60BX (0.7 m, r = 0.96; 1.5 m, r = 0.68). Higher inter-camera reproducibility was observed at 0.7 m than 1.5 m. It is preferable to take thermal images with shorter distances and to prioritise cameras with superior hardware characteristics. The portability of FLIR ONE and C2 may be an advantage in studies investigating expected differences greater than 0.05ºC and larger regions of interest.

A dynamic spectrum optimized single-trail extraction method for noninvasive analysis of human blood components

Dynamic spectroscopy (DS) is a new noninvasive detection method of human blood components. Theoretically, it can eliminate the individual differences of static tissues such as skin and muscle and the influence of measurement conditions on measurement accuracy, and realize high-precision noninvasive blood component analysis. Obtaining the dynamic spectrum with a high signal-to-noise ratio is the key to modeling and analysis. To further improve the quality of the dynamic spectrum and ensure the robustness of the model, this paper proposes an optimized single-trail extraction method, which is improved for the main single-trail extraction method at present. In this method, the sampling points deviating from the fitting line in the rising edge signal of photoplethysmography (PPG) are eliminated by statistical method many times and using the superposition average of the slope between each sampling point on the rising edge to obtain the high-quality DS. To verify the effectiveness of the method proposed in this paper, we collected the spectral PPG data of the near-infrared transmission of the fingers of 231 volunteers, the wavelength range was 591.8 nm-1100 nm, and the hemoglobin concentration range of the total sample was 90–176 g / L, then used the optimized single-trail extraction method and the single-trail extraction method to extract DS from the spectral PPG data of all samples and divided them into an experimental group and a control group according to the different extraction methods. Two methods of spectral smoothness and modeling analysis were selected to evaluate the effectiveness of the spectrum. The experimental data are as follows: when the DS is evaluated with spectral smoothness as an index, the mean square error of the experimental group's spectrum is reduced from 0.011 to 0.0059, which is 53.6 % of the control group; and when using the least partial squares method to establish a hemoglobin model for prediction, compared with the control group, the related coefficient of the correction set (Rc) in the experimental group reached 0.91, an increase of 7.96 %, and the root mean square error of the correction set (RMSEC) of the calibration set decreased to 5.63g/L, decreased by 22.17 %, the related coefficient of the prediction set (Rp) reached 0.86, increased by 10.90 %, and the root mean square error of the prediction set (RMSEP) decreased to 6.27g/L, decreased by 19.76 %. The experimental results show that the optimized single-trail extraction method proposed in this paper improves the spectral smoothness and modeling effect compared with the original single-trail extraction method effectively improving the quality of DS. This method provides a new way for further improving the accuracy of noninvasive blood component quantitative analysis based on dynamic spectrum and helps to promote the application process of noninvasive detection of blood components.

Experimental Volumetric Hydrogen Uptake Determination at 77 K of Commercially Available Metal-Organic Framework Materials

Storage is still limiting the implementation of hydrogen as an energy carrier to integrate the intermittent operation of renewable energy sources. Among different solutions to the currently used compressed or liquified hydrogen systems, physical adsorption at cryogenic temperature in porous materials is an attractive alternative due to its fast and reversible operation and the resulting reduction in storage pressure. The feasibility of cryoadsorption for hydrogen storage depends mainly on the performance of the used materials for the specific application, where metal-organic frameworks or MOFs are remarkable candidates. In this work, gravimetric and volumetric hydrogen uptakes at 77 K and up to 100 bar of commercially available MOFs were measured since these materials are made from relatively cheap and accessible building blocks. These materials also show relatively high porous properties and are currently near to large-scale production. The measuring device was calibrated at different room temperatures to calculate an average correction factor and standard deviation so that the correction deviation is included in the measurement error for better comparability with different measurements. The influence of measurement conditions was also studied, concluding that the available adsorbing area of material and the occupied volume of the sample are the most critical factors for a reproducible measurement, apart from the samples’ preparation before measurement. Finally, the actual volumetric storage density of the used powders was calculated by directly measuring their volume in the analysis cell, comparing that value with the maximum volumetric uptake considering the measured density of crystals. From this selection of commercial MOFs, the materials HKUST-1, PCN-250(Fe), MOF-177, and MOF-5 show true potential to fulfill a volumetric requirement of 40 g·L−1 on a material basis for hydrogen storage systems without further packing of the powders.

