Influence In Germany Research Articles

THE MOROCCAN CRISES (1905-1911) AND THE POLICIES IMPLEMENTED BY THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE DURING THE CRISES

In the quarter of a century before the First World War, there were numerous economic and political developments that shaped the Allied and Entente blocs. The Moroccan crisis holds a decisive place within these developments. The struggle of the Western Powers to share Morocco at the beginning of the 20th century was at the center of the crisis. The unequal bilateral relations developed between the Ottoman Empire and the Western Powers during the process of opening up to capitalism influenced the foreign policy as well as the economic policies of the state. In this study, the economic, political and social foundations of the policies followed by the Ottoman Empire during the crisis in Morocco, which was both its neighbor in terms of its domination area and its ideological rival in the Islamic world, are discussed using primary sources. In this context, the aim of the study is to reveal whether the Ottoman Empire, depending on its perception of threat, tried to implement a set of reactive, preventive, and supportive policies towards Morocco in terms of military, political, or economic aspects. The findings of the study show that the policies implemented are carried out on a political and military basis and through indirect channels. As a matter of fact, the Ottoman Empire's approach to the Moroccan crises was shaped by Pan-Islamist policies under the influence of Germany, the preservation of its sovereign rights in North Africa, the protection of its subjects in the region, and the question of nationality and the repercussions of the Franco-German rivalry in Morocco on the Ottoman country.

Energy Lobbying in the Decision-Making Process of the European Union

Lobbying is part of social life and constitutes an informal path of influencing politics at the national and international levels. The EU is a prime example of an organisation wherein Member States act as lobbyists trying to influence EU policy. The energy transformation that has begun is a process that is particularly dependent on the shaping of climate and energy policy at the European Union level should one compare it to previous socio-technical transformations, with interest advocacy playing an important role in this process. This article aims at examining and explaining the activities and influence of Germany’s lobbying on the shaping of energy policy in the European Union (EU). The subject of the research is Germany’s lobbying strategy based on the Europeanisation of the country’s energy transition (in German, Energiewende). The research shows that lobbying activities have had the intended effect of Europeanising Germany’s Energiewende, which has allowed for increased innovation in technology and as well as increased production of products from the broader environmental sector. Furthermore, these activities have created new jobs in the sector, which has kick-started and strengthened the German economy. In conclusion, the more resources a Member State has and the longer it has been a member of the EU, the better the conditions are for effective lobbying.

A Study on the Influence of Germany on EU Policy Towards China

A Study on the Influence of Germany on EU Policy Towards China

The complexity of hand-surgical procedures in the context of cross-sector care concepts: a consensus recommendation of the German Society of Hand Surgery

Overboarding politcal influence in Germany concerning medical issues has come to a new peak. The report by the IGES Institute published in 2022 made an important contribution in this regard. Unfortunately, only that part of the recommendations of this report were implemented in a new version of the contract for outpatient surgery according to Section 115b SGB V (AOP contract), that called for an expansion of outpatient surgery. In particular, those aspects that are important from a medical point of view for a patient-specific adjustment of outpatient surgery (e. g. old age, frailty, comorbidities) as well as the important structural requirements for outpatient postoperative care were included in the new AOP contract at best in a rudimentary manner. For this reason, the German Society for Hand Surgery felt compelled to give its members a recommendation as to which medical aspects must be taken into account, especially when performing hand surgery operations, in order to ensure the highest level of safety for the patients entrusted to us while performing outpatient surgery. An expert group of experienced hand surgeons and hand therapists who work in hospitals of all levels of care as well as resident surgeons was formed in order to formulate mutually agreed recommendations for action.

Marking Modern Movement: Dance and Gender in the Visual Imagery of the Weimar Republic by Susan Funkenstein

