Influence Of Key Design Parameters Research Articles

Development and Optimization of a Micro-Baffle for the Enhancement of Heat Transfer in Film Boiling

This study represents the development and optimization of a micro-baffle design to enhance heat transfer in film boiling. Numerical simulations are performed using an open-source computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model, which incorporates the Lee model for momentum source associated with the phase change, and the Volume of Fluid (VOF) method to capture bubble dynamics. A comparison of the numerical results with the previous numerical and experimental data confirmed the validity of the numerical model. The influence of key design parameters was systematically investigated. The results revealed that a vertical baffle provided the maximum performance. The optimal baffle design achieved a 57.4% improvement in the Nusselt number and a 66.4% increase in critical heat flux (CHF). Furthermore, the proposed design facilitated continuous bubble formation, even with a reduced temperature difference between the heated surface and the subcooled liquid, which is crucial for energy-efficient thermal management in engineering systems. Ultimately, this study demonstrates the potential of micro-baffle designs in controlling bubble dynamics and improving heat transfer in film boiling, thereby aiding the design of efficient thermal systems.

Machine learning-based analytical approach for mechanical analysis of composite hydrogen storage tanks under internal pressure

This study is a practical exploration of the application of machine learning for the mechanical analysis of filament-wound thin-composite hydrogen storage tanks under internal pressure. Our innovative approach seamlessly integrates classical laminate theory, comprehensive parametric analysis, and machine learning to advance the state-of-the-art in composite tank design. This versatile framework holds promise for addressing challenges in other structurally complex systems. A comprehensive parametric study was then conducted to explore the influence of key design parameters, such as internal pressure, tank radius, order of layer, and layer orientation. Pearson's correlation analysis was used to determine the parameters that had the most significant impact on the mechanical behavior of the tank. In addition, five machine learning models, namely, Extreme Gradient Boosting, Adaptive Boosting, Artificial Neural Network, Support Vector Machine, and Random Forest, were examined to determine their predictive capability for the mechanical performance of these composite tanks. Key findings demonstrate XGBoost's superior predictive capabilities, achieving a remarkable 99% accuracy in predicting stress in the x-direction compared to Random Forest's 96%. XGBoost also outperformed Random Forest in terms of Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) with values of 26 and 0.02, respectively, versus 207 and 0.16. These results underscore XGBoost's potential to revolutionize hydrogen storage tank design. The development of a user-friendly GUI application further enhances the practicality of this research, allowing engineers and composite designers to efficiently simulate the mechanical behavior of these tanks in real time by adjusting the cursors for variables such as the pressure, radius, layer order, and layer orientation. This tool, with its intuitive interface and elimination of manual calculations, promises significant enhancements in the design process, providing a platform for the rapid assessment and optimization of tank architectures, thereby improving the efficiency and reliability of the design process.

Comparative Analysis of Armature Structure on Constant Force Characteristics in Long-Stroke Moving-Iron Proportional Solenoid Actuator

The influence of key design parameters on the constant force characteristics of long-stroke moving-iron proportional solenoid actuators (MPSAs) has been explored by a method combining finite element modelling and correlation analysis. First, the finite element model (FEM) of long-stroke MPSA was developed and validated. Subsequently, the two evaluation indexes, the average-output solenoid force and maximum-output solenoid force variability, were introduced to disclose the influence law of pole shoe parameters on the constant force characteristics of a long-stroke MPSA. After that, correlation analysis was employed to quantify the influence of several parameters and parameter interaction factors on the constant force characteristics. The results indicate a strong contradiction between the average-output solenoid force and maximum-output solenoid force variability; however, increasing the inner diameter of the cone helps enhance the average-output solenoid force without causing maximum-output solenoid force variability to increase. Among all the parameters examined, the cone angle is the most significant parameter affecting the constant force characteristics. Additionally, interactions between the cone angle and the cone length, the cone angle and the inner cone diameter, the cone angle and the outer cone diameter, the cone length and the outer cone diameter, as well as the inner cone diameter and the outer cone diameter also have an important influence on the constant force characteristics. This study deepens our understanding of how the key parameters affect the constant force characteristics and assists designers in optimizing these parameters for developing new structures.

