Influence Of Maternal Smoking Research Articles

Influence of maternal smoking during pregnancy on birth outcomes.

Smoking during pregnancy is causally associated with reduced birth weight and is strongly related to preterm birth. This study analyses the differences in birth outcomes between non-smokers and women who continued to smoke during pregnancy. We conducted a study of 1,359 mothers who gave birth in 2017-2019 at the Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics of Louis Pasteur University Hospital in Košice. Data on mothers and newborn infants have been reported from the birth book and from the reports on mothers at childbirth. For low birth weight we considered the weight of a newborn being less than 2,500 g and as for premature birth we referred to childbirth before pregnancy week 37. Two groups of mothers were classified according to the smoking habit during pregnancy and statistically processed in IBM SPSS Statistics 23.0. Infants born by women who smoked during pregnancy had the lower birth weight (2,769.0 grams on average) compared to non-smokers (3,224.1 grams) (p < 0.001). The differences in prevalence of premature birth have not been confirmed as statistically significant. Women who continued smoking during pregnancy were significantly more likely to be very young (OR = 5.9; 95% CI: 3.9-8.9; p < 0.001), unmarried (OR = 9.3; 95% CI: 6.1-14.0; p < 0.001), of lower level of education (OR = 39.6; 95% CI: 22.6-69.5; p < 0.001), and more likely to consume alcohol (OR = 6.6; 95% CI: 5.8-7.5; p < 0.01), and drugs (OR = 6.6; 95% CI: 5.8-7.5; p < 0.01) during pregnancy. When pregnant, they were most likely to see a doctor for the first time after the first trimester (OR = 0.1; 95% CI: 0.1-0.2; p < 0.001) and were more likely to see a doctor less than 8 times (OR = 6.1; 95% CI: 4.2-8.8; p < 0.001) during pregnancy. Tobacco prevention and cessation campaigns should focus on improving pregnancy outcomes in the future.

Association between maternal smoking and child bone mineral density: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Maternal smoking during pregnancy has detrimental effects on fetal development. The current review examined the differences in offspring's bone mineral density (BMD) between mothers smoked during pregnancy and those who did not. A systematic review and meta-analysis on the studies investigating the influence of maternal smoking during pregnancy on children or neonates' bone measures published up to October 30, 2018, was performed. BMD results measured at different body sites were pooled and then fixed or random effect models were used based on the presence of heterogeneity. The desired pooled effect size was the offspring's BMD mean difference with 95% confidence interval between smoker and non-smoker mothers. Sensitivity analysis was performed for birth weight and current weight, two important mediator/confounders causing heterogeneity. Overall, eight studies consisting of 17,931 participants aged from infancy to 18years were included. According to the fixed effect model, the mean of BMD in offspring whose mothers smoked during pregnancy was 0.01g/cm2 lower than those with non-smoker mothers (95% CI = - 0.02 to - 0.002). However, subgroup meta-analysis adjusted for birth weight and current weight demonstrated no significant mean difference between BMD of children with smoker and non-smoker mothers (d = 0.06, 95% CI = -0.04 to 0.16, p value = 0.25 and d = - 0.005, 95% CI = - 0.01 to 0.004, p value = 0.28, respectively). According to available studies, it is suggested that maternal smoking during pregnancy does not have direct effect on the offspring's BMD. Instead, this association might be confounded by other factors such as placental weight, birth weight, and current body size of children.

Effect of smoking behaviour before and during pregnancy on Low head circumference at birth