Reviewed by: Marking Modern Movement: Dance and Gender in the Visual Imagery of the Weimar Republic by Susan Funkenstein Kate Kelley Marking Modern Movement: Dance and Gender in the Visual Imagery of the Weimar Republic. By Susan Funkenstein. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2020. Pp. 330. Paper $39.95. ISBN 978-0-472-05461-9. Through a series of case studies on the visual imagery of social and professional dance, Susan Funkenstein's interdisciplinary monograph Marking Modern Movement tracks interactions and relationships between dancers and visual artists during the Weimar era. Drawing primarily on literature from gender studies, cultural history, art history, and dance history, Funkenstein fluently describes and analyzes dance and visual art. The dancing body, Funkenstein argues, was a site of cultural debate used by artists to explore, challenge, or reinforce gender norms as well as racial stereotypes. Constantly reevaluating the self-other binary in a selection of "high" and popular visual art, Funkenstein aims to show how these exchanges between dancers and visual artists, unique to the Weimar period, allowed artists to center the embodied experiences of women, shifting their status from object to subject. Through interpretations of dances and popular music associated with African American culture, this book also tracks the role of American cultural influence in Germany at this time as well as Germany's colonial imagination after losing its colonies at the end of WWI. Moreover, Funkenstein uses paintings, drawings, photographs, performances, and other art media to analyze the ways in which men and women crossed boundaries into opposite gendered spheres—just as many women entered the political sphere, so too did men find their ways into cultural realms of fashion and dance. The first chapter looks at two photomontages by artist Hannah Höch which make visible the contradictory place of women in 1919–1920. After having gained rights and workplace opportunities during the war, women were made to cede the realms of politics and the economy to men at the war's end. Combining, for example, images of early modern dancers dressed in loose-fitting white chitons with the heads of well-known suffragists, Höch's works couple women's emancipation with the celebration of their difference, especially their maternal nature, suggesting that a return to normative femininity and gender roles may have been welcome after the chaos and anxiety of wartime. In chapter 2, Funkenstein presents Mary Wigman as having more of a positive view on the role of women in politics and society than Höch, using, as she does in all the chapters, a significant amount of biographical detail. Funkenstein argues that Wigman's positioning herself as the subject through solo performances, costume choices, particular movements, and gestures, as well as her strong leadership, forced established male artists Emil Nolde and Ernst Ludwig Kirchner (both personal friends of Wigman) to rethink their portrayal of women as objects in their paintings. Funkenstein suggests that both artists, in repeatedly "marking" performances along with the dancers, were able to capture and, to some [End Page 181] degree, join their community, thus crossing the otherwise strictly gendered boundary of the all-female dance company. In a turn toward a more "low-brow" art form, the third chapter challenges dominant readings of the Weimar revue stage—specifically the kickline—as either representations of male sexual desire or as a reflection of growing capitalism and industrialization. Funkenstein looks at the revues as "women's culture filled with women's visual and performative pleasure" (93–94). Her case studies include the popular women's magazine Uhu's portrayals of women in revues as women experiencing pleasure and celebrating their physical beauty, while Hannah Höch's costume and set designs for her never-realized performance Anti-Revue used humor and androgynous characters to highlight the female performer's individuality and the possibilities for breaking down gender roles and crossing gendered boundaries. In her chapter on another well-known star, Funkenstein argues that Josephine Baker, ever aware of her public image, represented, on the one hand, the stereotypes and typology exemplified in the title of Paul Klee's portrait of Baker's Negride Schönheit and, on the other hand, the boundary-pushing notion that...

The Influence of Germany on the Formation of the European Commission in 21St Century

The Influence of Germany on the Formation of the European Commission in 21St Century

FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC POLICY OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE IN THE ESTIMATES BULGARIAN MILITARY ATTACHÉ IN ISTANBUL, COLONEL TODOR MARKOV (JULY 1914 – OCTOBER 1915)

The aim of this article is study of the information about the domestic political situation in the Ottoman Empire and the foreign policy of the Porte that was provided to the government and the General Staff of Bulgaria by the military attache in Istanbul Colonel Todor Markov. His views about the process of rapprochement between Sofia and Istanbul at the beginning of the First World War, his attitude towards Porte as a potential partner of Bulgaria are indicative in the context of understanding the mood of the Bulgarian military and diplomatic elite. He sent to Sofia telegrams, reports, bulletins. These documents form an idea of the colonel’s foreign policy preferences and his attitude towards the Bulgarian-Ottoman partnership. Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire systematically approached each other under the influence of Germany from July 1914 to October 1915. Colonel Todor Markov has expressed disapproval of Istanbul’s domestic and foreign policy initiatives since the fall of 1914. The military attache clearly does not believe in the power of Ottoman weapons and in the monolithic nature of the Ottoman Empire. He does not directly express his attitude to the prospect of military cooperation between Sofia and Istanbul, but the facts presented by him indicate the unreliability of Porte as a military-strategic partner. The First World War ended in defeat and significant territorial losses for them.