Development of a mathematical model of productivity for conventional and stepped solar stills using RSM

Solar stills play a vital role as devices for utilizing solar energy to generate drinkable water, especially in dry regions where obtaining clean water poses a considerable challenge. This research concentrates on the expansion of a comprehensive mathematical model for anticipating and enhancing the performance of both conventional and stepped solar stills, employing Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The study investigates the influence of key design parameters, for instance, water depth (mm), mass flow rate (kg/h), and glass thickness (mm), on the productivity of conventional and stepped solar stills. The experimental setup involves the systematic collection of data from both conventional and stepped solar stills under varying operational conditions. Through the application of RSM, a predictive mathematical model is established, capturing the complex interdependencies among the input variables and their impact on the distilled water output, called productivity. This model serves as a valuable tool for understanding and optimizing the performance of solar stills in diverse operating conditions.

Research on the Factors Influencing the Seismic Performance of Grouting Sleeve Assembled Double-Column Piers

The present study investigated the influence of key design parameters on the seismic performance of prefabricated precast assembled piers’ connection parts to better adapt to the industrialized construction of prefabricated precast assembled pier connected using grouting sleeves. Relying on a prefabricated assembled bridge in the actual project, the ABAQUS software was used to establish a refined solid finite element model of prefabricated assembled piers connected with grouting sleeves. Numerical simulation analysis was conducted for the piers with low circumferential reciprocating loading. The seismic performance of the prefabricated assembled piers was evaluated in terms of hysteresis characteristics, dissipation characteristics, and damage development. The effects of the length of the grouting sleeve and the diameter of the longitudinal reinforcement on the seismic performance were also investigated. The maximum error between the numerical simulation results and the test results was 5.7%, and the plastic region of the precast assembled pier obtained from the numerical simulation was consistent with the test results, indicating that the numerical simulation method is accurate and reliable. When the length of the grouting sleeve increased from 0.6 to 1.2 m, the yield load, peak load, and dissipation of energy of prefabricated assembled piers increased by 11.6%, 10.9%, and 11.4%, respectively; no significant change in residual displacement; ductility coefficient decreased by a small amount. When the longitudinal reinforcement diameter increased from 20 to 50 mm, prefabricated assembled piers yield load, peak load, and dissipation increased by 99.6%, 89.3%, and 218.9%, respectively, whereas the residual displacement increased by 137.3%, and the ductility coefficient decreased more. Increasing the length of the grouting sleeve or increasing the diameter of longitudinal reinforcement improved the stiffness of the piers, causing the piers to displace less and damage less under the same force, but the residual displacement would increase.

Modeling and Parameter Optimization of Plant Factory Production System Under Low-Carbon Constraints

Highlights A life cycle approach to modeling the carbon footprint of leafy vegetables. Determine the optimal design parameters through logical and mathematical relationship derivation. The simulation model of leaf vegetable production line was established. The optimal parameter scheme was determined by multifactorial simulation tests. Abstract. In recent years, a plant factory has gradually become a new model of facility agriculture, and the optimization problem of low-carbon design of production system in a plant factory has become more prominent. In the design of the production system, needs of high efficiency, high yield, and low carbon emission must be considered. In this study, the leafy vegetable factory is taken as the research object, and the carbon footprint calculation model of products is established based on the life cycle assessment method. Taking production capacity and carbon footprint as design indicators, the logical correlation and mathematical relationship between them and production line design parameters are analyzed layer by layer to determine the key design parameters. The leafy vegetable production line is modeled by plant simulation software, and multifactor simulation experiments are set up to explore the influence of key design parameters on design indexes to guide the optimal decision of parameter design scheme. The new design scheme increases the productivity of the plant factory by 35.40%, reduces the carbon footprint of leafy vegetables by 15.54%, and solves the problem that leafy vegetables at the bottom of the planting frame in the original plant factory grow poorly because of insufficient light. Keywords: Carbon footprint, Life cycle assessment, Plant factory, Product system, Production line modeling.