Abstract Background Smoking during pregnancy leads to adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes. Compared to the number of studies on low birth weight, the influence of maternal smoking on low head circumference at birth is not well documented. The aim of the study was to assess an effect of smoking behavior before and during pregnancy on low head circumference at birth. Methods The study is based on the Murmansk County Birth registry. Our study includes women who delivered a singleton pregnancy after 37 weeks of gestation (N = 44,486). Smoking information was self-reported and assessed at the first antenatal visit during pregnancy. Low head circumference was defined in according to the World Health Organization as Mean value minus 2 standard deviations for girls and boys separately. Using logistic regressions we adjusted for maternal age, residence, ethnicity, education, marital status, alcohol abuse, year of delivery, body mass index, pregnancy diabetes, gestational age, and excessive weight gain. Results A dose-response relationship was evident between the number of cigarettes smoked per day during pregnancy and the odds of low head circumference at birth (adjusted OR1-5 cig/day = 1.69 with 95% CI: 1.31-2.19; OR6-10 cig/day = 2.08 with 95% CI: 1.63-2.65; and OR ≥ 11 cig/day = 5.19 with 95% CI: 3.89-6.92). Compared to non-smokers, quitting smoking during the first trimester of pregnancy had no significant effect on low head circumference at birth (adjusted ORquitters = 1.04 with 95% CI: 0.80-1.34). Conclusions Despite dose-response relationship was observed between maternal smoking and low head circumference at birth, women who stopped smoking during the first trimester were at no higher risk of having a baby with the low head circumference as compared to non-smokers. Our findings underline a continued need for actions against maternal smoking. Key messages women who stopped smoking during the first trimester were at no higher risk of having a baby with the low head circumference as compared to non-smokers. A dose-response relationship was evident between the number of cigarettes smoked per day during pregnancy and the odds of low head circumference at birth.

Lifecourse relationship between maternal smoking during pregnancy, birth weight, contemporaneous anthropometric measurements and bone mass at 18 years old. The 1993 Pelotas Birth Cohort

BackgroundMaternal smoking during pregnancy is associated with short-term and also long-term harmful effects on offspring. ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to evaluate the associations of maternal smoking during pregnancy with offspring bone health at 18years old, and the role of birth weight and contemporaneous height, weight and body mass index (BMI) in this association.Data from the 1993 Pelotas Birth Cohort were analyzed using path analysis stratified by sex.Adolescents at 18years old (N=1512 males, 1563 females).DXA-determined total body bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) were assessed at 18years old. ResultsEach additional cigarette smoked during pregnancy was associated with a lower BMC by −4.20g in males (95% CI −8.37; −0.05), but not in females [−2.22g (95% CI −5.49; 1.04)]; weaker inverse associations were observed for BMD. This inverse association was explained by the influence of maternal smoking on birth weight and contemporaneous anthropometry, particularly height. A 1kg higher birth weight was associated with a higher BMC by around 144g in males and by around 186g in females, and also with a higher BMD by around 0.019g/cm2 in males and by around 0.018g/cm2 in females, respectively. ConclusionsLifecourse analysis using path models has enabled to evaluate the role of mediators in the associations of maternal smoking during pregnancy and birth weight with bone mass in the offspring, thus generating improved understanding of the etiology of bone health and the importance of early life experiences.

The effects of smoking on steroid metabolism and fetal programming

Tobacco addiction is a serious psychosocial and health problem. A pregnant woman who smokes not only influences the maternal organism, but also passes health risks on to the unborn child. A fetus exposed to maternal smoking is not only directly influenced, but is also endangered by a wide range of diseases up to his or her adult years. The components of tobacco smoke play a significant role in the development of a number of diseases for a large proportion of the smoking population, as well as among those pregnant.This article summarizes findings regarding the impacts on the production of steroid hormones – first describing the smoking-related changes in steroidogenesis in women, and then focusing on the influence of maternal smoking on the fetus's developing steroidogenesis. We assume that if during prenatal development the fetus has already been exposed to the effect of endocrine disruptors at the time fetal steroidogenesis begins fetal programming, this exposure can have serious pathophysiological effects both in the pregnancy as well as later in life. An example of such effects might be a delay in the creation of kidney adrenal androgens, which could also be evident on the level of steroid neuroactive metabolites that may influence the individual's psychological state and lead to later addictions.