ESTIMATION OF APPLICATION EFFICIENCY OF THE PR30-HVS LEVELER IN DIFFERENT MEASUREMENT CONDITIONS

The article is devoted to comparative analysis of accuracy of horizontal positioning measurement results for different measurement conditions. Performing work of this type refers to a number of applied tasks that require high accuracy of the horizontal arrangement of objects. For the purposes under consideration, laser levelers are often used. Currently, the market offers many models of this type of devices. As a rule, the documents accompanying provide metrological characteristics with an indication of one specific distance, for which the result indicated and, in most cases, the influence of measurement conditions on the error of results obtained is not considered. However, for long distances or difficult operating conditions (rain, dust), a significant increase in the error should be expected due to peculiarities of laser radiation and its transportation in the environment.

Theory and Guidelines for the Application of the Geophysical Sensor EM38.

Characterization of spatial soil variability is key for a better understanding of soils. To arrive at such information geophysical techniques have been used in the last two decades. Due to its easy handling, the geophysical sensor EM38 has widely been used to characterize agricultural areas. The theoretical background and usage of the EM38 is described, and based on multifaceted applications, the interpretation of the results as well as optimized steps for using it are outlined. Common principles and models of the apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) and strengths and limitations of this technique (calibration and temperature effects) are described as well as additional applications, such as the magnetic susceptibility, a comparison of measurements in vertical and horizontal modes, the use of weighted depth information and the influence of measurement conditions are addressed. Further a comparison of EM38 with other proximal soil sensors and fusion with other devices is described. The study reveals that EM38 is useful because the readings can reflect many different soil parameters.

Influence of measurement conditions on results of a wheel geometry check

Wheel alignment effects on vehicle’s stability and steerability, so it has a significant influence on, so called, active safety of a car. That’s why it is important to regularly check and properly adjust the wheel geometry. The measurements should be performed according to specific requirements. The influence of measurements conditions on results of a wheel geometry check is analysed in this paper. The results of measurements of wheel alignment of three cars with different suspension types are presented and the influence of measurements condition on the obtained results is discussed.

Influence of measurement conditions and used devices on consequential creep modulus

This research deals with study of the possibilities of the creep properties measurement on dedicated devices for the creep measurement and on devices, which enable the creep properties measurement. A comparison of these two different measurement methods show the influence of boundary conditions on the measurement result. Simultaneously, the effort to shorten the long-term tests, because of time saving during research and development of new materials, is confronted here. Radiation crosslinking samples of high-density polyethylene (HDPE), which enable the change of the internal structure to the spatial network by the influence of beta radiation, were chosen as an example for comparison.

Differential scanning calorimetry study of peritectic steel grades

Differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) measurements to identify high-temperature phase transitions of two non-alloyed peritectic steel grades are presented and discussed in this paper. Netzsch STA 449 F3 Jupiter thermal analyser device was used to perform DSC experiments. Measurements of temperatures of phase transformations at the heating and cooling rates of 5 and 20 °C min−1 were conducted. Measurement conditions for determining the temperature of peritectic transition in two real steels grades were described. The influence of measurement conditions on the results of DSC analysis was discussed. It was found that heating rate slightly affects the temperature of peritectic phase transition. Experimentally obtained solidus and liquidus temperatures are in good agreement with values derived by numerical calculations using FactSage software with database developed by Scientific Group Thermodata Europe. New original data (phase-transition temperatures) were obtained in this study, which may, however, be used for modelling of the solidification behaviour of peritectic steel grades.

