Influence Of Income Inequality Research Articles

Income inequality-renewable energy demand nexus in emerging Asian economies: does asymmetry matter?

Several efforts have been made to explore the income inequality influence on environmental degradation, but the query regarding the nexus of income inequality and renewable energy consumption (REC) is still unanswered. This vacuum in existing literature has raised the need to inspect the relationship between income inequality and REC. Thus, this study purposes to investigate the asymmetric effect of income inequality on REC for emerging Asian economies over the period 1990-2019 by adopting the nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) approach. The panel-wise long-run results infer that positive shock in income inequality exerts a significant negative effect on REC, while negative shock in income inequality has an insignificant effect on REC. Likewise, economy-wise long-run findings reveal that a positive shock in income inequality brings a negative and statistically significant influence on REC in the case of China, India, and Iran, while a negative shock in income inequality brings a positive influence on REC only in case of Russia.

Testing the Effects of Economic Growth, and the Role of the Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Sectors, and Other Influential Factors in Forming Community Welfare

The welfare and poverty of farmers are still being discussed by researchers regarding economic growth, the role of the agricultural, fisheries, and forestry sectors, as well as other factors. This research aims to analyze the achievements of economic growth, the role of the agricultural, fisheries, and forestry sectors in the economy, as well as the influence of income inequality, labor absorption, and infrastructure factors on welfare. This research was conducted in Southeast Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. Using a quantitative approach to test the relationship between variables based on secondary data during the 2013-2022 period. Data were analyzed using panel data regression. The results of the analysis show that the economic growth of Southeast Sulawesi Province in the last ten years has been less than encouraging, the same thing also happened in important sectors contributing to GRDP, namely the Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries Sectors. Furthermore, economic growth, economic inequality, employment, and infrastructure are proven to be able to have a direct influence in creating social welfare, but on the other hand, the Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries sectors have a negative influence. The factor that plays the most role in determining social welfare is income inequality. Then successively followed by infrastructure, employment, and finally economic growth.

The Influence of Income Inequality on Air Environmental Quality: An Analysis of the Inland Region in China

The Influence of Income Inequality on Air Environmental Quality: An Analysis of the Inland Region in China

Social capital's role in mitigating economic vulnerability: Understanding the impact of income disparities on farmers' livelihoods

The primary objective of this study is to scrutinize the connection between social capital and the quality of life within marginalized communities, aiming to understand their mutual influence. It investigates how social capital influences the vulnerability of farmers' livelihoods using data from the 2018 CHIPS (China Household Income Project) survey, which was made available in 2020. The outcome indicates that farmers' endangered life can drastically decrease without getting stupefied. Moreover, the study underscores the substantial impact of social capital in reducing livelihood vulnerability across the eastern, central, and western regions. However, its efficacy appears less pronounced in the western region compared to the central region, suggesting a more significant influence in the center than in the eastern region. Furthermore, the study reveals that an income gap can affect the accumulation of social capital, and a moderate income gap is most favorable for farmers in building social ties and forming social capital. However, a widening income gap increases the cost and benefits of building social ties, and substantial differences can be obtained if the costs exceed the benefits, and this situation negatively influences the social capital of poor farmers. Overall, the findings confirm the hypothesis that social capital belongs to the poor but highlight the limitation of social capitalization for farmers with vulnerable livelihoods due to the widening income gap. In summary, this research underscores the significance of social capital in mitigating the economic vulnerability faced by impoverished farmers. It also highlights the need for policies focused on enhancing social capital to take into account the influence of income inequality on the accumulation of social capital. These discoveries carry significant implications for addressing poverty and promoting long-term rural development not only in China but also in other regions.

Towards integrated sustainability for China's rural revitalization: an analysis of income inequality and public health.