Taking Refuge in Leadership? Facilitators and Constraints of Germany's Influence in EU Migration Policy and EU-Turkey Affairs during the Refugee Crisis (2015–2016)

At the height of the migration crisis (between autumn 2015 and summer 2016), Germany's role in EU migration policy and EU-Turkey affairs went through a period of change. Searching for effective instruments, the German government attempted to lead European policies, managing the crisis first through an ‘open door’ approach and then through an agreement with Turkey. The notion of ‘Merkel's migration deal’ and a ‘German Alleingang’ became prominent in political, public and academic debate. With the aim of assessing whether or not these terms correctly describe Germany's role, this article unpacks the complex Ankara-Berlin-Brussels triangle. It examines how structural and institutional power influenced the German role. We argue that, under extreme time pressure, Germany took refuge in a constrained type of leadership. Positions of other EU member states and institutions, as well as domestic factors (social tension, public opinion and the rise of the far right) inhibited the leadership potential. Additionally, the paper elaborates on differences between the EU's internal and external crisis management. In external migration policy, German leadership took the form of a flexible ‘institutional directoire’, through which Germany successfully negotiated an EU-Turkey statement on migration, in consultation with EU institutions and selected national leaders.

Neither Ghost Nor Machine

Kant's longstanding interests in science have been well documented. There are numerous studies devoted to Kant's early work on cosmology in his Universal Natural History and Theory of the Heavens (1755), and of course also to his interests in physics and his work on forces (1747), axial rotation (1754), the ages of the earth (1754), fire (1755), earthquakes (1756), winds (1757), and even to his discussion of volcanoes on the moon (1785). It is well known, moreover, that part of Kant's work in the Critique of Pure Reason (1781) was to ground the certainty of scientific claims against Hume's skepticism, and that Kant's program for securing our experience of the natural world extended to his later account of the Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science (1786). Less well known, however, is the realization that Kant's apparent bias toward the hard sciences has lain rather more in the interests of Kant scholars, than in Kant himself. Kant taught a course on Physical Geography every year for 40 years, for example, and he taught Anthropology for 24 years; between Kant's own writings and student lecture notes from these courses, researchers have in fact close to 3000 pages worth of material to consider. The aim of Kant's Organicism, therefore, was to provide a broader portrait of Kant by focusing, in my own case, on the important role played by the life sciences in his intellectual development.I began this investigation by following the course of life-science debates regarding organic generation in England and France between 1650 and 1750 before turning to a description of their influence in Germany in the second half of the eighteenth century. With this background established, the remainder of Kant's Organicism moved to the influential role played by models of embryological development for Kant's approach to understanding the cognitive processes responsible for the generation of knowledge. I closed the book with a reinterpretation of Kant's transcendental deduction in the Critique of Pure Reason since Kant's organic approach to reason, I argued, could alone make sense of the work needing to be done by the deduction itself.Throughout Kant's Organicism I had a number of audiences in mind. The first was the community of Kant scholars whose interpretations have shaped my understanding of Kant's epistemology as much as they had my knowledge of Kant's scientific theories. It was to this audience that I spoke in terms that were familiar within the terrain of Kant's metaphysics and epistemology, even as I sought, at every instance, to position traditional arguments against the backdrop of the life sciences, and to provide textual resources provided by Kant himself in support of the new vantage point. The second audience I had in mind for the book was composed of historians of science, for it was these scholars, above all, who had done the most work to recover Kant's remarks regarding generation theory, and who had looked most closely at his essays on the variation of species, and his theories connecting teleology and mechanism in the case of organic life. While I had learned a great deal from these discussions, I also saw that I could add to them in light of my own specialization in Kant's epistemology. Finally, I was interested in introducing this 'new' Kant to those versed in post-Kantian Continental philosophy, since I believed that part of their greater attraction to German Idealism lay precisely in the manner in which they had taken Kant's conclusions one step further than the Critical philosophy seemed prepared to go. My hope here was that once Kant was seen from a broader vantage point, a set of fresh connections and new opportunities for investigation would be opened up.With these preliminary remarks made, I want to turn now to the heart of the challenge facing my account of Kant so far as my three interlocutors have positioned it. By way of background, I can just say that I understand the Kant of the mid-1760s, the young Kant, the one still in search of a guiding problematic to pursue, whose self-described 'eclecticism' so inspired the young Herder, to have been in fact already on the cusp of greatness. …

Germany's Institutional Power and the EMU Regime after the Crisis: Towards a Germanized Euro Area?