Influence of measurement conditions on the resolution of electrical resistivity imaging: The example of abandoned mining dams in the La Carolina District (Southern Spain)

The La Carolina district, which is located in Jaen (Southern Spain), has experienced important mining activity for centuries. These long-standing mining activities, which have been associated with the presence of a philonian network of metallic sulfides, have generated vast accumulations of mine wastes—primarily tailings impoundments—that contain high levels of heavy metals from ore concentration plants. In this paper, the resolution of electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) is analyzed to determine the internal structure of these tailings dams and to assess the influence of the tailings over groundwater and surface water. The “La Manzana” dam, which is one of the largest sludge dams in the district, was selected to achieve this objective.First, old aerial photographs that were taken prior to the existence of the tailings dam were examined. Second, probing was performed using mechanical drilling, which enabled the identification of the features of the fill material, the thicknesses of the mine tailings and the contact zone between the mining structure and the basement. Third, the probe acts as a piezometer, which is an excellent tool to correlate the geophysical prospecting techniques. The characterization of the internal geometry of this structure has been performed by two ERI surveys, in which electric profiles were obtained under different moisture conditions. During the dry season, this methodology has been effective for identifying the morphology of the structures, contact with the substratum, variations in the vertical and horizontal distribution of the deposited material, and the fracture zones, as well as the contact between the tailings and the substratum on which they are deposited. Conversely, during the wet season, this contact was not distinct in the profile; however, variations in the saturation degree of these deposits, preferential infiltration areas and water flow through the interior of the tailings dam were observed. Last, the ERI survey confirmed the absence of waterproofing measures in the dump areas, which represents a high risk of soil and water pollution in the surrounding areas.

2次元X線検出器による応力測定精度に及ぼす測定条件の影響

2次元X線検出器による応力測定精度に及ぼす測定条件の影響

Influence of measurement conditions on depth range and resolution of GPR images: The example of lowland valley alluvial fill (the Obra River, Poland)

Abstract There are many studies referring to the analysis of alluvial deposit structures using GPR (ground-penetrating radar). However, the geophysical surveys are usually conducted at a single set of land surface and groundwater level conditions. The main question is whether an optimal set of such conditions resulting in optimal (highest possible) resolution and depth range can be determined? A field experiment, based on the GPR surveys conducted at various groundwater levels and parameter settings, was carried out to study their influence on depth range and resolution of the GPR surveys. The test was conducted in the lower course of the Obra River (western Poland). Three sets of the GPR measurements were done: at low groundwater level, at the groundwater level situated close to the land surface and when the surface of the floodplain was inundated and frozen. The results indicated significant differences in the depth range and resolution of particular surveys. The GPR images from the survey conducted on the frozen floodplain featured low depth range in comparison with the remaining experimental measurements. Despite the smooth surface of the frozen floodplain that seemed suitable for the geophysical surveys, the images were obscured by numerous reverberations originating from a layer of water underlying the ice cover. The presented results are the first step to create an atlas of georadar images illustrating various depositional environments. The research showed that such a database should consist of GPR images illustrating given sedimentary environment by at least three different sets of hydrogeologic conditions and GPR measurement settings taking into account such parameters as e.g. time window, number of stacks or sampling frequency.

Contrast reversal effect in scanning electron microscopy due to charging

In semiconductor manufacturing, accurate measurement of shapes and sizes of fabricated features is required. These measurements are carried out using critical dimension scanning electron microscope (CD-SEM). Positions of edges are often unclear because of charging. Depending on the SEM setup and the pattern under measurement, the effect of charging varies. The influence of measurement conditions can be simulated and optimized. A Monte Carlo electron beam simulation tool was developed, which takes into account electron scattering and charging. CD-SEM imaging of silicon dioxide lines on silicon was studied. In the experiment, changes in the beam voltage were found to result in contrast tone reversal. The same effect was also found in simulations considering charging. The time dependence of contrast variation was studied. A good agreement between simulation and measurement was found. The simulation software proved reliable in predicting SEM images, which makes it an important instrument to optimize settings of electron beam systems.