Ensuring healthy lives and promoting well-being are paramount among the priorities outlined in the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) established by the United Nations. In China, rural revitalization stands as a pivotal national strategy aimed at fostering prosperity and sustainable development in rural areas. Despite its comprehensive evaluation system, which encompasses industry, ecology, culture, organization, and livelihood, the current index system overlooks the critical dimension of public health in rural areas. The existing body of literature predominantly focuses on the correlation between income and health, leaving a gap in understanding the relationship between income inequality and health from the perspective of villagers. This study addresses this gap by utilizing data from 3,771 villager samples and 302 village samples obtained from the 2019 China Rural Revitalization Survey (CRRS) to explore the correlation between income inequality and public health in China's rural areas. We employ the Ordered Logistic Regression (Ologit) model in the baseline regression and heterogeneity analysis. Additionally, a mediating effect analysis, using the Sobel test, examines the role of villagers' health awareness as a mediating variable in the correlation between income inequality and villagers' health. The empirical findings of this study unveil a statistically significant adverse influence of income inequality on public health in China's rural areas. Furthermore, the research identifies that participation in regular exercise and the attainment of higher education levels serve as effective measures to alleviate the detrimental impact of income inequality on the health of rural residents. Additionally, income inequality is observed to shape villagers' health awareness, thereby influencing their overall health status. The study's outcomes have significant implications for policymakers and governmental authorities, providing valuable insights into some pathways for enhancing public health in rural China. Ultimately, these insights contribute to the broader objective of achieving integrated sustainability in rural China.

Analisis Pengangguran Terbuka di Indonesia

The purpose of this research was conducted to analyze: (1) To what extent does the number of people affect open-mindedness in Indonesia, (2) To what extent does education influence open-sensitivity in Indonesia, (3) To what extent does open inequality affect responsiveness in Indonesia, (4) To what extent does population, education and income inequality influence open resistance in Indonesia. This research is a descriptive and inductive type of research. The data used is secondary panel data for 34 provinces in Indonesia from 2017-2021 obtained from related institutions and then analyzed using panel regression models and Random Effect selection models. The results of the study show that simultaneously, the influence of population, education and income inequality has a significant influence on open response in Indonesia. Furthermore, partially (1) population has a positive and insignificant effect on open responses in Indonesia. (2) Education has a positive and significant effect on open response in Indonesia. (3) Inequality has a positive and insignificant effect on open responses in Indonesia.

DOES INCOME INEQUALITY AFFECT GREEN INNOVATION? A NON-LINEAR EVIDENCE

It is crucial for the advancement of political economics and innovation economics to examine the relationship between income inequality and green innovation (GI). Using the panel fixed effect model, this study investigates the influence of income inequality on GI across 97 countries from 1991 to 2018 and demonstrates a significant non-linear association between the two. The empirical data exhibit an inverted U-shape relationship, suggesting that there is an optimal degree of income inequality that optimizes GI output, and the inflection point of our overall sample is at a Gini coefficient of 0.366. Additionally, we choose a set of robustness tests to validate the results by substituting explained variables, adding omitted variables, and employing the difference and system generalized method of moments (GMM) estimations. Moreover, heterogeneity analysis reveals that the non-linear patterns vary among samples, with the U-shape relationship being more significant in countries with lower income, higher corruption, and weaker government effectiveness. Our findings provide government decision-makers with a crucial reference for maximizing the importance of income distribution in fostering GI and achieving sustainable development.

Understanding the role of institutions and economic context on entrepreneurial value creation choice

Research background: The observable discrepancies in entrepreneurship activity across countries have motivated both researchers and policymakers to comprehend the sources of these variations. Certain scholars have suggested that the answer to this empirical puzzle lies in the macrolevel processes that influence entrepreneurial endeavours. Purpose of the article: As the understanding of macrolevel processes that shape entrepreneurial behaviour is limited, this research aims to answer how institutions and the economic context influence entrepreneurial value creation choices (i.e., for-profit, non-profit, and mixed). Methods: Using a cross-country sample of 7,891 entrepreneurs in 58 countries, we employ a multilevel ordered probit to evaluate a novel conceptual framework. Our analysis models the direct impact of the regulative framework, the normative pillar, and the cultural pillar, alongside the moderating influence of income inequality and economic uncertainty on value creation choices. Findings & value added: Our findings show that the regulative framework has a positive marginal effect on for-profit and mixed-value creation, but a negative effect on non-profit value creation. Meanwhile, the normative pillar has a negative marginal effect on for-profit and mixed-value creation, but a positive effect on non-profit value creation. The cultural pillar has a negative marginal effect on for-profit and mixed-value creation, but a positive effect on non-profit value creation. Furthermore, income inequality moderates positive the relationship between normative pillar and for-profit and mixed-value creation, while economic uncertainty moderates negative the relationship between normative pillar and for-profit and mixed-value creation. Our research contributes to the literature by providing a nuanced understanding of how institutional pillars can act as drivers or barriers for different entrepreneurial forms, evidence of how uncertainty interacts with institutional forces to shape value creation decisions, and insights into the distinctive attributes of different entrepreneurial forms. Our findings have implications for public policy development.