AbstractIn this article we examine the constraints on Germany's influence over reforms of the Economic and Monetary Union's (EMU) macroeconomic governance regime. Drawing on the insights of historical institutionalism, we show that the German government's control over the process is constrained by the increased sunk costs of European monetary integration and the unintended negative spillovers from its management of the eurozone crisis. While the German government attempted to promote the domestic societal interests underpinning its creditor preferences by deflecting the burden of macroeconomic and institutional adjustment onto the debtor countries, negative feedback loops linked to the pursuit of these preferences induced it to accept a less orthodox and increasingly accommodative central bank to make the EMU sustainable.

ドイツ・日本の青島進出とインフラ整備:1897 ～ 1945年を中心に

ドイツ・日本の青島進出とインフラ整備:1897 ～ 1945年を中心に

Continental cross-currents: the influence of Germany on Scottish theology

An intellectual commerce of theological ideas, thinkers and movements has characterised the relationship between Germany and Scotland since the Middle Ages. These are briefly surveyed – with occasional reference to Europe more widely – from medieval scholasticism through the Reformation and the Enlightenment to the present day. Links with Germany have been fostered not only through literary connections but also through numerous personal and institutional contacts. These resulted in sustained and multifarious influences which situate the theological traditions of Scotland in close proximity to developments in Germany, particularly in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

Joseph Conrad’s Critical Receptio by John G. Peters (review)

Reviewed by: Joseph Conrad’s Critical Receptio by John G. Peters Cedric Watts (bio) John G. Peters: Joseph Conrad’s Critical Reception. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013. xiii + 274 pp. ISBN 978-1-107-03485-3. This volume summarises a vast amount of Conradian criticism, beginning at 1895 and continuing to 2012. The book constitutes a great tribute to Conrad and, in part, to the burgeoning of higher education internationally since 1945. John G. Peters, already well known to Conradians, has selected what he deems to be the most important writings of those published in English, and has proceeded to précis hundreds of books and articles. The entries are divided chronologically. His selection seems to me to be as fair and representative as the scope of a 274-page book permits. Perhaps room might have been found [End Page 86] for T. P. O’Connor, who in 1895, having read Almayer’s Folly ‘with rapture’, proclaimed Conrad’s genius in the ‘Book of the Month’ columns of the Weekly Sun on 9 June 1895. (O’Connor, an Irish nationalist sympathetic to the Polish cause, later serialised Nostromo.) The reader of Joseph Conrad’s Critical Reception should be impressed by Peters’ sheer stamina, diligence and patience. The summaries are generally clear and fair-minded. Inevitably, Peters offers some evaluative comments, particularly of early Conradian items; but, in the main, he has endeavoured to suspend judgement when offering the paraphrases: he refrains from arguing with the selected critics. Considering that some of the material was highly abstruse, and other items were provocatively contentious, his diligence and restraint have been remarkable and usually commendable. On pp. 98-9, for instance, he renders well the cryptic, paradoxical and epigrammatic arguments of Terry Eagleton in Criticism and Ideology. He does not, however, cite Eagleton’s own allegation, in the same book, that those arguments illustrate ‘partial and reductive reading’. Earlier, on pp. 38-9, Peters has condensed to less than one page F. R. Leavis’s influential account of Conrad in The Great Tradition, but that précis seems quite accurate in rendering Leavis’s commendations and qualifications. So often, Peters manages to be concise while yet respecting the details of the arguments he summarises: he maintains a vigilant diligence and an unflagging stamina. Peters’ volume will be a very useful resource for students and teachers. The admirably lengthy index (with such entries as ‘ecocriticism’, ‘Feminist criticism’, ‘Post-Freudian Psychology’, ‘Queer studies’, and ‘solipsism’) will make the material readily searchable. On the whole, then, I’m inclined to offer congratulations to Peters on completing a task so formidable that, at times, he may have felt like a warrior battling a hydra-headed monster, as Conradian studies proliferated and many a critical thesis seemed predictably to evoke its antithesis. In his succinct ‘Afterword’, Peters explains why Conrad has lent himself to such a diversity of approaches. We are reminded of Conrad’s Polish ancestry, his polylingualism, his maritime career, and the great range (geographical, cultural, moral, philosophical) of the literary works which varied between relatively slight items and magnificent achievements such as Heart of Darkness and Nostromo. Conrad has provided exceptionally rich material for biographers, for close textual analysts, and for a diversity of approaches: psychoanalytic, structuralist, post-structuralist, post-colonialist, feminist and narratological, for example. And there is no sign yet that commentary is exhausted. For instance, as this book reminds us, valuably innovatory recent developments have included Richard J. Hand’s defence of Conrad’s plays (The Theatre of Joseph Conrad), Stephen Donovan’s Joseph Conrad and Popular Culture, [End Page 87] Anthony Fothergill’s study of Conrad’s influence in Germany (Secret Sharers), Robert Hampson’s Conrad’s Secrets, and the four-volume reference work, Joseph Conrad: The Contemporary Reviews (2012), which collects approximately two thousand contemporaneous reviews (the industrious John Peters being one of the five editors of that vast collection). Peters also presents with lucid aplomb a range of recent studies which postulate modes of homosexuality or homoeroticism in the Conradian texts. Repeatedly, then, Joseph Conrad’s Critical Reception illustrates the old rule of critical commentaries: ‘Where much has been written, more shall be written.’ Fortunately, the ‘more’ still...

