Influence Of Iron Deficiency Anemia Research Articles

Influence of iron deficiency anemia on hemoglobin A2 Levels: Possible consequences for beta thalassemia screening

Influence of iron deficiency anemia on hemoglobin A2 Levels: Possible consequences for beta thalassemia screening

The Influence of Iron-Deficiency Anaemia (IDA) Therapy on Clinical Outcomes and Healthcare Resource Consumptions in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients Affected by IDA: A Real-Word Evidence Study among the Italian Population.

Anaemia is a uraemia-related complication frequently found in non-dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease (ND-CKD) patients, with iron-deficiency anaemia (IDA) as the main underlying mechanism. Given the suboptimal anaemia management in ND-CKD patients with a co-diagnosis of IDA, this study evaluated the role of IDA therapy on clinical outcomes and healthcare resource consumptions in an Italian clinical setting. A retrospective observational real-world analysis was performed on administrative databases of healthcare entities, covering around 6.9 million health-assisted individuals. From January 2010 to March 2019, ND-CKD patients were included and diagnosed with IDA in the presence of two low-haemoglobin (Hb) measurements. Patients were divided into IDA-treated and untreated, based on the prescription of iron [Anatomical-Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) code B03A] or anti-anaemia preparations (ATC code B03X), and evaluated during a 6-month follow-up from the index date [first low haemoglobin (Hb) detection]. IDA treatment resulted in significantly decreased incidence of all cause-related, cardiovascular-related, and IDA-related hospitalizations (treated vs. untreated: 44.5% vs. 81.8%, 12.3% vs. 25.3%, and 16.2% vs. 26.2%, respectively, p < 0.001). A healthcare direct cost estimation showed that overall mean expenditure per patient reduced by 47% with IDA treatment (5245€ vs. 9918€, p < 0.001), mainly attributable to hospitalizations (3767€ vs. 8486€, p < 0.001). This real-life analysis on Italian ND-CKD-IDA patients indicates that IDA therapy administration provides significant benefits in terms of patients’ clinical outcomes and healthcare cost savings.

Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness evaluation in iron deficiency anemia patients using optical coherence tomography

Background Anemia is a widespread public health problem. Iron deficiency is the most common cause of anemia. Hemoglobin (Hb) concentration was supposed to affect the retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT).Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) on the peripapillary RNFLT using optical coherence tomography (OCT).Patients and methods A total of 30 patients with IDA with Hb less than 12 g/dl were enrolled in the study. Optic disk and RNFL parameters obtained by Topcon OCT in these patients were compared with those of age-matched and sex-matched nonanemic 30 individuals. The anemia group was also divided according to the Hb concentration into three groups: mild, moderate, and severe.Results The average age of the IDA cases and the controls was 23.38±9.06 years (range=15–30 years), and 25.37±7.64 years (range=15–30 years), respectively (P=0.09). The average right eye RNFLT in IDA patients was 98.20±10.98 µm compared with 106.30±14.05 µm in the control group (P=0.001), while in the left eye, it was 98.87±12.24 µm in the IDA group, and 105.30±6.59 µm in the control group (P=0.015). The average nasal and inferior RNFLT of the IDA group were thinner than the control group in the right eye (P=0.003 and 0.045, respectively) and in the left eye (P=0.016 and 0.038, respectively). There was a positive association between average RNFLT and Hb concentration in the right eye (r=0.554) and in the left eye (r=0.561), which was statistically significant (P=0.001). In addition, there was a positive correlation between nasal and inferior RNFLT and Hb concentration in the right eye (P=0.002 and 0.001, respectively) and in the left eye (P=0.001 and 0.002, respectively). The degree of thinning was related to the severity of anemia as the RNFL thinning was significantly more in severe anemia cases than in mild and moderate ones.Conclusions The peripapillary RNFLT measured by OCT was significantly thinner in the IDA patients in the average, inferior, and nasal quadrants, with more thinning in the severe than in mild and moderate groups. This finding may have a significant effect, as these pseudoglaucomatous changes could be misdiagnosed as glaucoma or other neuro-ophthalmological disorders.