Does income inequality influence the role of a sharing economy in promoting sustainable economic growth? Fresh evidence from emerging markets

The impact of the sharing economy has become increasingly prominent in facilitating sustainable economic growth. The current study examined this relationship in the context of emerging markets. It addressed the influence of income inequality on restricting the expected benefits from activities associated with the sharing of assets or services. The study employed panel data from 20 developing countries across Africa and Asia from 2001 to 2020 and used dynamic models to mitigate the impact of endogeneity. The study utilised a proxy indicator for sharing economies developed in the literature, as well as three different measures for income inequality, in order to ensure robust findings. The study employed the generalised method of moments (GMM) as its primary methodology. The GMM results confirmed previous findings from developed countries in which the sharing economy tended to promote the sustainable growth of the economy. Income inequality was observed to have a negative relationship with sustainable economic growth, however, and this indicated that it hampered the ability of the sharing economy to stimulate sustainable growth. Interestingly, when the analysis included interaction terms to capture the moderating impact of income inequality there was more consistency with previous research. The interaction term had a negative coefficient, indicating that income inequality tended to act as an impediment in developing countries to the full capturing of the benefits of peer-to-peer transactions. These findings provided useful insights into collaborative consumption and the peer economy, given that the aim of the sharing of resources would be to capture rent from underused assets. The study suggested that the development of efficient and effective platforms would allow developing countries to capture the benefits of the sharing economy.

MACROECONOMIC FACTORS AND POVERTY IN PAKISTAN: EXPLORING THEIR IMPACT ON RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION

This study investigates the relationship between macroeconomic factors, poverty levels, and rural-urban migration patterns in Pakistan. Employing quantitative analysis and econometric modeling, the research explores how fluctuations in macroeconomic variables such as GDP growth, inflation rates, employment opportunities, and income inequality influence poverty rates and subsequent migration trends from rural to urban areas. By examining longitudinal data and employing multivariate regression techniques, the study seeks to elucidate the complex dynamics driving migration decisions among rural populations in response to economic conditions. The findings shed light on the interplay between macroeconomic dynamics, poverty alleviation efforts, and migration patterns in Pakistan, offering insights for policymakers and practitioners to formulate more effective strategies for inclusive development and sustainable urbanization.

Can Income Inequality Affects Household Debt?

The present study aims to evaluate the influence of income inequality on household debt by applying the dynamic GMM estimator to a database covering advanced and emerging countries over the period 1994 to 2019. The result shows that income inequality promotes the growth of household debt. Furthermore, higher house prices and financial development increase the household debt. Meanwhile, the economic growth, interest rate and unemployment have negative and significant effect on household debt. The finding of the study suggests the involved authorities formulate suitable policies and initiatives in order to monitor the increase in household debt. Indirectly, this measure can be useful to consider as an early warning signal for crises.