Novel CFD and DMST Dual Method Parametric Study and Optimization of A Darrieus Vertical Axis Wind Turbine

The deteriorating effects of greenhouse gases resulting from the use of fossil fuels have led to increased public attention to renewable energy sources, with wind energy being a particularly favored option. This prompted the development of various wind turbine types' efficiency. This study intends to explore the influence of key design parameters consisting of the number of blades, blade chord length, helical angle, and J-shaped blade on the performance and self-starting ability of a Darrieus VAWT. Furthermore, implementing an efficient optimization model to obtain maximum power based on the numerical findings. To achieve this, two different numerical modeling approaches, namely Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Double Multi-Streamtube (DMST), have been applied. The results indicated that employing a higher blade number and chord length enhances the starting capability of the turbine. Moreover, increasing the helical angle to 60° reduces the generated torque fluctuations. Inspired by the design of the Savonius turbine, the implementation of a J-shaped airfoil boosted the Cp at low TSR. Finally, the Kriging optimization method has been employed to optimize the design parameters explored through CFD analysis. The outcomes showed that the optimum configuration of the examined Darrieus VAWT comprises a 3-bladed rotor with a blade chord length of 0.04 m and helical angle of 0° and a J-shaped blade length ratio of 0.68. This configuration yields an 10% increase in efficiency at the optimum TSR.

Numerical study on micropile group behavior supporting fixed bottom marine hydrokinetic devices in sandy seabed

This study aimed to investigate the behavior of micropile groups supporting fixed bottom marine hydrokinetic (MHK) devices in sandy seabed. A parametric study using PLAXIS 3D was conducted to examine the influence of key design parameters on the lateral load and moment capacity of the micropile group. The parameters considered were micropile diameter, spacing, micropile cap size, number of micropiles, micropile-soil interface properties, and sand packing state. Using the parametric study results, fitting regression techniques were employed to derive equations for predicting the MR (moment resistance in the absence of lateral load) and HR (Lateral resistance in the absence of moment loading), while meeting ultimate limit state (ULS). The equations were formulated based on soil relative density (DR), micropile group polar moment of inertia (J), and an interface reduction factor (Rint). A linear failure envelope is proposed in the Moment-Horizontal (M-H) load space by connecting MR and HR. The proposed framework was then applied to assess the load utilization ratio for various configurations, focusing on a load example of anchoring a 1 MW marine tidal turbine. The results of the study provide insights into the behavior and design of micropile groups supporting fixed bottom MHK devices in sandy seabed.

Compressive performance of bamboo scrimber and concrete-filled steel tube columns

The light and high strength bamboo scrimber was buried in the core of concrete-filled steel tube (CFST) to form bamboo scrimber and concrete-filled steel tube column (BCFST), which was expected to reduce the amount of concrete and weight in CFST and promote the use of bamboo scrimber. To investigate the influences of key design parameters on the compressive performance, namely bamboo scrimber dimension, design concrete strength, and diameter to thickness of steel tube, ninety BCFSTs and eighteen CFSTs specimens were tested under axial compression. According to the experimental results, the improvement of the BCFST bearing capacity resulted from the contribution of the inner sandwich concrete and the bamboo scrimber under the constraint from the steel tube. The ultimate load rose with the increase of the bamboo scrimber dimension, concrete strength, and steel tube thickness. Note that the increase range of ultimate load of BCFSTs is 3.9% higher than that of CFSTs by increasing the dimension of bamboo scrimber, with a maximum increase at 43.9%. The damage modes of BCFSTs can generally be categorized into local buckling failure mode and shear failure mode. In addition, owing to the different compactness between the bamboo scrimber and the concrete, the stress-strain curve of the C80 concrete characterized the strain hardening tendency rather than the strain softening tendency in the C50 concrete. According to the load-strain curves of the BCFSTs and the contribution of the composite actions between the three parts of the member to the load-carrying capacity, the characteristic points were defined. A calculation model for accurately predicting the ultimate capacity of BCFSTs was proposed by considering the boundary conditions for both non built-in and fully built-in bamboo scrimber in CFSTs.