Systematic review and meta-analysis: influence of iron deficiency anemia on blood glycosylated hemoglobin in diabetic patients

Diabetes is a common metabolic disease with an increasing incidence in middle-aged and elderly people in recent years. Chronic hyperglycemia is the basic feature of diabetes, which can cause long-term damage to eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, and blood vessels, resulting in functional decline or even failure. Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) can be used as an indicator of an individual's blood sugar status over the past 3 months; however, it is slightly affected by ischemic anemia. The data retrieval was performed in the databases of PubMed, Embase, and Ovid-Medline from their inception to April 2021, including keywords such as iron deficiency anemia (IDA), diabetes, HbA1c, immunoassay, and ion-exchange chromatography. After passing of sensitivity and heterogeneity analysis, Review Manager 5.3 was employed for meta-analysis. A total of 6 studies were included in this paper. The analysis results showed that IDA could be considered to have an impact on HbA1c outcomes in non-diabetic populations. In people with diabetes, IDA is not thought to have an impact on HbA1c outcomes. A total of 6 articles were included to discuss the effects of IDA on blood HbA1c in diabetic patients. The study found that when patients with diabetes were tested for blood sugar, the HbA1c did not accurately reflect their blood sugar control over the past 3 months.

Influence of iron deficiency anemia on oral mucosa and tongue in pregnant women

Aim. To assess the effect of iron deficiency anemia on the state of the oral mucosa in pregnant women.Materials and methods. On the basis of the State Institution “NKI of Dentistry and Maxillofacial Surgery” of the Ministry of Health and the SZN of the RT, a clinical assessment of the effect of moderate iron deficiency anemia (IDA) on the state of the oral cavity was given in 48 pregnant women, where the hemoglobin level was below 100 g / l. The nature and severity of lesions of the oral mucosa were determined. Disturbances of taste sensations were assessed, a quantitative assessment of the varieties of taste disturbances was made, the nature and tonality of the color of the tongue were established.Results and its discussion. In 48 examined women with IDA of moderate severity with hemoglobin below 100 g / l, local color changes were revealed on the anterior part of the tongue in the form of a bright red color. Paresthesia of the tongue was detected in 39.6% of women, for whom the most characteristic signs were burning sensations, tingling, tingling, and bursting. Sometimes these signs intensified with mechanical irritation - brushing teeth. The survey showed that 64.2% had a violation of taste sensations. The phenomenon of paresthesia of the tongue was in 39.6% of women; in 22.4% of women, a condition accompanied by a perversion of taste, dysgeusia, was recorded.Conclusion. Iron deficiency anemia in pregnant women leads to significant changes in the oral mucosa in the form of pallor of the oral mucosa, paresthesia, impaired taste sensations (hypogeusia, dysgeusia), thinning of the epithelial layer and papillae of the tongue, difficulty in swallowing due to dry mouth, as well as whitish color gums mainly in the projection of the roots of the teeth.

Influence of iron deficiency anemia on glycated hemoglobin levels in non-diabetic Saudi women.

ObjectiveStudies of patients with iron deficiency anemia (IDA) have shown a relationship between high glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and low hemoglobin (Hb) concentration. The present study was conducted to determine the influence of IDA on HbA1c in non-diabetic women.MethodsFifty-nine Saudi women (20 to 50 years old) were enrolled and categorized into groups according to their circulating hemoglobin concentration: Non-IDA (Hb ≥7.45 mmol/L; n = 38) and IDA (Hb ≤7.44 mmol/L; n = 21). The IDA group was further subdivided according to the severity of the IDA, as follows: mild (Hb 6.83 to 7.44 mmol/L; n = 9) and moderate–severe (Hb <6.83 mol/L; n = 12). HbA1c, Hb, ferritin, fasting blood glucose, and red blood cell (RBC) count were measured in each participant.ResultsHbA1c did not significantly differ between the groups, but the absolute HbA1c level was significantly lower in the mild and moderate–severe anemia groups than the non-anemic group, and was positively associated with Hb, ferritin, and RBC count. In addition, the HbA1c level was inversely associated with the Hb concentration.ConclusionsHbA1c is significantly associated with parameters related to IDA in non-diabetic Saudi women. Therefore, assessment of IDA-related parameters is recommended prior to making a diagnosis of diabetes.