Income inequality and the geography of residential burglaries: A spatial model applied to Campinas, Brazil

Although income inequality has been often pointed out as an important cause of crime, it is yet unclear how spatial patterns of income in a city can explain its geography of crime. In this study, we apply a model to test the influence of income inequality on the spatial concentration of residential burglaries in the city of Campinas, Brazil. Following criminological theory, our model decomposes income inequality into two hypothetical effects: that of local income, which determines how attractive residences are to burglary, and exposure to poverty, where poverty boosts criminal motivation through economic hardship. Our study reveals that higher local income is indeed significant and positively associated to higher burglary risk, but that exposure to poverty does not increase risk. Therefore, higher income areas more surrounded by poor areas do not feature a particularly increased burglary risk if compared to other higher income areas, contrary to what could be expected from some criminological frameworks such as relative deprivation and strain theories. Instead, our findings suggest that the geography of residential burglaries can be explained by the distribution of burglary opportunities, that is, of where the most profitable targets are. To conclude, we compare our findings to other existing studies.

Income Inequality Gap as a Indicator for Measuring the Effectiveness of Social Policy: A Case Study on the Czech Republic

Income inequality is a significant social problem that differentiates society according to the amount of income into structured groups, which do not always objectively correspond to the generally required national economic or political idea of income equality in society. The high level of income inequality, including its inappropriate structure, is a source of intergroup tension, hinders balanced economic development and limits the development of society as a whole with reference to social disadvantage and income stratification of society. The contribution aims to present social income as an indicator for moderating the income inequality in the society through which the subjects of social policy may influence the distribution of money income among the individual social groups within the society and thus improve the living standard of the population in the given country. The level of influence of income inequality through social income will be expressed by the so-called income inequality gap and will be assessed by means of changes in the index of income inequalities on the case of the Czech Republic.

An Empirical Study on the Relationship of Financial Sector Development, Remittances Inflows, and Income Inequality in South Asian Countries

The study explores the moderating role of financial sector development in the remittances-income inequality nexus in the six highest remittances-recipient “South-Asian economies”, “namely “Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Pakistan”” for the period 2006 to 2019. The direct channel of remittances-income inequality and the financial sector development & income-inequality have been greatly explored in the literature, but the indirect channel, i.e. the moderating role of the financial sector in the remittances- income inequality nexus, is still lacking; this study tries to fill this literature gap. The study explores the indirect link of the financial sector based on financial access, financial stability, financial depth, and financial efficiency in remittances-income inequality nexus in highest remittances-recipient South-Asian economies. The study applied Fixed effects and Pooled Ordinary Least Squares (POLS) econometric techniques in order to examine the role of financial sector development in the relationship between international remittances and income inequality. The empirical findings of the study show that the financial sector development mitigates the income-inequality effects in the selected remittance-recipient South-Asian economies. The interaction term of financial sector development and remittances mitigate the negative influence of income inequality in the selected economies. Remittances abridge income inequality in the presence of a well-functioning and sound financial sector in the selected South-Asian remittance-recipient economies.

How Does Income Inequality Influence Environmental Regulation in the Context of Corruption? A Panel Threshold Analysis Based on Chinese Provincial Data.

The question of how the income inequality of residents affects the level of environmental regulation in the context of official corruption was the core research issue of this study. We analyzed this problem using the panel threshold regression model from 26 provinces in China from 1995 to 2017. We found that when there is no official corruption, the widening of the residents’ income inequality promotes stricter environmental regulations; when the corruption problem is serious, the expansion of the residents’ income inequality leads to the decline in environmental standards; that is, the impact of residents’ income inequality on environmental regulation has a threshold effect due to corruption. In addition, the threshold effect due to corruption of all residents’ income inequality on environmental regulation is mainly generated by the urban residents’ income inequality and the urban–rural income inequality. This paper contributes to the literature that concentrates on the relationship between income inequality and environmental regulation, and shows that corruption is a key factor that can deeply influence that relationship. The research conclusion shows that increasing anti-corruption efforts can not only maintain national political stability, social fairness, and justice, but also be a powerful measure for environmental pollution governance.

Determinant of Macro-Economics: Does Income Inequality Influence Happiness? Evidence From Indonesia

This research aims to see does income inequality determines the happiness of Indonesian. This is important because there is a unique condition where Indonesia to be one of the developing nations which have a complexity of the income inequality issue, but it still has a high happiness index rate. This research uses cross-sectional data consisting of multiple indicators of all the variables from 34 provinces of Indonesia such as inflation, unemployment, and government investment as the macroeconomic factors, which have a direct impact on income inequality as well as happiness index, and this research uses path analysis model.The result delineates that although macro economics variables and income inequality have negative correlation toward happiness of Indonesian, it it not fully effected on it because most happiness of Indonesians are coming from another aspect such as socio-culture and religiosity

Income inequalities in the risk of potentially avoidable hospitaliation and readmission for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a population data linkage analysis.