The Influence of Maternal Smoking and Exposure to Residential ETS on Pregnancy Outcomes: A Retrospective National Study

In a nationwide study of Serbian births, in 2008, we estimated the influence of maternal prenatal smoking and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure on birth outcomes. Using stratified two-stage random cluster sampling, 2,721 women were interviewed in-person (response rates 98.1%), and 2,613 singleton live births were included. Date of birth, gender, birthweight, birth height and head circumference were copied from the official hospital Birth Certificate. Six exposure categories were defined according to mother's smoking history and exposure to ETS. We calculated adjusted mean values and group differences by analysis of covariance, and adjusted odds ratios for the low birthweight (LBW<2,500g). Compared to the reference category (non-smoking, non-exposed to ETS) we observed birthweight reductions in infants whose mothers smoked continuously during the pregnancy and were exposed to ETS (-162.6g) and whose mothers were not exposed to ETS (-173g) (p=0.000, and p=0.003, respectively), as well as reduction in birth length (-1.01 and -1.06cm; p=0.003 and p=0.000, respectively). Reduction in birthweight and birth length related to exposure categories was not linear. Adjusted OR for LBW was almost tripled for mothers who smoked over the entire pregnancy and were non-exposed to ETS (aOR 2.85; 95% CI 1.46-5.08), and who were exposed to ETS (aOR 2.68; 95% CI 1.15-6.25). Our results showed strong effects of smoking throughout the pregnancy on reduced birthweight, birth length and head circumference, and increased risk for LBW. We were not able to detect an effect for ETS exposure alone.

Influence of maternal smoking during pregnancy on the development of retinopathy of prematurity

Abstract Purpose To determinate the relation between maternal smoking during pregnancy and the development and severity of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study including all preterm children borned between September 2008 and February 2010 at Hospital Miguel Servet, Zaragoza (Spain). They were divided in two groups depending on the exposure to tobacco during the pregnancy. The incidence of ROP and its severity were analyzed, as well as other perinatal variables that could act as confounding factors for the above mentioned relationship. Results Two hundred and eighteen preterm children were included in the study. The smokers’ rate during the pregnancy was 23.2%. We did not find differences between both groups as for the gestational age, birth weight, sex and prenatal and early postnatal diseases. We did not find statistically significant differences in ROP incidence between both groups (p=0.629). As far as the characteristics of the ROP, smokers increased the severity of the retinopathy, the need of treatment with laser and the rate of Posterior Aggressive ROP, though these were not significant. Conclusion The maternal smoking during pregnancy does not influence the incidence of the ROP, but it seems to increase its aggressiveness and the rate of Posterior Aggressive ROP.

Influence of Maternal Smoking on Placental Abruption in Successive Pregnancies: A Population-based Prospective Cohort Study in Sweden

The authors examined associations between cumulative smoking during a woman's first and second pregnancies and risk of placental abruption in the second pregnancy. They performed a population-based prospective cohort study of 526,690 women who delivered their first two consecutive singletons in Sweden in 1983-2001. Using logistic regression models, the authors found that, among women without placental abruption in the first pregnancy, smoking was associated with increased risk of abruption in the second pregnancy; however, this effect was confined to exposure occurring during the second pregnancy (adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.8, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.4, 2.3) but not the first (adjusted OR = 1.1, 95% CI: 0.9, 1.3). Among women with a prior abruption, the risk of repeating abruption was increased irrespective of smoking habits. When women smoked during both pregnancies, there was an almost 11-fold increase in risk (adjusted OR = 10.9, 95% CI: 7.3, 16.3). These findings suggest that women who quit smoking before pregnancy may benefit from reduced risk of abruption. The observation that the recurrence of abruption is substantially increased regardless of changes in smoking habits suggests that factors other than smoking may influence the recurrence of placental abruption.

Influence of maternal smoking on lipid peroxidation process, hormonal level in cord blood and anthropometric variability of newborn

Influence of maternal smoking on lipid peroxidation process, hormonal level in cord blood and anthropometric variability of newborn

Influence of Maternal Smoking on Placental Abruption in Successive Pregnancies: A Population-based Prospective Cohort Study in Sweden