A study on influence of iron deficiency anaemia over HbA1c levels

Background: Haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) is a glycated form of haemoglobin reflects average plasma glucose over the previous 8 to 12 weeks. HbA1c can be affected by multiple non-glycaemic parameters. Iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) is one among them which is the most common type of anaemia in India. However, reports on the effects of iron deficiency anaemia on HbA1c levels are inconsistent. Hence we conducted a study to find out the influence of iron deficiency anaemia over HbA1c levels. Methods: 120 patients confirmed to have iron deficiency anaemia were enrolled in this study. HbA1c levels were measured at baseline and 3 months after treatment, and these values were compared with those in the control population.Results: The mean baseline HbA1c level in anaemic patients (4.62%) was significantly lower than that in the control group (5.45%, P&lt;0.001). A significant increase was observed in the patients HbA1c levels at 3 months after treatment (5.82%, P&lt;0.001). There was a significant correlation observed between haemoglobin and HbA1c level (Coefficient of correlation=0.26, P&lt;0.01) in the study group before correction.Conclusions: In contrast to the observations of previous studies, ours showed that HbA1c levels increased with treatment of iron deficiency anaemia. This could be attributable to nutritional deficiency, racial-ethnic variations and/or certain unknown variables. Further studies are warranted.

To study the influence of iron deficiency anaemia on hba1c in diabetic screening

Introduction: HbA1c is used for monitoring glycaemic control and to predict diabetic complications. IDA attributes to 50% of all forms of anaemia, globally. Reduced iron stores have a link with increased HbA1c, leading to false-high values of HbA1c. There is lack of clinical evidence suggestive of the influence of Iron Deficiency Anaemia on HbA1c.Objectives: To evaluate the association between Iron Deficiency Anaemia and HbA1c values.Methodology: Observational Cross-sectional study was conducted on 50 patients attending OPD/admitted to MVJ Medical College & Research Hospital, during the study period from January 2018 to December 2018. By Simple Random Sampling, patients with anaemia, normal fasting and postprandial plasma glucose levels, normal liver function tests, normal blood urea and serum creatinine levels were recruited for this study.Results: Twenty-Five participants were in the iron deficiency anaemia group and 25 in the control (normal) group. Mean Hb among cases was 8.48±1.5 (5.4 to 10.9 gm dL) and that among controls was 14.2±0.8 (12.3-15.5 gm/dL). The mean HbA1c was 6.5±0.6. The mean HbA1c for cases with Iron Deficiency Anaemia was more than that for healthy controls (7.1±0.3 and 6.0±0.3 respectively) (p-value

Influence of iron deficiency anemia on growth: A cross-sectional study

Background: The most important risk factors for iron deficiency (ID) and ID anemia (IDA) are poor iron intake, low bioavailability of iron, chronic loss from the body, and some specific periods of life when the iron requirement is so much like growth during childhood and pregnancy. Objective: In this study, the effect of IDA on physical growth was investigated in children through finding out associations between different growth parameters and IDA. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we measured growth parameters in fifty children with IDA before and for 6 months' postiron therapy in comparison with fifty age- and sex-matched normal controls. Annualized growth velocity and body mass index (BMI) were calculated from measured growth parameters. Red blood cell indices and serum ferritin were measured. After a 6 months' period (October 1, 2018–March 1, 2019) from starting treatment of the anemic group, growth parameters and the hematological assessment were measured again. Results: Mean age and standard deviation for cases were 19.1 ± 12.7 months while that of controls were 19.2 ± 12.4 months, and there was no significant difference regarding age distribution P > 0.05. Before the treatment, children with IDA were significantly shorter in comparison to age- and sex-matched controls. The BMI of anemic group increased significantly P < 0.05. Weight, length, and occipitofrontal circumference were also significantly increased after iron therapy P < 0.0001. After receiving therapy, serum ferritin was significantly correlated with growth velocity and BMI for the anemic group: (r = 0.853 P < 0.0001) and (r = 0.460 P < 0.001), respectively. After treatment, the anemic group had a growth velocity 5.2 ± 1.8 which was faster than that of nonanemic one 3.4 ± 1.8, P < 0.0001. Conclusion: This study documented a positive effect of IDA on physical growth in children, especially during the first 2 years of life during which growth is fast.