Numerical Study on the Seismic Behavior of Steel–Concrete Composite Frame with Uplift-Restricted and Slip-Permitted (URSP) Connectors

Uplift-restricted and slip-permitted (URSP) connectors have been demonstrated to effectively enhance the anti-cracking performance of RC slabs in negative moment areas. While their efficacy is recognized, studies of composite frames utilizing URSP connectors remain scarce, limiting their application in construction. This research undertakes a numerical analysis of the seismic performance of steel–concrete composite frames that employ URSP connectors. The influence of key design parameters on seismic behavior is scrutinized. Leveraging prior tests on composite frames with URSP connectors carried out by the authors’ group, a sophisticated three-dimensional FEM model is crafted. This model, built using the ABAQUS software (2016), accounts for the intricate mechanical behaviors of shear connectors. The fidelity of the FEM model is validated through a juxtaposition of numerical and test outcomes, assessing strain distribution, damage patterns, and load–displacement curves. This numerical model serves as a basis for the study, exploring the impacts of three crucial design parameters on structural seismic performance. The findings suggest that the arrangement length of URSP connectors should be constrained to less than half of the frame beam’s span to optimize mechanical performance during seismic events. Additionally, enhancing both the flange thickness and the steel beam’s height is recommended to further bolster structural integrity.

Performance enhancement of the soft robotic segment for a trunk-like arm.

Trunk-like continuum robots have wide applications in manipulation and locomotion. In particular, trunk-like soft arms exhibit high dexterity and adaptability very similar to the creatures of the natural world. However, owing to the continuum and soft bodies, their performance in payload and spatial movements is limited. In this paper, we investigate the influence of key design parameters on robotic performance. It is verified that a larger workspace, lateral stiffness, payload, and bending moment could be achieved with adjustments to soft materials' hardness, the height of module segments, and arrayed radius of actuators. Especially, a 55% increase in arrayed radius would enhance the lateral stiffness by 25% and a bending moment by 55%. An 80% increase in segment height would enlarge 112% of the elongation range and 70 % of the bending range. Around 200% and 150% increments in the segment's lateral stiffness and payload forces, respectively, could be obtained by tuning the hardness of soft materials. These relations enable the design customization of trunk-like soft arms, in which this tapering structure ensures stability via the stocky base for an impact reduction of 50% compared to that of the tip and ensures dexterity of the long tip for a relatively larger bending range of over 400% compared to that of the base. The complete methodology of the design concept, analytical models, simulation, and experiments is developed to offer comprehensive guidelines for trunk-like soft robotic design and enable high performance in robotic manipulation.

Influences of key design parameters to operating performance of a compressed natural gas injection system using solenoid pressure regulator

A study is carried out to examine the effects of design parameters on operating performance of a compressed natural gas (CNG) injection system. This system consists of a solenoid-type injector, a solenoid pressure regulator, and a rail tube. To depict the operation of the injection system, mathematical models are built, including electrical and mechanical models of a solenoid pressure regulator and a solenoid injector. To control rail tube gas pressure, a control model is built using proportional integral derivative (PID) algorithm. The simulated gas pressure is compared with experimental result for validating the mathematical models. The influences of design parameters, including rail tube volume, stiffness of spring, and number of coil turns in the solenoid pressure regulator, on the operating performance of the CNG system are examined. The simulation results indicate that the stability of controlled gas pressure is increased when increasing the volume of the rail tube and spring stiffness. Besides, by decreasing the number of coil turns in the solenoid pressure regulator, the stability of controlled gas pressure and flow rate of the injection is increased.

Key Design Parameters Analysis and Calculation Theory Research on Bending Performance of Steel–UHPC Lightweight Composite Deck Structure

This paper aims to study the influence of key design parameters (e.g., reinforcement ratio, cover thickness, stud spacing, and thickness of the ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) layer) on the longitudinal and transverse bending performance, as well as the cracking load and ultimate bearing capacity calculation theory of steel–UHPC lightweight composite deck (LWCD) structure. Four transverse bending tests and four longitudinal bending tests on steel–UHPC composite plates and steel–UHPC composite beams were conducted, respectively. The refined finite element models of components with different key design parameters based on ABAQUS were established. The influences of different key design parameters on the transverse and longitudinal flexural behaviors (e.g., load-mid-span displacement curve, cracking stress, stiffness, elastic limit load, critical slip load, ultimate bearing capacity and ductility) were compared and analyzed in detail. The ultimate bearing capacity can be improved by increasing the thickness of UHPC layer and the reinforcement ratio of longitudinal reinforcement, and reducing the cover thickness and the spacing of studs. According to the longitudinal bending characteristics of the steel–UHPC lightweight composite deck structure, the calculation formulas for the cracking load and the ultimate bearing capacity of the steel–UHPC composite beam are proposed, and the calculated values are in good agreement with test results (the errors are basically within 10%), which is convenient for practical engineering applications.