Hospitalizations for ambulatory care sensitive conditions, of which chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is among the most common, represent an indirect measure of the healthcare system to manage chronic disease. Research has pointed to disparities in various COPD-related outcomes between persons of lower versus higher income; however, few studies have examined the influence of patients' social context on potentially avoidable COPD admissions. The research explores the use of linked population census and administrative health data to assess the influence of income inequalities on the risk of hospitalization and rehospitalization for COPD among Canadian adults. This analysis utilizes data from the 2006 Census linked longitudinally to the 2006/07-2008/09 Discharge Abstract Database. Multiple logistic regressions were conducted to assess the independent influence of income inequality on the risks of hospitalization and of six-month readmission due to COPD among the population aged 30-69, controlling for age, sex, education and other sociodemographic characteristics. Compared with adults in the most affluent income quintile, the adjusted odds of COPD hospitalization were significantly greater in the 4th highest income quintile (OR: 1.38; 95%CI: 1.30-1.47), and peaked for those in the least affluent quintile (OR: 2.92; 95%CI: 2.77-3.09). Among individuals who had been hospitalized at least once for COPD in the study period, and compared with the most affluent group, the adjusted odds of readmission were highest in the least affluent group (OR: 1.39; 95%CI: 1.22-1.58). Despite Canada's system of universal coverage for physician and hospital care, a clear income gradient in the risk of being hospitalized and, to some extent, rehospitalized for COPD, is found. Income inequalities may be contributing to excess hospitalizations, reinforcing the importance of integrating social and economic issues in primary care to meet the ambulatory needs of this population.

Income inequalities in the risk of potentially avoidable hospitalisation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

IntroductionHospitalizations for ambulatory care sensitive conditions, of which chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is among the most common, represent an indirect measure of the healthcare system to manage chronic disease. Research has pointed to disparities in various COPD-related outcomes between persons of lower versus higher income; however, few studies have examined the influence of patients’ social context on potentially avoidable COPD admissions.ObjectiveThe research explores the use of linked population census and administrative health data to assess the influence of income inequalities on the risk of hospitalization and rehospitalization for COPD among Canadian adults.MethodsThis analysis utilizes data from the 2006 Census linked longitudinally to the 2006/07-2008/09 Discharge Database. Multiple logistic regressions were conducted to assess the independent influence of income inequality on the risks of hospitalization and of six-month readmission due to COPD among the population aged 30-69, controlling for age, sex, education and other sociodemographic characteristics.ResultsCompared with adults in the most affluent income quintile, the adjusted odds of COPD hospitalization were significantly greater in the 4th highest income quintile (OR: 1.38; 95%CI: 1.30–1.47), and peaked for those in the least affluent quintile (OR: 2.92; 95%CI: 2.77–3.09). Among individuals who had been hospitalized at least once for COPD in the study period, and compared with the most affluent group, the adjusted odds of readmission were highest in the least affluent group (OR: 1.39; 95%CI: 1.22–1.58).ConclusionsDespite Canada’s system of universal coverage for physician and hospital care, a clear income gradient in the risk of being hospitalized and, to some extent, rehospitalized for COPD, is found. Income inequalities may be contributing to excess hospitalizations, reinforcing the importance of integrating social and economic issues in primary care to meet the ambulatory needs of this population.