Influence of iron deficiency anemia on the formation of systemic immunity in children

Banadyha N. V. Influence of iron deficiency anemia on the formation of systemic immunity in children. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2016;6(1):93-100. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.44646 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/44646 http://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/works/692678 Formerly Journal of Health Sciences. ISSN 1429-9623 / 2300-665X. Archives 2011–2014 http://journal.rsw.edu.pl/index.php/JHS/issue/archive The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015). 755 Journal of Education, Health and Sport (null) 2391-8306 7 © The Author (s) 2016; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland and Radom University in Radom, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 21.12.2015. Revised 25.12.2015. Accepted: 09.01.2016. INFLUENCE OF IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA ON THE FORMATION OF SYSTEMIC IMMUNITY IN CHILDREN N. V. Banadyha SHEI “Ternopil State Medical University by I.Ya.Horbachevsky, Ministry of Health of Ukraine”, Ternopil, Ukraine Abstract Purpose: to evaluate the functional status of the immune system in children of various age with diagnosed iron deficiency anemia. Patients and methods. The study involved 106 children under the age of 3 years with diagnosed iron deficiency anemia (IDA). Were analyzed thoroughly factors of development of sideropenic conditions and probable immunodeficient disease. Activity of systemic immune response development in children with anemia was monitored by indexes of cellular (T-, B-lymphocytes) and humoral immunity (Ig A, M, G). Results. In young children with IDA was founded significant reduction in the total number of T- lymphocytes (CD3+), CD22+, CD16+, CD4+ and CD8+, compared with values of the control group, both as in the case of presence of an infectious inflammatory disease, and in the case of its absence. Also was diagnosed decreasing of absolute and relative amount of T- lymphocytes and their subpopulations, and that indicated to some extent of reduction of both helper and suppressor activity of cellular immunity. Analyzis of immunoglobulins values in the serum of patients with IDA without any concomitant acute infectious disease showed specific dysimmunoglobulinaemia, which was associated with significantly low levels of IgG, IgA, and normal values of Ig M. However, in the case of IDA, combined with acute respiratory disease, was tracked significant increasing in Ig A and Ig M values, with decreased level of IgG. Significant difference between level of immunoglobulin A (p <0.05) and M with the same indexes of the group of children without any acute disease indicates for the activation of the humoral response while presence of infectious pathology. Conclusions. In young children with IDA was founded significant reduction in the total number of T- lymphocytes and their subpopulations, and that indicated reduction of both helper and suppressor immunity activity, and can serve as proof of the violation in rates of physiological maturation and differentiation of the immune response. The last one is indicated by significant deficit of Ig G in children with IDA, which shows late immune start in patients with anemia, regardless of existing of some infectious disease or without it. Key words: iron deficient anemia, infants, toddlers, immunity, children.

The Influence of Iron-deficiency Anemia during the Pregnancy on Preterm Birth and Birth Weight in South China

Objective: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is very common during pregnancy and it has adverse effects on pregnancy. However, current researches on IDA and adverse pregnancy outcomes have shown inconsistency. The aim of this observational study is to assess in which trimester of pregnancy, IDA carries a greater risk of low birth weight (LBW) infants and preterm birth. Methods: A prospective cohort study was carried out at obstetric department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University from January 2014 to December 2014. Venous blood samples of 500 pregnant mothers were collected in first, second and third trimester of pregnancy. Hemoglobin and serum ferritin levels in each trimester of pregnancy were recorded. The mothers were followed till delivery. Gestational weeks at the time of delivery and birth weight of babies were recorded. Results: Our data showed that during pregnancy, more than 70% of pregnant women suffered iron-deficiency anemia. Compared to the non-IDA group, serum ferritin level was significantly low in second and late trimester of the pregnancy in IDA group (p <0.05). Pregnant women who were anemic during the pregnancy were less literate, multigravida, multipara (p <0.05). According to the logistic regression analysis, Anemia in late trimester was the affected factors to the incidence of low birth weight and preterm birth (p <0.05) A positive correlation (r= 0.97，p<0.05) between Hb level and birth weight was seen only in late trimester anemic patients. Conclusions: The incidence of preterm deliveries and low birth weight babies were significantly more in mothers who were anemic in the third trimesters of pregnancy. Hemoglobin screening in second trimester is necessary for pregnant women along with correcting the anemia from the second trimester to improve the maternal outcome. Most effective education programs should be performed to the anemic group during pregnancy.

Ferric carboxymaltose-mediated attenuation of Doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in an iron deficiency rat model.