The authors examined associations between cumulative smoking during a woman's first and second pregnancies and risk of placental abruption in the second pregnancy. They performed a population-based prospective cohort study of 526,690 women who delivered their first two consecutive singletons in Sweden in 1983-2001. Using logistic regression models, the authors found that, among women without placental abruption in the first pregnancy, smoking was associated with increased risk of abruption in the second pregnancy; however, this effect was confined to exposure occurring during the second pregnancy (adjusted odds ratio (OR)=1.8, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.4, 2.3) but not the first (adjusted OR=1.1, 95% CI: 0.9, 1.3). Among women with a prior abruption, the risk of repeating abruption was increased irrespective of smoking habits. When women smoked during both pregnancies, there was an almost 11-fold increase in risk (adjusted OR=10.9, 95% CI: 7.3, 16.3). These findings suggest that women who quit smoking before pregnancy may benefit from reduced risk of abruption. The observation that the recurrence of abruption is substantially increased regardless of changes in smoking habits suggests that factors other than smoking may influence the recurrence of placental abruption.

The many faces of the hygiene hypothesis

About 15 years have gone by since Strachan first proposed the idea that infections and unhygienic contact might confer protection against the development of allergic illnesses. The so-called hygiene hypothesis has ever since undergone numerous more or less subtle modifications by various researchers in the fields of epidemiology, clinical science, and immunology. Three major tracts have developed exploring the role of overt viral and bacterial infections, the significance of environmental exposure to microbial compounds, and the effect of both on underlying responses of the innate and adaptive immunity. To date, a truly unifying concept has not yet emerged, but various pieces of a complex interplay between immune responses of the host, characteristics of the invading microorganism, the level and variety of the environmental exposure, and the interactions between a genetic background and a range of exposures becomes apparent. These influences are discussed as determinants for a number of complex allergic illnesses in this review, while we attempt to pay attention to the importance of different phenotypes, namely of the asthma syndrome. Even if today practical implications cannot directly be deduced from these findings, there is great potential for the development of novel preventive and therapeutic strategies in the future.

Maternal smoking during late pregnancy and offspring smoking behaviour

We explored the influence of maternal smoking during late pregnancy on the likelihood of smoking among offspring in adolescence and adulthood, using birth cohort data collected in the United Kingdom as part of the 1958 National Child Development Study. Longitudinal analysis indicated that maternal smoking during late pregnancy was associated with an increased likelihood of being a non-smoker at 16-year, 23-year and 33-year follow-up. This association differed between male and female offspring, with women showing no significant association and men showing an increased likelihood of being a non-smoker. There did not appear to be any association between maternal smoking during late pregnancy and cigarette consumption among offspring who reported smoking for either sex. These results are inconsistent with some previous reports that maternal smoking during pregnancy increases the likelihood of smoking among female offspring, although the observation of a moderating effect of sex on smoking behaviour is consistent with several previous reports. We discuss possible mechanisms for this association, and suggest factors that may account for the observed sex differences in this association, and the discrepancy between our results and some previous reports.

Retentissement du tabagisme maternel sur le comportement du nouveau-né : dosage des métabolites urinaires de la nicotine chez la mère et le nouveau-né

Influence of maternal smoking on newborn's behaviour: determination urinary nicotine metabolites levels in mothers and infants. Objective. – Effects of smoking during pregnancy on newborn's behaviour at 2 or 3 days. Intoxication? Withdrawal? Population and method. – Urinary cotinine levels were measured using DPC ® technique in 142 mothers during labour and in their 138 normal, full-term newborns kept with their mothers at about 3 days. Infants' Finnegan scores were estimated, Lamour/Barraco tests, too. Results. – There are significant correlations: maternal cotinine (ng/mg) = 382,67 + 264,79 cigarettes/day, R = 0,70, P < 0,001; newborn cotinine (ng/mg) = 74,28 + 68,49 cigarettes/day, R = 0,69, P < 0,001; newborn cotinine (ng/mg) = 57,59 + 0,18 maternal cotinine (ng/mg), R = 0,73, P < 0,001. Newborns' cotinine concentrations (47% corresponds with smokers' levels) are with breast-milk 4,94 times lower than that of their mothers vs 3,65 with artificial milk. Incidence of colic increases ( P = 0,008) and the neurologic scores average decreases ( P = 0,059). Conclusions. – Newborns' high cotinine levels, digestive and neurologic symptoms modification suggest tobacco intoxication. Therefore withdrawal would appear later. Breast-milk seems to accelerate cotinine elimination.