1514 合焦式非接触ピッチ測定における測定条件の影響(S76 加工計測・評価システム,S76 加工計測・評価システム)

The pitch of machine parts influences its quality and therefore the quality control of pitch by precise measurement is demanded strongly in industries. The measurement of pitch is, however, usually time-consuming process if touch probe is used. Noncontact measurement is ideal but it has difficulty in working distance or stability of measurement. In this report, a new noncontact measuring method of pitch is proposed. The image of surface of moving object is taken consecutively and the degree of focusing is evaluated for each image. The pitch is measured by analyzing the whole wave form corresponding to the change of focusing value. The principle of measurement is proposed and the influence of measurement conditions is investigated.

The influence of measurement conditions on the Hammett acidity function of solid pharmaceutical excipients

In this work the Hammett acidity function has been measured to assess the relative acidity of excipients used in the preparation of pharmaceutical solid dosage forms. A systematic series of experiments is reported which illustrates how the selection of the measurement conditions can influence the results of such determinations. Although the technique is somewhat empirical and relies on several key assumptions it is shown that very consistent results can be achieved by carefully controlling the measurement conditions. It is also shown that by taking this approach laboratory-to-laboratory variation can be reduced to a negligible level and the influences of subtle changes in the acidity of pharmaceutical excipients due to intrinsic variations in their physical properties or due to different processing histories can be detected and quantified.

Influence of measurement conditions on the evaluation of some radio channel parameters

Communications with mobile stations undergo perturbations due to the necessary radio link. Digital systems are particularly sensitive to multipath effects and frequency selectivity. The wide-band characteristics of the channel are complex and usually summarized by parameters like the delay spread, delay window, or correlation bandwidth. The design of systems is based on statistical studies of these parameters extracted from intensive experimental campaigns. The theoretical definitions of these parameters are widely accepted. However, we have observed that some differences may arise in the practical computation method used. We first show in this paper that the evaluation method and the measurement conditions may lead to differences in parameter estimates which cannot be neglected. We used a large number of complex impulse responses measured in a UHF urban cellular environment as a test set. Theoretical relation were developed to predict the effects of some experimental conditions. These formulas show a good match with the mains changes observed in the measurements. From this analysis, some recommendations are proposed to make the statistical evaluation of these parameters more relevant. Relationships between different channel parameters are also investigated.

Tidal Breathing Analysis in Infants and Children

As respiratory system diseases in childhood are very common, lung function tests are in demand. The least complicated measurement of lung function is the recording of flow and volume plotted as a loop during tidal breathing. Recently, tidal flow-volume loop (TFVL) analysis has been extensively used as a valuable, simple, and relatively noninvasive lung function technique in infants and children. Lung function measurement by tidal breathing is a method that can be performed at any age, with minimal patient cooperation, or even when the patient is sedated. TFVL analysis has not been found to negatively alter respiration even in acutely ill patients. This article reviews technical and practical issues related to TFVL analysis. Influence of measurement conditions, as well as comparison with other commonly used lung function tests are also discussed. The different areas of TFVL applicability in diagnosis, disease management, and research are shown.

Experimental verification of a theory of the influence of measurement conditions on temperature measurement accuracy with IR systems

A theory of the influence of measurement conditions on temperature measurement accuracy with infrared systems has been recently presented. A comparison study of the shortwave (3-5-µm) and longwave (8-12-µm) measuring IR cameras was conducted on the basis of this theory. The results of the simulations show that the shortwave systems in typical measurement conditions generally offer better accuracy in temperature measurement than do the longwave systems. Some experiments that use a commercially available IR camera were carried out to verify the theory. The results of these experiments and a discussion about the theory limitations are presented.