Since anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity (AIC), a complication of anthracycline-based chemotherapies, is thought to involve iron, concerns exist about using iron for anaemia treatment in anthracycline-receiving cancer patients. This study evaluated how intravenous ferric carboxymaltose (FCM) modulates the influence of iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) and doxorubicin (3–5 mg per kg body weight [BW]) on oxidative/nitrosative stress, inflammation, and cardiorenal function in spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone (SHR-SP) rats. FCM was given as repeated small or single total dose (15 mg iron per kg BW), either concurrent with or three days after doxorubicin. IDA (after dietary iron restriction) induced cardiac and renal oxidative stress (markers included malondialdehyde, catalase, Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase), nitrosative stress (inducible nitric oxide synthase and nitrotyrosine), inflammation (tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6), and functional/morphological abnormalities (left ventricle end-diastolic and end-systolic diameter, fractional shortening, density of cardiomyocytes and capillaries, caveolin-1 expression, creatinine clearance, and urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin) that were aggravated by doxorubicin. Notably, iron treatment with FCM did not exacerbate but attenuated the cardiorenal effects of IDA and doxorubicin independent of the iron dosing regimen. The results of this model suggest that intravenous FCM can be used concomitantly with an anthracycline-based chemotherapy without increasing signs of AIC.

Influence of iron deficiency anemia on hemoglobin A1c levels in diabetic individuals with controlled plasma glucose levels.

Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) reflects patient's glycemic status over the previous 3 months. Previous studies have reported that iron deficiency may elevate A1C concentrations, independent of glycemia. This study is aimed to analyze the effect of iron deficiency anemia on HbA1c levels in diabetic population having plasma glucose levels in control. Totally, 120 diabetic, iron-deficient anemic individuals (70 females and 50 males) having controlled plasma glucose levels with same number of iron-sufficient non-anemic individuals were streamlined for the study. Their data of HbA1c (Bio-Rad D-10 HPLC analyzer), ferritin (cobas e411 ECLIA hormone analyzer), fasting plasma glucose (FPG, Roche Hitachi P800/917 chemistry analyzer), hemoglobin (Beckman Coulter LH780), peripheral smear examination, red cell indices, and medical history were recorded. Statistical analysis was carried out by student's t-test, Chi-square test, and Pearson's coefficient of regression. We found elevated HbA1c (6.8 ± 1.4%) in iron-deficient individuals as compared to controls, and elevation was more in women (7.02 ± 1.58%). On further classification on the basis of FPG levels, A1C was elevated more in group having fasting glucose levels between 100-126 mg/dl (7.33 ± 1.55%) compared to the those with normal plasma glucose levels (<100 mg/dl). No significant correlation was found between HbA1c and ferritin and hemoglobin. This study found a positive correlation between iron deficiency anemia and increased A1C levels, especially in the controlled diabetic women and individuals having FPG between 100-126 mg/dl. Hence, before altering the treatment regimen for diabetic patient, presence of iron deficiency anemia should be considered.

Iron Deficiency Anemia and Iodine Prophylaxis in Pregnant Women

The aim of this study was estimate the influence of Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA) on efficiency of the iodine prophylaxis for pregnant women, and also to offer the optimal levels of daily iodine intake during pregnancy and lactation. Materials and methods: serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxin (fT4), AT-TPO concentrations, urine excretion of iodine, levels of hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Ht), red blood cell (RBC), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), serum iron levels and serum ferritin were measured. The volume of thyroid gland was defined by ultrasonography. The pregnant women were divided into two groups: Group 1 (n = 111) – KI (200 micro# grams/day) and Group 2 (n = 109) – KI (300 micrograms/day). Results: Median urinary iodine was 140,8 μg/l. During pregnancy there was an authentic rising of a median urinary iodine to 259,6 μg/l in group 2 (p = 0,0000) and in group 1 the iodine excretion in urine was more low than at a stage of screening and has compounded 96,9 μg/l (p = 0,002). During lactation there was an insufficient concentration of iodide in urine in group 1 and in group 2 there were normal indexes of a median urinary iodine – 88,6 and 123,2μg/l in groups 1st and 2nd accordingly (p = 0,004). In the third trimester 21,5% of women had a latent deficiency of iron. Authentic correlation between indexes of an iron deficiency anemia and iodine deficiency has not been detected. Conclusion: The median level of urinary iodine indicate optimal iodine nutrition during pregnancy and lactation and the requirement of iodine is at least 300 μg/day. In our research the negative influence of iron deficiency anemia on the efficiency of iodine prophylaxis during pregnancy has not been detected.