A Blend of Romanism and Germanism: Experimental Science Instruction in Belgian State Secondary Education, 1880–1914

A case study of secondary experimental science instruction in Belgium demonstrates the importance of cross-national communication in the study of science education. Belgian secondary science education in the years 1880–1914 had a clear internationalist dimension. French and German influences turn out to have been essential, stimulated by the fact that Belgium, as a result of its geographical position, considered itself as the centre of scientific relations between France and Germany, and as actually strengthened by its linguistic and cultural dualism in this regard. This pursuit of internationalist nationalism also affected the configuration of chemistry and physics as experimental courses at Belgian Royal State Schools, although the years preceding WWI are usually characterized as a period of rising nationalism in science, with countries such as Germany and France as prominent actors. To what extent did France and Germany influence Belgian debates on science education, science teachers’ training, the use of textbooks, and the instalment of school laboratories and teaching collections?

Ciudad Jardín Lomas del Palomar: deriving ecocity design lessons from a garden city

Ciudad Jardín Lomas del Palomar is a neighbourhood in Buenos Aires, Argentina, designed by the German immigrant Dr Erich Zeyen in 1944. Zeyen based Ciudad Jardín on Ebenezer Howard's garden city ideals and designs, which had gained a strong influence in Germany at that time in architecture and urban planning. Like garden city communities elsewhere, Ciudad Jardín was intended to create an urban environment suffused in ample public and private green spaces. This little-known South American garden city-inspired neighbourhood offers a unique learning opportunity about the role of social and political forces in historic preservation and planning, and about the value of urban planning based on green infrastructure as revealed by a society with comparatively little environmental awareness or historic preservation values. The article is based on original research carried out by the author in Argentina.

Is there a European wage leader? Wage spillovers in the European Monetary Union

The introduction of the euro had been accompanied by expectations of increased inflationary pressures due to a de-coordination shock to national wage bargaining systems. Though, if anything systematically happened after the introduction of the euro, wage restraint increased. This paper argues that an interdependency of wage setting under German dominance has emerged in Europe, which fuelled the transmission of mutual wage restraint. We will investigate wage and nominal unit labour cost spillovers in the European Monetary Union (EMU) exploring a panel of 13 manufacturing sectors from 1992 to 2005 and quantify the effects of different countries. Strong interdependencies across EMU member countries with regard to nominal wage growth are found. A leading role accrues to Germany, which is responsible for a cumulative reduction of trans-European wage growth rates of 0.62% by conservative estimates. Remarkably, the influence of Germany is strongest on Southern Europe with regard to wage growth interdependencies. However, the situation is inverted with regard to the development of nominal unit labour costs where the German influence on Southern Europe is substantially weaker than on neighbouring economies. Copyright The Author 2012. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Cambridge Political Economy Society. All rights reserved., Oxford University Press.