Seismic behavior of steel plate and reinforced concrete composite wall coupled to steel side columns

The steel plate and reinforced concrete (SPRC) composite wall coupled to steel side columns is a new type of coupled system, which consists of a single SPRC composite wall coupled to steel side columns through steel coupling beams at all floors. One 1/4 scaled five-story SPRC composite wall coupled to steel side columns with a plastic coupling ratio (CR) of 0.45 was designed, constructed, and tested under simulated earthquake action. The test results exhibited great seismic performance of the proposed coupled system with the coupling mechanism fully developed. The average displacement ductility coefficient was 3.12. And the average values of the inter-story drift ratio of all stories at the yield, peak load, and ultimate conditions were 1.32%, 2.55%, and 3.70%, respectively, showing good inter-story deformation capacity. The average ultimate plastic shear rotations of steel coupling beams at the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th floors were 0.0211 rad, 0.0364 rad, 0.0556 rad, and 0.0913 rad, respectively, indicating great energy dissipation contributions of the steel coupling beams. The steel side columns remained elastic under shear forces transmitted from steel coupling beams through hinge joints and provided a stable overturning moment resistance to protect the SPRC wall. The accuracy of the test results was verified against the numerical analysis results. The parametric analyses were conducted to further the understanding on the influences of key design parameters on the seismic performance of the proposed coupled system. The peak lateral load can be enhanced by increasing the axial load or steel plate ratio. In order to obtain good energy dissipation capacity and ductility, a moderate value of 0.15 for the axial load ratio or 6.6% for the steel plate ratio can lead to excellent deformation capacity.

Research on the Influence of End Turn Length on Consequent-Pole Vernier Permanent-Magnet Machines

This article investigates the influences of end turn length on consequent-pole Vernier permanent-magnet (CPVPM) machines. Four structures are compared to discuss the tradeoff between the end turn length and the gear ratio, and nine structures are compared to discuss the tradeoff between the end turn length and the winding factor. It is found that, when the end turn length is taken into account, the CPVPM machines with concentrated winding have the potential to produce larger torque than those with the distributed winding. Motivated by the above observations, an integral slot concentrated winding CPVPM machine is proposed to be a promising candidate in VPM machine family, which has high torque capability, small end turn length, good fault tolerance, and desired power factor. The influences of key design parameters are investigated. The machine prototype is manufactured, and the electromagnetic performances are experimentally validated.

Study on Static and Fatigue Behaviors of Steel-UHPFRC Composite Deck Structure.

Ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced cementitious composite (UHPFRC) is used in orthotropic steel deck (OSD) to form a lightweight composite deck structure (LWCD), which is expected to solve the problems of fatigue cracking of traditional steel deck and pavement damage. This paper aims to study the influence of key design parameters on longitudinal bending and transverse fatigue performance, as well as the ultimate bearing capacity calculation theory of the LWCD. A local finite-element (FE) model was built to evaluate the vehicle-induced stress ranges of six typical fatigue-prone details. In total, eight negative bending tests on steel-UHPFRC composite beams and one fatigue test on a steel-UHPFRC composite plate were conducted to investigate the longitudinal bending performance and the transverse flexural fatigue behavior of the LWCD, respectively. The results show that adding a 60-mm UHPFRC layer can significantly reduce the stress amplitude of six typical fatigue details by 44.8% to 90%. The failure mode of the longitudinal bending tests is the U-rib buckle and all UHPFRC layers exhibit multiple cracking behaviors when the specimens failed. The longitudinal cracking stresses of the specimens are between 20.0 MPa to 27.3 MPa. The reinforcement ratio and cover thickness have a great influence on the cracking stress. While the ultimate bearing capacity of specimens with different parameters has little difference. The calculation method of the ultimate bearing capacity of a steel-UHPFRC composite structure is proposed. When the strain at the bottom of the u-rib is taken as 1.2 times the design yield strain, the calculated results are in good agreement with the experimental results. No fatigue failure was observed after 66.12 million fatigue cycles under the design load, highlighting the favorable fatigue resistance of the proposed LWCD.