Iron states and cognitive abilities in young adults: neuropsychological and neurophysiological assessment

Many investigators found that iron deficiency anemia (IDA) had a great influence on cognitive functions in infants and children. However, studies of such topic in adults are few and controversial. We prospectively assessed the possible influence of IDA and iron supplementation (for 3 months) on cognitive function and intelligence of 28 young adults with IDA. We used group of hematological, cognitive, neurophysiological tests for assessment including: mini-mental state examination (MMSE), Wechsler memory scale-revised (WMS-R), Wechsler adult intelligence scale-revised (WAIS-R), event-related potentials (ERPs), and electroencephalography (EEG). Compared to controls, patients demonstrated lower scores of different cognitive tests (MMSE, WMS-R, and WAIS-R), which showed significant improvement after treatment. Prolongation of ERPs latencies (N200 and P300) and reduction in their amplitudes (P200 and P300) were identified with significant increase in amplitude occurred after treatment. EEG abnormalities were observed in 55% of patients which showed improvement in 35% after treatment. Positive correlation was identified before and after treatment between hemoglobin levels and MMSE (P=0.01, 0.05), total verbal (P=0.04) and performance (P=0.05, 0.04) IQ scores. Negative correlation was identified between before and after treatment between P300 latency and total IQ of WAIS-R (P=0.03, 0.008) and hemoglobin level (P=0.4, 0.01). Positive correlation was found before and after treatment between P300 amplitude and total IQ (P=0.028, 0.01) and serum iron (P=0.01, 0.001). In conclusion, IDA is a significant factor in cognitive performance in adult population, which can be partially reversed by treatment.

Iron deficiency anaemia influences cognitive functions

Many diseases, different nutritional, metabolic and hormonal changes, ageing and drugs can alter cognitive functions. Anemia via cerebral hypoxia and other possible mechanisms has been suggested to have a great influence on cognition. Iron deficiency anemia, the most common form of anemia, has been suggested to result in cognitive deterioration and alteration of neurological functions. Previous studies resulted in significant discrepancies considering correlation between anemia and cognitive achievement mainly because different or not sensitive enough tests used to measure cognition. We suggest a significant influence of iron deficiency anemia on dynamic properties and functional features of the central nervous system activity. Cognitive achievement is strongly related to hemoglobin level and could be expected in all patients. Higher hemoglobin level results in better CNS function. As a first step in confirming or refuting our hypotheses we suggest standardization of the method used to measure cognition, such as a very sensitive apparatus like Complex reactiometer Drenovac (CRD).

Influence of iron deficiency anaemia on haemoglobin A2 levels: possible consequences for ß?thalassaemia screening

Iron deficiency modulates the synthesis of HbA2, resulting in reduced HbA2

Influence of iron-deficiency anemia on selected thymus functions in mice: thymulin biological activity, T-cell subsets, and thymocyte proliferation

To define the effects of iron deficiency on thymulin biological activity, T-cell subsets, and thymocyte proliferation, C57BL/6 female mice at weaning were fed an iron-deficient diet (10 mg Fe/kg diet), an iron-sufficient diet (50 mg Fe/kg diet), or restricted amounts of the iron-sufficient diet (the pair-fed group) for 40 d. Iron deficiency did not reduce the concentration of either serum or intracytoplasmic thymulin. Although T-cell subsets in the thymus were not altered, both the cortical and medullar regions were depleted of thymocytes. In the spleen iron deficiency (but not underfeeding) significantly reduced the percentage of L3T4+ cells, of Lyt-2+ cells, and thus of the overall T-cell population. However, it did not affect the ratio of L3T4+ to Lyt-2+ T cells. Thymocyte proliferation was significantly reduced at the concanavalin A (Con A) dose (10 mg/L) that produced maximal stimulation in control and pair-fed mice but not at low (7.5 mg/L) or high (15 mg/L) Con A concentrations. We conclude that the impairment in immune functions associated with iron deficiency is not due to an impairment in thymic endocrine function but rather to decreased immunocompetent lymphocytes.