An Analysis of Tennessee Williams’ “Orpheus Descending” Based on the Features of Expressionist Drama

Expressionism arose in Europe in the late 19th and early 20th.centuries as a response to bourgeois complacency and the increasing mechanization and urbanization of society. At its height between 1910 and 1925, just before and after the first world war, expressionist writers distorted objective features of the sensory world using symbolism and dream-like elements in their works illustrating the alienating and often emotionally overwhelmed sensibilities. The term refers to a movement in Germany very early in the 20th.century in which a number of painters sought to avoid the representation of external reality and, instead, to project themselves and a highly personal vision of the world. The term can be applied to literature, but only judiciously. The theories of Expressionism had considerable influence in Germany and Scandinavia. In fact, expressionism dominated the theater for a time in the 1920s. Theatrically it was a reaction against realism and aimed to show inner psychological realities. This paper endeavour to analyse the Tennessee Williams’ “Orpheus Descending” based on the features of Expressionist drama. In his play Williams have efforted to depict his personal expression according to the society after the first world war. First, with the reference to the features of Expressionist drama a pattern of analysis will be structured. Then, the analysis of Williams’ play based on these features will be indicated. Finally, the result of analysis will be investigated for better reading and comprehend the plays of this type.

The Little Entente and Romania from the perspective of Lithuanian diplomacy in the 1930s

The first diplomatic contacts between Lithuanian and Romanian representatives started in the aftermath of World War I when Lithuania was looking for the protection of her inhabitants who were still refugees in Russia. As Russia became entrenched with Bolshevism and Civil War, the Lithuanian citizens were evacuated through Romanian territory from South Ukraine and Crimea. Lithuania and Czechoslovakia established diplomatic relations in December 1919 and eventually an attempt was made to set up ties also with Romania. As a member of the Little Entente and an ally of Poland, Romania attracted the attention of the Lithuanian government. Romania recognized Lithuania de jure on August 21, 1924 and Dovas Zaunius was appointed as the first Lithuanian envoy to Bucharest. Nevertheless, during the next decade no political or diplomatic contacts between Lithuania and Romania were recorded. With the growing influence of Germany, the Soviet Union and the Little Entente on the international arena, Edvardas Turauskas was appointed on August 27, 1935 as envoy to Romania residing in Prague and later in the year Romania accredited Constantin Vallimarescu for the position of envoy to Lithuania residing in Riga. The dialogue between the two parties remained, however, occasional. When on July 21, 1940 Lithuania was occupied by Soviet Union, Turauskas visited the Romanian Legation in Bern and presented a note of protest in this respect. Romania did not acknowledge Lithuanian occupation and annexation.

Foreign Involvement and Loss of Democracy, Estonia 1934

Estonia, where influential major powers have often had competing interests, is able to provide a specific example of how involvement from foreign countries can influence the collapse of democracy. Both the undemocratic Soviet Union, with 150 times the population of Estonia, and 60 times more populous Germany, which had become undemocratic in 1933, were seen in Estonia as security risks. In contrast to this, the democratic United Kingdom was seen as Estonia's best friend. The United Kingdom and Germany were also Estonia's main trading partners. But London was primarily concerned to limit the influence of Germany in the Baltic States, and Estonia's internal situation was of interest in this context. The co-operation by Estonian socialists with Moscow undoubtedly aggravated the Estonian domestic political situation, but the initiators of this co-operation were more the Estonian socialists themselves. Germany's attempts to influence Estonian domestic politics were of a limited nature. But there is no doubt that events in Germany had a major influence on Estonia's domestic politics.

‘Silenced Power’. Warfare Technology and the Changing Role of Sounds in Twentieth-Century Europe

How did the technological ability to manipulate the sounds of weapons affect warfare in Europe during the twentieth century? The article first observes the role of warfare sounds in Europe prior to the First World War. The focus here is on the connection between the large-scale use of artillery and rapid-fire technologies and the development of sonic perceptions of ‘sounded power’ during the late nineteenth century. The second part discusses the introduction of ‘soundless weapons’ during the First World War. The horror of ‘silenced power’ as a force undermining the long-term tradition of ‘sounded power’ on the battlefield is exemplified by the case of gas warfare in the First World War and its long-term influence in Germany during the Weimar Republic and National Socialism. The paper points to existing gaps in research regarding the role of sound and silence on the battlefield, and further argues that although the notion of ‘silenced power’ was more prevalent in the first half of the twentieth century its potential horror could not be ignored after 1945.