Numerical Analysis of the Settlement Behavior of Soft Soil Improved with Stone Columns

The use of column-like elements for improving both the settlement performance and bearing capacity of foundations constructed over soft soils is well understood for large groups of columns supporting an infinitely wide load, such as embankments and slabs. However, little is still understood for lightly loaded, low-rise structures supported by pad foundations constructed on a finite number of stone columns, particularly when a crust layer is present at the top of the soft soil. In this study, a comprehensive 3D finite element analysis is used to investigate the influence of key design parameters, such as column spacing, column length, footing shape, and the presence of a crust layer, on the settlement behavior of stone columns to support shallow foundations. The results show that the modeling of a well-characterized soft soil profile predicts well the long-term settlement using both drained and undrained analyses. It was found that the presence of a stiff crust layer has a significant influence on the deformational mode of the stone columns which is not captured by laboratory modeling.

Optimization of environment control system for narrow sleeping space in underground shelters

As one of the main functions of urban underground spaces, underground shelter can be utilized for prevention/mitigation of disasters. In underground shelter, narrow sleeping spaces are recommended due to cost-effective and space-saving charcteristics. However, it is challenging to create a satisfied indoor environment with narrow sleeping spaces because of the limited space, high density of occupants and complex physical fields. In this study, an environmental control system was proposed for narrow sleeping spaces with multiple occupants, and numerical simulations were adopted in design and optimization process. Firstly, a numerical strategy (including turbulence modeling, meshing method and experimental validation) was proposed for the environment control system. Secondly, the validated numerical model was adopted to investigate the influences of key design parameters (such as inlet air velocity, temperature, air supply angle and airflow pattern) on indoor environment and energy consumption of narrow sleeping spaces with airflow pattern of “Up-supply and Down-return”. Thirdly, the CFD-GA (Genetic Algorithm) method was utilized to optimize multiple design parameters of the environment control system. The optimal results indicated that all of the indexes (predicted percentage dissatisfied [PPD], percentage dissatisfied of draft sensation [PD] and carbon dioxide [CO2] concentration) satisfied the requirement of standards, and its energy consumption was much lower than other design conditions. Compared to the “Up-supply and Down-return” airflow pattern, the “Down-supply and Up-return” airflow pattern produced higher PD values and caused stronger draft sensation. Overall, the numerical strategy and CFD-GA optimization method is able to provide proper design of indoor environment control for the underground narrow sleeping space, from the perspectives of thermal comfort, air quality and energy saving.

A New Hybrid-Excited Doubly Salient Dual-PM Machine With DC-biased Sinusoidal Current

In this paper, a new hybrid-excited doubly salient dual-PM machine (HE-DSDPMM) with dc-biased sinusoidal current is proposed. The HE-DSDPMM employs yoke-PM and slot-PM simultaneously to introduce parallel dual-PM flux to increase the torque production. In addition, the dc-biased sinusoidal current is used in HE-DSDPMM to achieve the flux regulation without field windings. The configuration and working principle of HE-DSDPMM are first described. Subsequently, the design considerations of HE-DSDPMM are discussed, which mainly focus on studying the influence of key design parameters on torque characteristics. Finally, the electromagnetic performances of HE-DSDPMM are analyzed comprehensively using finite element method. The predicted results indicate that HE-DSDPMM can offer the advantages of high torque capability with low torque ripple, good over-load torque capability, as well as flexible flux regulation capability.

Influence of air chambers on wavefront steepening in railway tunnels

The behaviour of wavefronts propagating in a tunnel with multiple, compact air chambers is investigated with particular reference to the suppression of unacceptable pressure disturbances radiating from exit portals. Attention is focussed primarily on chambers that respond in an over-damped manner to pressure variations in the tunnel. In the early part of the paper, comparisons are made between the qualitative behaviour of wavefront propagation in tunnels with and without air chambers. Thereafter, attention turns to a quantitative assessment of the influence of key design parameters, especially the chamber volume and properties of connectors between chambers and the tunnel. It is shown that the optimum type of connector depends upon the length of the tunnel along which the chambers exist. For short tunnels, relatively low-resistance connectors with linear pressure:flow rate characteristics are preferred, whereas for long tunnels, relatively high-resistance connectors with quadratic pressure:flow rate characteristics are likely to be more suitable. Brief attention is paid to the practical feasibility of creating suitable connectors.