Does maternal smoking influence leptin levels in term, appropriate-for-gestational-age newborns?

Objectives: Leptin, a hormone produced in adipose tissue and the placenta, is correlated with neonatal growth. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of maternal smoking during pregnancy on cord blood leptin concentrations in term, appropriate-for-gestational-age infants.Methods: Two groups of term, appropriate-for-gestational-age newborns were selected: 19 infants of smoking mothers and 91 infants of non-smoking mothers. Neonatal anthropometric measurements were taken and leptin levels were measured by radioimmunoassay.Results: Leptin concentrations were similar (p = 0.915) between the groups. Leptin levels correlated only with ponderal index (p < 0.01) and gestational age of the newborns (p < 0.05).Conclusions: This study indicates that maternal smoking during pregnancy does not affect cord blood leptin levels in term, appropriate-for-gestational-age infants.

Perinatal bone turnover in term human neonates and the influence of maternal smoking.

Bone turnover in neonates appears independently of the comparably low maternal bone turnover, but there is only sparse information on the effect of the in utero environment on fetal bone turnover. Postnatally, the resuming growth velocity and alterations in mineral homeostasis affect neonatal bone turnover. This study evaluated the relationship of bone marker concentrations to maternal and fetal auxological variables as well as maternal smoking and assessed the short-term change in bone markers during the first days of life. Serum markers of bone formation [osteocalcin and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BALP)] and bone resorption (C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen) were measured in cord blood and at discharge (median d 3) in 69 healthy term neonates. Concentrations of BALP were significantly lower in neonates of smokers (n = 16) compared with nonsmokers (n = 53), both at birth (p = 0.013) and at discharge (p = 0.036). Both cord osteocalcin and BALP were negatively related to maternal weight and maternal body mass index. Maternal smoking and pregnancy weight gain were the predictors of cord BALP (r2 = 0.24; p < 0.001), whereas the mode of delivery best predicted cord C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen levels (r2 = 0.19; p < 0.001). C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen and osteocalcin increased significantly (p < 0.001) from birth to discharge, whereas BALP levels did not change significantly during the same period. Our results suggest that maternal smoking during pregnancy and maternal obesity may have a negative impact on fetal bone formation. The significant increase of osteocalcin and C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen may result either from an increase in bone turnover or altered renal clearance.

The influence of maternal smoking during pregnancy on the toddler's negativity.

To extend previous studies by looking at the effect of the mother's smoking during pregnancy on her toddler's negative behavior. A survey consisting of a structured questionnaire was administered to the mothers of 2-year-old toddlers. The subjects were drawn from a community sample, as part of a larger study of mothers and their children. The subjects were 99 toddlers and their mothers taken from a community sample. Fifty-two of the mothers smoked throughout pregnancy, while 47 either stopped smoking during pregnancy or started smoking after childbirth. The measures consisted of scales with adequate psychometric properties, which, for the most part, were adapted from the literature. Measures included assessment of smoking behavior, the mother's personality/behavior, perinatal variables, demographic variables, and aspects of the mother-child relationship. Using logistic regression analyses, maternal smoking during pregnancy was found to be related to negativity in the child, controlling for demographic factors, perinatal factors, maternal personality attributes, and the mother-child relationship. The findings suggest that maternal smoking during pregnancy has an adverse effect on the child's negativity, and that a decrease in maternal smoking during pregnancy might be expected to lead to a decrease in the child's negativity. The relationship of maternal smoking during pregnancy and early childhood negativity to other problem behaviors remains to be explored.

Intrauterine growth retardation and premature delivery: the influence of maternal smoking and psychosocial factors.