Identifying the impacts of income inequality on CO2 emissions: Empirical evidences from OECD countries and non-OECD countries

The emergence of environmental quality challenges is rooted in social problems, which mainly come from income inequality and power gap. Income inequality and climate change have been highlighted as hindering the achievement of sustainable development and environmental protection globally. Though existing literature has estimated the influences of income inequality on CO2 emissions, relatively little is known about the long-run and short-run effects from a cross-national perspective. Therefore, the aim of this study is to shed light on the long-run and short-run relationships between income inequality and per capita CO2 emissions based on balanced country-level panel dataset for 78 countries from 1990 to 2017. In order to understand how a country’s economic level affects the link between inequality and CO2 emissions, this study classified the sample countries into three groups: OECD countries, low-income non-OECD countries, and high-income non-OECD countries. The FMOLS and DOLS model is applied to examine the relationship between the income inequality and per capita CO2 emission, meanwhile the estimates of an ARDL model revealed the long-run and short-run effects. Our empirical results indicate that there is a long-term cointegration relationship between income inequality and per capita CO2 emissions. Higher income inequality promotes emission reductions in OECD countries and high-income non-OECD countries, while the influences are insignificant in low-income non-OECD countries in the long run. Per capita income, carbon intensity, population size and urbanization were also considered in this study. The estimates of an ARDL model indicate that whilst income inequality does not have a significant impact on CO2 emissions in the short run, per capita national income positively affects CO2 emissions, meaning that income growth will accelerate emissions. Carbon intensity positively affects CO2 emissions in the long term, indicating that increased income facilitates increased energy use and emissions, but that progress in CO2 recycling technology may ultimately reduce emissions. Neither population size nor urbanization rate exerted any obvious effects on per capita CO2 emissions. From a policy perspective, governments have an onerous task ahead of them in balancing economic efficiency and distributary justice. Lastly, we provide insights for policy makers that in order to realize the goal of emission reductions in the long run, it may be best to proceed by making reasonable national income redistribution policies and by adjusting the welfare system.

Abstract C068: Census tract-level income inequality and colorectal cancer survival

Abstract Background: Income inequality has been associated with greater mortality and lower life expectancy in many ecologic studies, particularly at the national level. At the neighborhood level, the influence of income inequality on individual health is less clear. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer death in the United States. Recent studies suggest that neighborhood social and built environments are associated with outcomes across the CRC continuum, including screening, risk, and survival. Few studies of neighborhood factors have examined income inequality in relation to CRC survival. Methods: We examined the association of census tract-level income inequality with survival among women who participated in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) and were diagnosed with incident invasive CRC between 1994-2014 (N=2,595). Based on geocoded residence at diagnosis and year of diagnosis, we linked each participant to census tract-level data from the US Census and American Community Survey (ACS). Within each tract, income inequality was assessed using the ratio of the 95th and 20th percentiles for household income. Quartiles for 95/20 ratio were constructed from the distribution of 95/20 ratios across all U.S. census tracts with more than 50 households. We used Cox proportional hazards regression models to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for overall and disease-specific survival. Models were adjusted for age at diagnosis, year of diagnosis, individual household income, and tract-level percent of households in poverty; subsequent models also adjusted for tumor stage at diagnosis. To explore whether the relationship between income inequality and survival differed by individual or tract-level sociodemographic characteristics, we conducted analyses stratified by race/ethnicity, individual household income, and tract-level poverty. Results: Compared to women residing in low-income-inequality census tracts, women living in tracts with the highest income inequality had modestly poorer overall survival (HR=1.24, 95% CI: 1.01-1.51, comparing highest and lowest quartiles). However, this association was not significant after adjustment for stage at diagnosis. No associations were detected for disease-specific survival. The associations between income inequality and overall or disease-specific survival were not modified by tract-level poverty, individual household income, or race/ethnicity. Conclusion: There was no association between census tract-level income inequality and CRC survival in our study. Our results suggest that the association may be confounded or even mediated by disparities in stage at diagnosis. Citation Format: Kelsey A. Chun, Jamaica R. Robinson, Candace H. Kroenke, Dorothy S. Lane, Giselle Corbie-Smith, Theresa Hastert, Shawnita Sealy-Jefferson, Manali I. Patel, Kathy Pan, Shirley A.A. Beresford, Polly A. Newcomb. Census tract-level income inequality and colorectal cancer survival [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Eleventh AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2018 Nov 2-5; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020;29(6 Suppl):Abstract nr C068.