Influence Of Gender Bias Research Articles

The Influence of Gender Bias: Is Pain Management in the Field Affected by Health Care Provider's Gender?

Appropriate pain management indicates the quality of casualty care in trauma. Gender bias in pain management focused so far on the patient. Studies regarding provider gender are scarce and have conflicting results, especially in the military and prehospital settings. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of health care providers' gender on pain management approaches among prehospital trauma casualties treated by the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) medical teams. This retrospective cohort study included all trauma casualties treated by IDF senior providers from 2015-2020. Casualties with a pain score of zero, age under 18 years, or treated with endotracheal intubation were excluded. Groups were divided according to the senior provider's gender: only females, males, or both female and male. A multivariate analysis was performed to assess the odds ratio of receiving an analgesic, depending on the presence of a female senior provider, adjusting for potential confounders. A subgroup analysis was performed for "delta-pain," defined as the difference in pain score during treatment. A total of 976 casualties were included, of whom 835 (85.6%) were male. Mean pain scores (SD) for the female only, male only, and both genders providers were 6.4 (SD = 2.9), 6.4 (SD = 3.0), and 6.9 (SD = 2.8), respectively (P = .257). There was no significant difference between females, males, or both female and male groups in analgesic treatment, overall and per specific agent. This remained true also in the multivariate model. Delta-pain difference between groups was also not significant. Less than two-thirds of casualties in this study were treated for pain among all study groups. This study found no association between IDF Medical Corps providers' gender and pain management in prehospital trauma patients. Further studies regarding disparities in acute pain treatment are advised.

Influence of Gender Bias on Distribution of Hybrid Sterility in Rice.

Hybrid sterility genes define species identities, setting reproductive barriers between distantly related Oryza relatives. They induce allelic-specific selective gametic abnormalities by killing pollens, embryo sacs, or both, and thus resulting in the male specific transmission ratio distortion (mTRD), female specific transmission ratio distortion (f TRD), and/or sex-independent transmission ratio distortion (siTRD) in hybrids. Although more than 50 hybrid sterility genes have been reported, comprehensive analysis on the distributional pattern of TRD systems in Oryza species is limited. In this review, we surveyed the TRD systems and the underlying possible mechanisms in these species. In rice, pollen killers which cause mTRD are often observed in higher frequency than egg killers and gamete eliminators, which are factors affecting f TRD and siTRD, respectively. Due to the rather massive population of pollen grains, their reduction in the number caused by hybrid sterility possesses a smaller selective disadvantage to the hybrid individuals, in contrast to female gamete abortion. The pattern of TRD distribution displays less abundancy in siTRD. It suggests that fixation of siTRD might require a certain time rather than single sex-specific factors. The presence of linked sterility factors worked for mTRD and f TRD, and strength of their linkage in chromosomal regions might determine the type of sterility and TRD. The study of TRD systems has a potential to reveal the relationships between selfish genes and their functions for reproductive isolation.

Gender bias in the medical education of obstetrician-gynaecologists in the United States: Asystematic review.

BackgroundThe number of men entering obstetrics and gynaecology (Ob/Gyn) residencies and general Ob/Gyn practice is decreasing. Gender biases against their participation may affect career decisions.ObjectiveThis systematic review examines: (i) female patients’ gender preferences and perceptions of men as Ob/Gyns and/or medical students; and (ii) the influence of gender on students’ education and career decisions.Search strategyWe identified relevant research via PubMed using variations of three concepts in combination: Ob/Gyn care, gender bias/preference, and medical education or career. We conducted the initial review in 2018 and repeated the search in March 2021, adding additional references via citation review of included research.Selection criteriaWe restricted the review to original research from the United States between 2000–2021.Data collectionFifteen studies met inclusion criteria, categorised into three groups: (i) patient’s gender preference for Ob/Gyns; (ii) patient’s gender preference for medical students during the Ob/Gyn clerkship; and (iii) influence of gender bias on Ob/Gyn career decisions.Main resultsPatients prioritised their physician’s care attributes (eg technical skill, compassion, experience) over gender when choosing Ob/Gyns; however, provider gender was prioritised for medical students. Male medical students more commonly reported exclusion from clinical opportunities, although objective clinical exposure was like that of female counterparts. Despite perceived gender bias, male medical students reported increased Ob/Gyn interest post‐clerkship; interest did not translate into residency applications. These findings are limited by study quality and heterogeneity.ConclusionsReal and perceived gender bias among female patients and male medical students in Ob/Gyn may underlie declining numbers of men entering the field.

How words matter: machine learning & movie success

ABSTRACT We employed a machine learning structure to examine the relationships between word choice in Internet Movie Database (IMDB) comedy movie descriptions and overall performance. Our measures of success were ticket sales, user ratings, and Metacritic scores. We used linear regressions, along with recurrent neural networks implementing a Long Short-Term Memory framework, for textual sentiment analysis. Employing conservative p-values, our results revealed the possible influence of gender bias in movies that favoured male-centric themes, as well as negative effects for holiday comedies, paranormal movies, and crime films.

Ask Me Anything: The Influence of Gender Bias on Journalist Questions of CEOs and CEO Responses

Past research finds that journalists’ perceptions guide what they convey to their audience resulting in biased reporting that shapes stakeholders’ perceptions of CEOs. Less is understood about how ...

Gender Bias in Resident Assessment in Graduate Medical Education: Review of the Literature.

Competency-based medical education relies on meaningful resident assessment. Implicit gender bias represents a potential threat to the integrity of resident assessment. We sought to examine the available evidence of the potential for and impact of gender bias in resident assessment in graduate medical education. A systematic literature review was performed to evaluate the presence and influence of gender bias on resident assessment. We searched Medline and Embase databases to capture relevant articles using a tiered strategy. Review was conducted by two independent, blinded reviewers. We included studies with primary objective of examining the impact of gender on resident assessment in graduate medical education in the USA or Canada published from 1998 to 2018. Nine studies examined the existence and influence of gender bias in resident assessment and data included rating scores and qualitative comments. Heterogeneity in tools, outcome measures, and methodologic approach precluded meta-analysis. Five of the nine studies reported a difference in outcomes attributed to gender including gender-based differences in traits ascribed to residents, consistency of feedback, and performance measures. Our review suggests that gender bias poses a potential threat to the integrity of resident assessment in graduate medical education. Future study is warranted to understand how gender bias manifests in resident assessment, impact on learners and approaches to mitigate this bias.

Gender Issues in Teacher Education

Jones examines the influence of gender bias on classroom interactions. Sixty teachers were observed using the Brophy-Good Teacher-Child Dyadic In teraction System to code classroom in teractions. Teacher experience was then analyzed in relation to gender differ ences in classroom interactions. Teach ers of all levels of experience were found to interact more with male students than with females. The nature of and differ ences in interactional patterns are examined. Reform in teacher prepara tion with regard to educational equity is discussed.