This study investigated the influence of psychosocial stress, maternal schooling, social support, psychological well-being, alcohol, and smoking on intrauterine growth retardation and premature delivery. At a Copenhagen university hospital, 2432 pregnant women completed a questionnaire on general health, psychosocial stressors, and sociodemographic characteristics. In 212 cases (8.7%) the women delivered prematurely. Preterm delivery as associated with psychosocial stress (adjusted odds ratio [OR]=1.14 for each 1-point increase on the psychosocial stressor 5-point scale and 1.92 for the whole scale) and poor school education (adjusted OR=2.62 for 7-9 years of schooling, 1.91 for 10 years, and 1.0 for 11-13 years). In 152 cases (6.3%), infants had a birthweight below the 10th percentile. Intrauterine growth retardation was associated with smoking, daily drinking, school education, and social network variables. In a multiple logistic regression model, intrauterine growth retardation was associated with smoking habits (adjusted OR=2.40 for 0-9 cigarettes daily, 2.68 for 10-15 daily, and 2.88 for more than 15 daily). Psychosocial stressors and limited duration of schooling appeared to influence preterm delivery. Smoking habits influenced intrauterine growth retardation.

Influence of Maternal Smoking on Variability of Peak Expiratory Flow Rate in School Children

Diurnal variability of peak expiratory flow rates (PEFRs) was assessed in 1,237 children. The PEFR was measured twice daily over a 1-week period. As an index of variability, the log of a week's mean of daily amplitude was calculated. Linear regression analyses revealed a significant positive association between maternal smoking and the variability of PEFR for nonasthmatic children. For these children, exposure to maternal smoking was associated with a 13.7 percent increase (confidence interval [CI], 3.8 to 24.7 percent) in PEFR variability. For asthmatic children an effect was found for nonatopic (54.7 percent increase; CI, 5.5 to 226.8 percent) but not for atopic children (-8.5 percent change; CI, -41.2 to 42.3 percent). In the latter group, there was evidence that mothers changed their smoking habits subsequent to the development of disease in their children. We conclude that exposure to maternal smoking can increase the variability of PEFR and thus might contribute to the development of asthma.

Smoking during pregnancy: a significant cause of neonatal thyroid enlargement

The influence of maternal smoking during pregnancy on the function and the echographic volume of the neonatal thyroid gland was examined in an area of borderline iodine intake (median maternal urinary iodine: 315 range 79-1558 nmol/l). There was a positive correlation (P less than 0.001) between cord serum thiocyanate (SCN) concentrations used as an index of maternal smoking and the maternal smoking habits. The thyroid volume/birthweight ratio increased significantly as a function of SCN values (P less than 0.005): this increase was secondary to a decrease in birthweight as well as to an increase in thyroid volume. There was also a positive correlation between cord serum thyroglobulin (Tg) and SCN levels (P = 0.001). Serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) values remained within the normal range for age in all newborn infants and were not significantly correlated with SCN values. These results show that smoking during pregnancy in areas with borderline iodine intake may be a significant cause of thyroid enlargement in the newborn.

Gastrin-releasing peptide gene products in midtrimester human fetal lung with and without maternal smoking history during pregnancy

A preliminary morphological study on human fetal lungs with positive maternal smoking history demonstrated alterations of the neuroepithelial bodies (NEBs). We studied human fetal lung tissue between the gestational ages of 12 weeks and 19 weeks, comprising 12 cases with a smoking history during pregnancy (Group 1) and eight cases without a smoking history during pregnancy (Group 2). We demonstrated, by immunocytochemistry, the presence of gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) gene products: GRP 14-27 in all 20 cases, and C terminal peptide of pro-GRP (C-flanking peptide) in 17 cases. Quantification of the neuroepithelial cells (NECs) was made by computer-enhanced image analysis using the Context Vision system, expressing 1) the total stained areas of the NECs per unit area of section and 2) the total staining areas of the NECs per unit area of airway epithelium, measured as the area of cytokeratin immunoreactivity in an adjacent section. The results show no statistically significant difference between groups 1 and 2 for either GRP 14-27 or C-flanking peptides. The apparent lack of influence of maternal smoking during pregnancy on the expression of GRP gene products in the NECs could be a reflection of inherently reduced reactivity of the cells during the gestation period studied. However, a larger series is needed before any conclusions can be made. Alternatively, the adverse effects of smoking might be reflected during the canalicular phase of lung development; an increased immunoreactivity appears to be present during that period. The expression of pro-GRP gene products in the pulmonary NECs of older fetuses and neonates with maternal smoking history during pregnancy requires further study.